Barry Schwartz: Using our practical wisdom

92,255 views ใƒป 2011-01-03

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
The first thing I want to do is say thank you to all of you.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ื•ืœื›ื.
00:18
The second thing I want to do is introduce my co-author
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™, ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืืช ืฉื•ืชืคื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื”,
00:21
and dear friend and co-teacher.
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ื—ื‘ืจ ื™ืงืจ ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื™ ืœื”ื•ืจืื”.
00:23
Ken and I have been working together
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ืงืŸ ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“
00:25
for almost 40 years.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ 40 ืฉื ื”.
00:27
That's Ken Sharpe over there.
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉื ืงืŸ ืฉืืจืค.
00:29
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
00:31
So there is among many people --
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ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื --
00:34
certainly me and most of the people I talk to --
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืืฆืœื™ ื•ืืฆืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื—ื— ืื™ืชื --
00:36
a kind of collective dissatisfaction
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ืžื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ืช
00:39
with the way things are working,
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ืžืื™ืš ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื ื”ืœื™ื,
00:41
with the way our institutions run.
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ืžืื™ืš ืฉื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชื ื”ืœื™ื.
00:44
Our kids' teachers seem to be failing them.
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ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื.
00:48
Our doctors don't know who the hell we are,
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ืจื•ืคืื ื• ืื™ื ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
00:51
and they don't have enough time for us.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•.
00:53
We certainly can't trust the bankers,
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ื,
00:55
and we certainly can't trust the brokers.
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ื•ืœื‘ื˜ื— ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืกื•ื›ื ื™-ื”ื‘ื•ืจืกื”.
00:58
They almost brought the entire financial system down.
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ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื˜ื˜ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
01:01
And even as we do our own work,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
01:04
all too often,
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื™,
01:06
we find ourselves having to choose
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ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื›ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ
01:09
between doing what we think is the right thing
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืœื ื• ื›ื ื›ื•ืŸ
01:12
and doing the expected thing,
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืคื”,
01:14
or the required thing,
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ืื• ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ,
01:16
or the profitable thing.
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ืื• ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™.
01:18
So everywhere we look,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื,
01:20
pretty much across the board,
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ืœื›ืœ ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื–ืจื”,
01:22
we worry that the people we depend on
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื
01:25
don't really have our interests at heart.
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ืื™ื ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ื‘ื.
01:29
Or if they do have our interests at heart,
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ืื•, ืื ื”ื ื›ืŸ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื•, ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื
01:32
we worry that they don't know us well enough
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ืฉื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘
01:34
to figure out what they need to do
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
01:36
in order to allow us
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื•
01:38
to secure those interests.
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ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
01:40
They don't understand us.
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ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•.
01:42
They don't have the time to get to know us.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื•.
01:44
There are two kinds of responses
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช
01:46
that we make
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ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืืฆืœื ื•
01:48
to this sort of general dissatisfaction.
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ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
01:52
If things aren't going right,
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ืื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืžืชื ื”ืœื™ื ื›ื™ืื•ืช,
01:54
the first response is:
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ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื:
01:56
let's make more rules,
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ื‘ื•ื ื ื—ื•ืงืง ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ืงื™ื,
01:58
let's set up a set
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช
02:00
of detailed procedures
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ืฉืœ ื ื”ืœื™ื ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื
02:02
to make sure that people will do the right thing.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
02:05
Give teachers scripts
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ื ืชืŸ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืจืฉืžื™ื
02:07
to follow in the classroom,
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ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆื™ื™ืชื• ืœื”ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช,
02:09
so even if they don't know what they're doing
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ื›ืš ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื
02:11
and don't care about the welfare of our kids,
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ื•ืœื ืื™ื›ืคืช ืœื”ื ืžื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•,
02:14
as long as they follow the scripts,
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ื™ืฆื™ื™ืชื• ืœืžืจืฉืžื™ื,
02:16
our kids will get educated.
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื• ื™ืชื—ื ื›ื•.
02:18
Give judges a list of mandatory sentences
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ื ืชืŸ ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืจื™-ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื
02:21
to impose for crimes,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœื ืœืคื™ ืคืฉืขื™ื,
02:23
so that you don't need to rely
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืกืžื•ืš
02:25
on judges using their judgment.
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ืขืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื.
02:28
Instead, all they have to do
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
02:30
is look up on the list
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ื–ื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื”
02:32
what kind of sentence goes with what kind of crime.
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื™ื–ื” ื’ื–ืจ-ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืœืš ืขื ื”ืคืฉืข ื”ื ื“ื•ืŸ.
02:35
Impose limits
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ื ื˜ื™ืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช
02:37
on what credit card companies can charge in interest
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืฉืจืื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช
02:40
and on what they can charge in fees.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืขืžืœื”.
02:42
More and more rules
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ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ืงื™ื
02:44
to protect us
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ืฉื™ื’ื ื• ืขืœื™ื ื•
02:46
against an indifferent, uncaring
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ื›ื ื’ื“ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื—ืกืจื™-ืื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช,
02:48
set of institutions we have to deal with.
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ื—ืกืจื™-ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช, ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชื.
02:51
Or -- or maybe and --
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ืื• -- ืื•ืœื™ --
02:53
in addition to rules,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื,
02:55
let's see if we can come up
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ื‘ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื
02:57
with some really clever incentives
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ื›ืžื” ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื
02:59
so that, even if the people we deal with
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ื›ื›ื” ืฉื’ื ืื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืชื ืื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื
03:01
don't particularly want to serve our interests,
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ืœื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
03:04
it is in their interest
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
03:06
to serve our interest --
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ืœืฉืจืชื --
03:08
the magic incentives
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ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ ื”ืคืœื
03:10
that will get people to do the right thing
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ืฉื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
03:12
even out of pure selfishness.
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ื•ืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ืื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
03:15
So we offer teachers bonuses
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื•ืกื™ื ืœืžื•ืจื™ื
03:17
if the kids they teach
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ืื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื
03:19
score passing grades on these big test scores
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื
03:22
that are used to evaluate
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ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช
03:24
the quality of school systems.
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ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืกืคืจ.
03:27
Rules and incentives --
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ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื --
03:29
"sticks" and "carrots."
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ืžืงืœ ื•ื’ื–ืจ.
03:31
We passed a bunch of rules
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ื”ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืฆืจื•ืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ื
03:33
to regulate the financial industry
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื” ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช
03:35
in response to the recent collapse.
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ื›ืžืขื ื” ืœืงืจื™ืกื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
03:37
There's the Dodd-Frank Act,
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“-ืคืจื ืง,
03:39
there's the new Consumer Financial Protection Agency
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ืŸ
03:42
that is temporarily being headed through the backdoor
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ืืฉืจ ืžื ื•ื”ืœืช ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืžืชื—ืช-ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ
03:45
by Elizabeth Warren.
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช ื•ื•ืจืŸ.
03:47
Maybe these rules
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ื ืืœื”
03:49
will actually improve
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ื™ืฉืคืจื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ
03:52
the way these financial services companies behave.
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ืืช ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื.
03:56
We'll see.
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ื ืžืชื™ืŸ ื•ื ืจืื”.
03:58
In addition, we are struggling
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืืžืฆื™ื
04:00
to find some way to create incentives
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื
04:03
for people in the financial services industry
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื
04:06
that will have them more interested
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ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ื ืœืฉืจืช
04:08
in serving the long-term interests
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ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™-ื˜ื•ื•ื—,
04:10
even of their own companies,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
04:12
rather than securing short-term profits.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœืขืฆืžื ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื.
04:16
So if we find just the right incentives,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืจืง ื ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
04:18
they'll do the right thing -- as I said -- selfishly,
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ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ -- ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™ -- ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื ื•ื›ื™ืช,
04:21
and if we come up with the right rules and regulations,
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ื•ืื ื ื‘ื•ื ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
04:24
they won't drive us all over a cliff.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืชื”ื•ื.
04:27
And Ken [Sharpe] and I certainly know
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ื•ืงืŸ [ืฉืืจืค] ื•ืื ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ื— ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
04:30
that you need to reign in the bankers.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืจืกืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ื.
04:33
If there is a lesson to be learned from the financial collapse
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืงืจื™ืกื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
04:36
it is that.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื”.
04:38
But what we believe,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื•
04:40
and what we argue in the book,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ,
04:42
is that there is no set of rules,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื,
04:45
no matter how detailed,
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื,
04:47
no matter how specific,
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื,
04:49
no matter how carefully monitored
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื ืคืงื— ืขืœื™ื”ื
04:51
and enforced,
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ื•ื ืื›ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื,
04:53
there is no set of rules
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ืื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื
04:55
that will get us what we need.
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ืฉืชืขื ื™ืง ืœื ื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื.
04:57
Why? Because bankers are smart people.
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ืžื“ื•ืข? ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื ืงืื™ื ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
05:01
And, like water,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื,
05:03
they will find cracks
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ื”ื ื™ืžืฆืื• ืกื“ืงื™ื
05:05
in any set of rules.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื.
05:08
You design a set of rules that will make sure
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ื ื‘ื ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืชื‘ื˜ื™ื—
05:11
that the particular reason
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ืฉืื•ืชื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช
05:13
why the financial system "almost-collapse"
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ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช
05:15
can't happen again.
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ืœื ืชืชืงื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:17
It is naive beyond description
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื ืื™ื‘ื™ ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“
05:19
to think that having blocked
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืฉื—ืกืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ
05:21
this source of financial collapse,
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ืฉืžืžื ื• ื ื‘ืขื” ื”ืงืจื™ืกื” ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช,
05:23
you have blocked all possible sources of financial collapse.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื—ืกืžื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืœืงืจื™ืกื” ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช.
05:26
So it's just a question of waiting for the next one
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ืื– ื–ื” ืจืง ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืœืงืจื™ืกื” ื”ื‘ืื”
05:29
and then marveling at how we could have been so stupid
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ื•ืื– ืœื”ืชืคืœื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื” ื˜ืคืฉื™ื
05:32
as not to protect ourselves against that.
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ืฉืœื ืฉืžืจื ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžืคื ื™ื”.
05:35
What we desperately need,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื• ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช,
05:37
beyond, or along with, better rules
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ืžืœื‘ื“, ืื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืฉื•ืคืจื™ื
05:40
and reasonably smart incentives,
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ื•ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื”,
05:42
is we need virtue.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
05:45
We need character.
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืคื™,
05:47
We need people who want to do the right thing.
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ื”ื•ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
05:50
And in particular,
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
05:52
the virtue that we need most of all
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ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ
05:55
is the virtue that Aristotle called
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื›ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื”
05:57
"practical wisdom."
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ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช.
06:00
Practical wisdom
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ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช
06:02
is the moral will
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™
06:04
to do the right thing
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ
06:06
and the moral skill
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช
06:08
to figure out what the right thing is.
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ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
06:11
So Aristotle was very interested in watching
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ื›ืš ืฉืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
06:14
how the craftsmen around him worked.
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ื‘ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืื•ืžืŸ ืœื™ื“ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“.
06:17
And he was impressed
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืจืฉื ืžื”ืฆื•ืจื”
06:19
at how they would improvise
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ื‘ื” ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืืœืชืจื™ื
06:21
novel solutions to novel problems --
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ืคื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื
06:23
problems that they hadn't anticipated.
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ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืœื ืฆื™ืคื• ืœื”ืŸ.
06:25
So one example is he sees these stonemasons
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ืื—ืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื”ื ื”ืกืชืชื™ื
06:27
working on the Isle of Lesbos,
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ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ "ืื™ ื”ืœืกื‘ื•ืก",
06:30
and they need to measure out
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“
06:32
round columns.
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ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขื’ื•ืœื™ื.
06:34
Well if you think about it,
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ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
06:36
it's really hard to measure out round columns using a ruler.
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื” ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขื’ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ืกืจื’ืœ.
06:39
So what do they do?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื ืขืฉื•?
06:41
They fashion a novel solution to the problem.
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ื”ื ืชืคืจื• ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ืœื‘ืขื™ื”.
06:44
They created a ruler that bends,
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ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืกืจื’ืœ ืฉืžืชื›ื•ืคืฃ,
06:47
what we would call these days a tape measure --
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ืžื” ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืกืจื˜ ืžื“ื™ื“ื” --
06:50
a flexible rule,
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ืกืจื’ืœ (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื’ื ื—ื•ืง) ื’ืžื™ืฉ,
06:52
a rule that bends.
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ื—ื•ืง ืฉืžืชื›ื•ืคืฃ.
06:54
And Aristotle said,
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ื•ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืืžืจ,
06:56
"Hah, they appreciated that sometimes
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ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื
06:59
to design rounded columns,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขื’ื•ืœื™ื,
07:02
you need to bend the rule."
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ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื›ื•ืคืฃ ืืช ื”ืกืจื’ืœ.
07:05
And Aristotle said
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ื•ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืืžืจ
07:07
often in dealing with other people,
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ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื,
07:10
we need to bend the rules.
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ื™ืคื•ืฃ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื.
07:13
Dealing with other people
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ืžื’ืข ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
07:15
demands a kind of flexibility
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ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช
07:18
that no set of rules can encompass.
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ืฉืืฃ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ.
07:21
Wise people know when and how
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืชื™ ื•ืื™ืš
07:23
to bend the rules.
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ืœื›ื•ืคืฃ ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื.
07:25
Wise people know how to improvise.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืืœืชืจ.
07:28
The way my co-author , Ken, and I talk about it,
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ืฉื•ืชืคื™ ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ื”, ืงืŸ, ื•ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
07:31
they are kind of like jazz musicians.
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ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื’'ื– ืฉื›ืืœื”;
07:33
The rules are like the notes on the page,
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ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื•ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื”ื“ืฃ,
07:35
and that gets you started,
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ื•ืืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคื™ื”ื,
07:37
but then you dance around the notes on the page,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืืชื” ืžืคื–ื– ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืชื•ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืฃ,
07:40
coming up with just the right combination
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ื•ืžืขืœื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ
07:42
for this particular moment
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ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื
07:44
with this particular set of fellow players.
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ืขื ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื’ื ื™ื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื.
07:47
So for Aristotle,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•,
07:49
the kind
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ืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’
07:52
of rule-bending,
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ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืคื•ืฃ ื›ืœืœื™ื,
07:55
rule exception-finding and improvisation
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ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ืœื›ืœืœ ื•ืื™ืœืชื•ืจ ื›ืœืœ ืฉื•ื ื”
07:58
that you see in skilled craftsmen
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ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืืฆืœ ืื•ืžืŸ ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ,
08:00
is exactly what you need
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื•
08:02
to be a skilled moral craftsman.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืžืŸ ืžื•ืกืจ ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ.
08:05
And in interactions with people,
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ื•ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื,
08:07
almost all the time,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
08:09
it is this kind of flexibility that is required.
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฆื•ืจืš.
08:11
A wise person knows when to bend the rules.
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ืื“ื ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืชื™ ืœื›ื•ืคืฃ ื—ื•ืงื™ื.
08:14
A wise person knows when to improvise.
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ืื“ื ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืชื™ ืœืืœืชืจ.
08:16
And most important,
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
08:18
a wise person does this improvising and rule-bending
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ืื“ื ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืืœืชืจ ื•ืžื›ื•ืคืฃ ื—ื•ืงื™ื
08:21
in the service of the right aims.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
08:25
If you are a rule-bender and an improviser
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ืื ืืชื” ืžื›ื•ืคืฃ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžืืœืชืจ
08:28
mostly to serve yourself,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืขืฆืžืš,
08:30
what you get is ruthless manipulation of other people.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื–ื” ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืื›ื–ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
08:33
So it matters that you do this wise practice
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ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืŸ
08:35
in the service of others
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ืœืžืขื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื
08:37
and not in the service of yourself.
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ื•ืœื ืœืžืขืŸ ืขืฆืžืš.
08:39
And so the will to do the right thing
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ
08:42
is just as important as the moral skill
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช
08:44
of improvisation
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ืœืืœืชืจ
08:46
and exception-finding.
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื’.
08:48
Together they comprise practical wisdom,
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ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ืžืขืฉื™ืช,
08:51
which Aristotle thought
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ืฉืœื“ืขืช ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•
08:53
was the master virtue.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช.
08:55
So I'll give you an example
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ื›ืขืช ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื
08:57
of wise practice in action.
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ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื ื‘ื•ื ื”.
08:59
It's the case of Michael.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ.
09:02
Michael's a young guy.
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ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื”ื•ื ืื“ื ืฆืขื™ืจ.
09:04
He had a pretty low-wage job.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ื“ื™ ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
09:06
He was supporting his wife and a child,
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ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืจื ืก ืื™ืฉื” ื•ื™ืœื“,
09:09
and the child was going to parochial school.
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ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ ื“ืชื™ (ื ื•ืฆืจื™).
09:11
Then he lost his job.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•.
09:14
He panicked
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ
09:16
about being able to support his family.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืจื ืก ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•.
09:19
One night, he drank a little too much,
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ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“, ื”ื•ื ืฉืชื” ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™,
09:22
and he robbed a cab driver --
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ื•ืฉื“ื“ ื ื”ื’ ืžื•ื ื™ืช --
09:24
stole 50 dollars.
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ืœืงื— 50 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
09:26
He robbed him at gunpoint.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื“ื“ ื‘ืื™ื•ืžื™ ืืงื“ื—.
09:28
It was a toy gun.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืงื“ื— ืฆืขืฆื•ืข.
09:31
He got caught. He got tried.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืชืคืก ื•ื ืฉืคื˜,
09:34
He got convicted.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืจืฉืข.
09:36
The Pennsylvania sentencing guidelines
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœืช ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”
09:39
required a minimum sentence for a crime like this
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ืงื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืขื•ื ืฉ
09:42
of two years, 24 months.
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ืขืœ ืคืฉืข ืžืขื™ืŸ ื–ื”.
09:44
The judge on the case, Judge Lois Forer
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ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงืจื”, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืœื•ืื™ืก ืคื•ืจืจ,
09:47
thought that this made no sense.
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ืกื‘ืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
09:50
He had never committed a crime before.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืคืฉืข ืœืคื ื™-ื›ืŸ.
09:53
He was a responsible husband and father.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื•ืื‘ ืื—ืจืื™.
09:56
He had been faced with desperate circumstances.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืžื“ ืžื•ืœ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช.
09:58
All this would do is wreck a family.
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ื•ืขื•ื ืฉ ื›ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
10:01
And so she improvised a sentence -- 11 months,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืื™ืœืชืจื” ืขื•ื ืฉ -- 11 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
10:04
and not only that,
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื–ื”,
10:06
but release every day to go to work.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื™ื•ืžื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
10:08
Spend your night in jail, spend your day holding down a job.
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ื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœื ื•ื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
10:11
He did. He served out his sentence.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื ืฉื ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉ.
10:14
He made restitution
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืงื
10:16
and found himself a new job.
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ื•ืžืฆื ืœืขืฆืžื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
10:18
And the family was united.
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ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื ืฉืืจื” ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช.
10:21
And it seemed on the road
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ื•ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš
10:23
to some sort of a decent life --
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ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื --
10:26
a happy ending to a story
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ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืžื— ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ
10:29
involving wise improvisation
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ืฉื›ืœืœ ืื™ืœืชื•ืจ ื ื‘ื•ืŸ
10:31
from a wise judge.
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ืžืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื ื‘ื•ื ื”.
10:34
But it turned out
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ
10:37
the prosecutor was not happy
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ืฉื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ืฆื”
10:40
that Judge Forer ignored the sentencing guidelines
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ืฉื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืคื•ืจืจ ื”ืชืขืœืžื” ืžื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ
10:43
and sort of invented her own,
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ื•ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืฆืžืื™ ืžืฉืœื”,
10:45
and so he appealed.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืจืขืจ.
10:48
And he asked for the mandatory minimum sentence
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืง
10:51
for armed robbery.
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ืขืœ ืฉื•ื“ ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ืŸ.
10:53
He did after all have a toy gun.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืืงื“ื— ืฆืขืฆื•ืข.
10:56
The mandatory minimum sentence for armed robbery
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ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืขืœ ืฉื•ื“ ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ืŸ
10:58
is five years.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.
11:01
He won the appeal.
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ.
11:03
Michael was sentenced to five years in prison.
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ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื ืฉืคื˜ ืœื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื.
11:07
Judge Forer had to follow the law.
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ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืคื•ืจืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืง.
11:11
And by the way, this appeal went through
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขื‘ืจ
11:13
after he had finished serving his sentence,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืืช ืขื•ื ืฉื•,
11:15
so he was out and working at a job
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
11:18
and taking care of his family
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ื•ื“ืื’ ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื•
11:20
and he had to go back into jail.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื.
11:22
Judge Forer did what she was required to do,
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ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืคื•ืจืจ ืขืฉืชื” ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
11:25
and then she quit the bench.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ืคืจืฉื”.
11:29
And Michael disappeared.
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ื•ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื ืขืœื.
11:33
So that is an example,
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ืื– ื–ื• ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื,
11:35
both of wisdom in practice
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ื”ืŸ ืœืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”
11:37
and the subversion of wisdom
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื—ืชื™ืจื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื”
11:39
by rules that are meant, of course, to make things better.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืฉืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
11:42
Now consider Ms. Dewey.
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ื›ืขืช ื ืคื ื” ืœื’ื‘ืจืช ื“ื™ื•ืื™.
11:44
Ms. Dewey's a teacher in a Texas elementary school.
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ื’ื‘ืจืช ื“ื™ื•ืื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ืงืกืก.
11:47
She found herself listening to a consultant one day
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ืื–ื™ื ื” ืœื™ื•ืขืฅ
11:50
who was trying to help teachers
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ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืกื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื
11:52
boost the test scores of the kids,
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ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื,
11:54
so that the school
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ
11:56
would reach the elite category
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ื™ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”
11:59
in percentage of kids passing big tests.
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ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื.
12:01
All these schools in Texas compete with one another
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ื›ืœ ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื˜ืงืกืก ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”
12:03
to achieve these milestones,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
12:05
and there are bonuses and various other treats
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ื•ื ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
12:08
that come if you beat the other schools.
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ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ืื—ืจื™ื.
12:11
So here was the consultant's advice:
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืฆืช ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ:
12:14
first, don't waste your time on kids
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื
12:17
who are going to pass the test no matter what you do.
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ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ, ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ืชืขืฉื•.
12:21
Second, don't waste your time
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื–ืžืŸ
12:23
on kids who can't pass the test
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ืขืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ,
12:26
no matter what you do.
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ืชืขืฉื•.
12:28
Third, don't waste your time
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ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื
12:30
on kids who moved into the district
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื–ื” ืขืชื” ืœืžื—ื•ื–,
12:33
too late for their scores to be counted.
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ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื”ื ื™ื™ืกืคืจื•.
12:36
Focus all of your time and attention
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ืชืงื“ื™ืฉื• ืืช ื–ืžื ื›ื ื•ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘
12:39
on the kids who are on the bubble,
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ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื”ืกืฃ,
12:42
the so-called "bubble kids" --
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ืืœื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™-ืกืฃ --
12:44
kids where your intervention
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ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
12:46
can get them just maybe over the line
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ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื• ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“
12:48
from failing to passing.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
12:50
So Ms. Dewey heard this,
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ืื– ื’ื‘ืจืช ื“ื™ื•ืื™ ืฉืžืขื” ืืช ื–ื”,
12:52
and she shook her head in despair
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื“ื” ืืช ืจืืฉื” ื‘ื™ืื•ืฉ
12:55
while fellow teachers were sort of cheering each other on
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืขืžื™ืชื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื“ื™ ืฆื”ืœื•
12:58
and nodding approvingly.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื• ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื”.
13:00
It's like they were about to go play a football game.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ืขืžื“ื• ืœืฉื—ืง ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ.
13:02
For Ms. Dewey,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื’ื‘ืจืช ื“ื™ื•ืื™,
13:04
this isn't why she became a teacher.
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ืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืจื”.
13:07
Now Ken and I are not naive,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืงืŸ ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื ืื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
13:09
and we understand that you need to have rules.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื.
13:12
You need to have incentives.
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื.
13:14
People have to make a living.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก.
13:16
But the problem
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช
13:18
with relying on rules and incentives
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ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื
13:20
is that they demoralize
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื“ื›ืื™ื
13:23
professional activity,
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ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช.
13:25
and they demoralize professional activity
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ื”ื ืžื“ื›ืื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช
13:27
in two senses.
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
13:29
First, they demoralize the people
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ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืฉืง
13:31
who are engaged in the activity.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช.
13:33
Judge Forer quits,
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ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืคื•ืจืจ ืขื–ื‘ื”,
13:35
and Ms. Dewey in completely disheartened.
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ื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ื“ื™ื•ืื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื™ื•ืืฉืช.
13:37
And second,
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช,
13:39
they demoralize the activity itself.
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ื”ื ืžื“ื›ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขืฆืžื”.
13:41
The very practice is demoralized,
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืขืฆืžื” ืžื“ื•ื›ืืช,
13:44
and the practitioners are demoralized.
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ื•ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื.
13:46
It creates people --
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื ืฉื™ื --
13:48
when you manipulate incentives to get people to do the right thing --
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืขื ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ --
13:51
it creates people
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื ืฉื™ื
13:53
who are addicted to incentives.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ืœืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืขืฆืžื.
13:55
That is to say, it creates people
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ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื ืฉื™ื
13:57
who only do things for incentives.
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ื”ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื.
13:59
Now the striking thing about this
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”
14:01
is that psychologists have known this
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช
14:03
for 30 years.
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ื›ื‘ืจ 30 ืฉื ื”.
14:05
Psychologists have known
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ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื
14:07
about the negative consequences of incentivizing everything
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ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืชืžืจืฅ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
14:10
for 30 years.
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ื›ื‘ืจ 30 ืฉื ื”.
14:12
We know that if you reward kids for drawing pictures,
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ืžืชื’ืžืœื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช,
14:15
they stop caring about the drawing
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ื”ื ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื—ืก ืœืขืฆื ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ
14:17
and care only about the reward.
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ื•ืžืชื™ื—ืกื™ื ืจืง ืœืชื’ืžื•ืœ.
14:19
If you reward kids for reading books,
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ืื ืžืชื’ืžืœื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงืจื™ืืช ืกืคืจื™ื,
14:21
they stop caring about what's in the books
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ื”ื ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื—ืก ืœืžื” ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกืคืจ
14:24
and only care about how long they are.
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ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื—ืก ืจืง ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
14:26
If you reward teachers for kids' test scores,
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ืื ืžืชื’ืžืœื™ื ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื,
14:29
they stop caring about educating
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ื”ื ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื—ืก ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš
14:31
and only care about test preparation.
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ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื—ืก ืจืง ืœื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื.
14:33
If you were to reward doctors
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืชื’ืžืœื™ื ืจื•ืคืื™ื
14:35
for doing more procedures --
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื --
14:37
which is the current system -- they would do more.
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ืฉื›ืš ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื -- ื”ื ื™ืขืฉื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:39
If instead you reward doctors for doing fewer procedures,
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ืื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ืžืชื’ืžืœื™ื ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื,
14:42
they will do fewer.
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ื”ื ื™ืขืฉื• ืคื—ื•ืช.
14:44
What we want, of course,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืืœื™ื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
14:46
is doctors who do just the right amount of procedures
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ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื
14:48
and do the right amount for the right reason --
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ื•ื™ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” --
14:51
namely, to serve the welfare of their patients.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
14:54
Psychologists have known this for decades,
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ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื,
14:56
and it's time for policymakers
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช
14:59
to start paying attention
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ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘
15:01
and listen to psychologists a little bit,
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ืงืฆืช ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
15:04
instead of economists.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื.
15:07
And it doesn't have to be this way.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืš.
15:09
We think, Ken and I, that there are real sources of hope.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืงืŸ ื•ืื ื™, ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืชืงื•ื”.
15:12
We identify one set of people
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
15:14
in all of these practices
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
15:16
who we call canny outlaws.
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ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ื“ื™ื.
15:18
These are people
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื
15:20
who, being forced to operate
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ืคื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ
15:23
in a system that demands rule-following
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื
15:25
and creates incentives,
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื,
15:27
find away around the rules,
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ื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ืจืš ืœืขืงืคื,
15:29
find a way to subvert the rules.
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ื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ืจืš ืœื—ืชื•ืจ ืชื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื.
15:32
So there are teachers who have these scripts to follow,
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
15:34
and they know that if they follow these scripts, the kids will learn nothing.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ื”ื ื™ืฆื™ื™ืชื• ืœืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ื›ืœื•ื.
15:37
And so what they do is they follow the scripts,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช,
15:40
but they follow the scripts at double-time
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืžื”ืจื’ื™ืœ
15:43
and squirrel away little bits of extra time
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ื•ื›ืš ืฆื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื’ืขื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืขื•ื“ืฃ
15:46
during which they teach in the way
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ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื ื”ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš
15:48
that they actually know is effective.
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื”.
15:51
So these are little ordinary, everyday heroes,
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ืื– ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื, ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื,
15:54
and they're incredibly admirable,
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ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื”ื ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขืจื›ื”,
15:56
but there's no way that they can sustain this kind of activity
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื–ื•
15:59
in the face of a system
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ืžื•ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช
16:01
that either roots them out
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ืฉืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืงืจืช ืื•ืชื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ,
16:03
or grinds them down.
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ืื• ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื ืช ืื•ืชื ืขื“ ืขืคืจ.
16:05
So canny outlaws are better than nothing,
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ืื– ื”ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื›ืœื•ื,
16:07
but it's hard to imagine any canny outlaw
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ืื‘ืœ ืงืฉื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
16:09
sustaining that for an indefinite period of time.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื›ืš ืžืขืžื“ ืœื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ.
16:12
More hopeful
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
16:14
are people we call system-changers.
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ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžืฉื ื™-ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”.
16:16
These are people who are looking
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื
16:18
not to dodge the system's rules and regulations,
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ืœื ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”,
16:21
but to transform the system,
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ืืœื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”,
16:23
and we talk about several.
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ื•ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื›ืืœื”.
16:25
One in particular
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ืื—ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
16:27
is a judge named Robert Russell.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ืฉื ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืจืืกืœ.
16:30
And one day he was faced
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื ืชืงืœ
16:32
with the case of Gary Pettengill.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ืืจื™ ืคื˜ื ื’ื™ืœ.
16:35
Pettengill was a 23-year-old vet
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ืคื˜ื ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆื-ืฆื‘ื ื‘ืŸ 23
16:38
who had planned to make the army a career,
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ืืฉืจ ืชื›ื ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช,
16:40
but then he got a severe back injury in Iraq,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื•ื ืกืคื’ ืคืฆื™ืขืช-ื’ื‘ ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืง,
16:42
and that forced him to take a medical discharge.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื™ืœืฅ ืื•ืชื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืจืคื•ืื™.
16:45
He was married, he had a third kid on the way,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื•ื™, ื•ื™ืœื“ื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืขืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“,
16:48
he suffered from PTSD, in addition to the bad back,
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ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ืœ ืžืžืฆื•ืงื” ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘,
16:51
and recurrent nightmares,
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ื•ืžืกื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื,
16:53
and he had started using marijuana
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื”
16:55
to ease some of the symptoms.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื.
16:58
He was only able to get part-time work because of his back,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืจืง ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ ืฉืœื•,
17:01
and so he was unable to earn enough to put food on the table
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ื™ื— ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื•ื›ืœ
17:04
and take care of his family.
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ื•ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื•.
17:06
So he started selling marijuana.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื”.
17:08
He was busted in a drug sweep.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฆืจ ื‘ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืกืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”.
17:11
His family was kicked out of their apartment,
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ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื ื–ืจืงื” ืžื“ื™ืจืชื”,
17:13
and the welfare system
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ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื”
17:15
was threatening to take away his kids.
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ืื™ื™ืžื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื•.
17:17
Under normal sentencing procedures,
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ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื ื”ืœื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื,
17:19
Judge Russell would have had little choice
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ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ ืจืืกืœ
17:22
but to sentence Pettengill to serious jail-time
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ืืœื ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืืช ืคื˜ื ื’ืœื™
17:24
as a drug felon.
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ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืืกืจ ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืกืžื™ื.
17:27
But Judge Russell did have an alternative.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ ืจืืกืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจื™ืจื”.
17:30
And that's because he was in a special court.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
17:33
He was in a court called the Veterans' Court.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื ืงืจื ื‘ื™ืช-ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื™ื•ืฆืื™-ืฆื‘ื.
17:36
In the Veterans' Court --
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื™ื•ืฆืื™-ืฆื‘ื --
17:38
this was the first of its kind in the United States.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ื• ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
17:41
Judge Russell created the Veterans' Court.
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ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืจืืกืœ ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืช-ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื™ื•ืฆืื™-ืฆื‘ื.
17:43
It was a court only for veterans
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ื‘ื™ืช-ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืจืง ืœื™ื•ืฆืื™-ืฆื‘ื
17:45
who had broken the law.
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ืฉื”ืคืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง.
17:48
And he had created it exactly because
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ
17:50
mandatory sentencing laws
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ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื›ืคื•ื™ื™ื
17:52
were taking the judgment out of judging.
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ืฉื ื˜ืœื• ืืช ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืžื”ืฉืคื™ื˜ื”.
17:55
No one wanted non-violent offenders --
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืœื™ืžื™ื --
17:58
and especially non-violent offenders who were veterans to boot --
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืœื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ื’ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™-ืฆื‘ื --
18:01
to be thrown into prison.
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ื™ื•ืฉืœื›ื• ืœื›ืœื.
18:03
They wanted to do something about what we all know,
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ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื,
18:06
namely the revolving door of the criminal justice system.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื“ืœืช ื”ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช.
18:09
And what the Veterans' Court did,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื™ื•ืฆืื™-ืฆื‘ื,
18:11
was it treated each criminal as an individual,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœ ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™,
18:14
tried to get inside their problems,
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ื ื™ืกื” ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื‘ืขื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื,
18:17
tried to fashion responses to their crimes
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ื ื™ืกื” ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืคืฉืขื™ื”ื,
18:20
that helped them to rehabilitate themselves,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืœื”ืฉืชืงื,
18:22
and didn't forget about them once the judgment was made.
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ื•ืœื ืฉื›ื— ืื•ืชื ืจื’ืข ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ื ืฉืคื˜ื•.
18:25
Stayed with them, followed up on them,
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ื ืฉืืจ ืื™ืชื, ืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื,
18:28
made sure that they were sticking to whatever plan
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ื•ื™ื“ื ืฉื”ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช
18:30
had been jointly developed
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ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื” ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ
18:32
to get them over the hump.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฆืœื—ื• ืืช ื”ืžื”ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ื.
18:34
There are now 22 cities
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘-22 ืขืจื™ื
18:36
that have Veterans' Courts like this.
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ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื™-ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ืืœื” ืœื™ื•ืฆืื™-ืฆื‘ื.
18:38
Why has the idea spread?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืชืคืก?
18:41
Well, one reason is
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ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื
18:43
that Judge Russell
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ืฉืœืฉื•ืคื˜ ืจืืกืœ
18:45
has now seen 108 vets
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ืจืื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื 108 ื™ื•ืฆืื™-ืฆื‘ื
18:47
in his Veterans' Court
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœื•
18:49
as of February of this year,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ ืฉื ื” ื–ื•,
18:51
and out of 108,
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ื•ืžืชื•ืš 108,
18:53
guess how many have gone back through
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ืชื ื—ืฉื• ื›ืžื” ืขื‘ืจื• ื“ืจืš
18:55
the revolving door of justice
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ื”ื“ืœืช ื”ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ืง
18:57
into prison.
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ื•ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœื›ืœื.
18:59
None. None.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืื—ื“. ืืฃ ืื—ื“.
19:01
Anyone would glom onto
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉืžื— ืœื”ื™ืฆืžื“
19:04
a criminal justice system
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ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืฆื“ืง ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช
19:06
that has this kind of a record.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื›ื–ื”.
19:08
So here's is a system-changer, and it seems to be catching.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืฉื ื” ืฉื™ื˜ื”, ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืชื•ืคืก.
19:11
There's a banker
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ืงืื™ ืื—ื“
19:13
who created a for-profit community bank
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ืฉื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื ืง ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—
19:15
that encouraged bankers -- I know this is hard to believe --
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ืืฉืจ ืขื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื ืงืื™ื -- ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื–ื” --
19:18
encouraged bankers who worked there to do well
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ืขื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื ืงืื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขื ื”ื›ืœืœ
19:21
by doing good for their low-income clients.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืคืขืœื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื.
19:24
The bank helped finance the rebuilding
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ื”ื‘ื ืง ืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ
19:27
of what was otherwise a dying community.
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœืคื ื™-ื›ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื’ื•ืกืกืช.
19:30
Though their loan recipients were high-risk by ordinary standards,
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ืืฃ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
19:33
the default rate was extremely low.
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ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ืจืช-ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
19:36
The bank was profitable.
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ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื•ื—ื™.
19:39
The bankers stayed with their loan recipients.
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ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ื ืœื™ื•ื• ืืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
19:41
They didn't make loans and then sell the loans.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ืฆืจื• ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ืžื›ืจื• ืื•ืชืŸ.
19:43
They serviced the loans.
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ื”ื ืฉืจืชื• ืืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช.
19:45
They made sure that their loan recipients
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ื”ื ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
19:47
were staying up with their payments.
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ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื”ื.
19:50
Banking hasn't always been
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ื”ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืžื™ื“
19:53
the way we read about it now in the newspapers.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื.
19:57
Even Goldman Sachs
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ-ื–ืืงืก
19:59
once used to serve clients,
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ื ื”ื’ื• ืคืขื ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช,
20:02
before it turned into an institution
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื•ืกื“
20:05
that serves only itself.
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ืฉืžืฉืจืช ืจืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
20:07
Banking wasn't always this way,
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ื”ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื–ื•,
20:09
and it doesn't have to be this way.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื–ื•.
20:14
So there are examples like this in medicine --
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” --
20:17
doctors at Harvard
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืจื“
20:19
who are trying to transform medical education,
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ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืจืคื•ืื™
20:21
so that you don't get a kind of ethical erosion
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื ืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ืืชื™ืช
20:23
and loss of empathy,
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ื•ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช,
20:25
which characterizes most medical students
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ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื”
20:27
in the course of their medical training.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื›ืฉืจืชื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช.
20:29
And the way they do it is to give third-year medical students
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช
20:32
patients who they follow for an entire year.
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ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื”.
20:34
So the patients are not organ systems,
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืžืชื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช,
20:36
and they're not diseases;
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ื•ืœื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืช;
20:38
they're people, people with lives.
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ื”ื ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื, ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
20:40
And in order to be an effective doctor,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืคื ื™ืขื™ืœ,
20:42
you need to treat people who have lives and not just disease.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื›ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ืจืง ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
20:45
In addition to which there's an enormous amount of back and forth,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘,
20:48
mentoring of one student by another,
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืื—ืจ,
20:50
of all the students by the doctors,
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ืคืื™ื,
20:53
and the result is a generation -- we hope -- of doctors
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืจ -- ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื™ื -- ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคืื™ื
20:56
who do have time for the people they treat.
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื.
20:58
We'll see.
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ื ื—ื™ื” ื•ื ืจืื”.
21:00
So there are lots of examples like this that we talk about.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
21:03
Each of them shows that it is possible
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืžืจืื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ
21:05
to build on and nurture character
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ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ ื•ืœื˜ืคื—ื•
21:08
and keep a profession
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ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข
21:10
true to its proper mission --
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉืืจ ื ืืžืŸ ืœืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื• --
21:12
what Aristotle would have called its proper telos.
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ืžื” ืฉืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื ื” "ื™ืขื•ื“ื• ื”ืจืื•ื™ ื•ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜".
21:16
And Ken and I believe
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ื•ืงืŸ ื•ืื ื•ื›ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื
21:18
that this is what practitioners actually want.
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ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
21:21
People want to be allowed
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื™ืชืจ
21:23
to be virtuous.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื.
21:25
They want to have permission to do the right thing.
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ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
21:28
They don't want to feel
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ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ
21:30
like they need to take a shower
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ืฉื‘ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืงืœื—
21:32
to get the moral grime off their bodies everyday
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื”ืžื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืฉืขืœ ื’ื•ืคื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
21:35
when they come home from work.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
21:38
Aristotle thought that practical wisdom
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ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช
21:40
was the key to happiness,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืื•ืฉืจ,
21:42
and he was right.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆื“ืง.
21:45
There's now a lot of research being done in psychology
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ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
21:48
on what makes people happy,
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ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื,
21:50
and the two things that jump out in study after study --
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ื•ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ืงืจ --
21:53
I know this will come as a shock to all of you --
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื›ื ื›ื”ืคืชืขื” --
21:55
the two things that matter most to happiness
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืฉืจ
21:58
are love and work.
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ื”ื ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
22:01
Love: managing successfully
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ืื”ื‘ื”: ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื•ืฆืœื—
22:04
relations with the people who are close to you
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ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื ื•
22:06
and with the communities of which you are a part.
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ื•ืขื ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืŸ.
22:09
Work: engaging in activities
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”: ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช
22:12
that are meaningful and satisfying.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืžืกืคืงื•ืช.
22:15
If you have that, good close relations with other people,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื–ื” -- ืงืฉืจื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
22:18
work that's meaningful and fulfilling,
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืžืกืคืงืช,
22:21
you don't much need anything else.
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ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
22:24
Well, to love well and to work well,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
22:27
you need wisdom.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืชื‘ื•ื ื”.
22:29
Rules and incentives don't tell you
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ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื•
22:31
how to be a good friend, how to be a good parent,
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘,
22:34
how to be a good spouse,
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื–ื•ื’ ื˜ื•ื‘,
22:36
or how to be a good doctor or a good lawyer
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ืื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืคื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืขื•ืจืš-ื“ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘
22:38
or a good teacher.
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ืื• ืžื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
22:40
Rules and incentives
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ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื
22:42
are no substitutes for wisdom.
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ืื™ื ื ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืœืชื‘ื•ื ื”.
22:44
Indeed, we argue,
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ืื›ืŸ, ืื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื
22:46
there is no substitute for wisdom.
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืชื‘ื•ื ื”.
22:49
And so practical wisdom
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ื•ื›ืš ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช
22:51
does not require
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ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉืช
22:53
heroic acts of self-sacrifice
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ืžืขืฉื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช
22:56
on the part of practitioners.
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ืžืืœื” ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”.
22:59
In giving us the will and the skill
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ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
23:01
to do the right thing -- to do right by others --
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ -- ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืื—ืจื™ื --
23:04
practical wisdom also gives us
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ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื’ื ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื ื•
23:06
the will and the skill
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ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
23:08
to do right by ourselves.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื’ื ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืขืฆืžื ื•.
23:11
Thanks.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
23:13
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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