What fear can teach us | Karen Thompson Walker

435,704 views ・ 2013-01-02

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Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
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Translator: Lea Peternel Reviewer: Lenka Tušar
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One day in 1819,
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Nekega dne, leta 1819,
00:18
3,000 miles off the coast of Chile,
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4.828 km od čilske obale,
00:20
in one of the most remote regions of the Pacific Ocean,
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v enem najbolj oddaljenih področij pacifiškega oceana
00:23
20 American sailors watched their ship flood with seawater.
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je 20 ameriških mornarjev gledalo kako je njihovo ladjo zalila morska voda.
00:27
They'd been struck by a sperm whale, which had ripped
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Udaril jih je kit glavač in naredil
00:29
a catastrophic hole in the ship's hull.
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ogromno luknjo v ladjinem trupu.
00:32
As their ship began to sink beneath the swells,
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Ko se je njihova ladja začela potapljati
00:35
the men huddled together in three small whaleboats.
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so se možje nagnetli skupaj v tri majhne rešilne čolne.
00:39
These men were 10,000 miles from home,
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Bili so 16.093 km od doma,
00:41
more than 1,000 miles from the nearest scrap of land.
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več kot 1.609 km stran od najbližjega koščka kopnega.
00:44
In their small boats, they carried only
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V svojih majhnih čolnih so imeli samo
00:47
rudimentary navigational equipment
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osnovno navigacijsko opremo
00:48
and limited supplies of food and water.
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in omejene zaloge hrane in vode.
00:52
These were the men of the whaleship Essex,
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To so bili možje s kitolovke Essex,
00:54
whose story would later inspire parts of "Moby Dick."
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katerih zgodba je bila kasneje navdih za dele "Moby Dick-a".
00:57
Even in today's world, their situation would be really dire,
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Celo v današnjem svetu bi bila njihova situacija zelo grozljiva,
01:00
but think about how much worse it would have been then.
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pomislite koliko težje je bilo šele takrat.
01:02
No one on land had any idea that anything had gone wrong.
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Nihče na kopnem ni imel pojma, da je šlo kaj narobe.
01:05
No search party was coming to look for these men.
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Nihče ni iskal teh mož.
01:08
So most of us have never experienced a situation
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Torej, večina izmed nas se ni nikoli znašla v situaciji
01:11
as frightening as the one in which these sailors found themselves,
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tako strašljivi kot je bila ta, v kateri so se znašli ti mornarji,
01:14
but we all know what it's like to be afraid.
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toda vsi vemo kako je, če nas je strah.
01:16
We know how fear feels,
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Vemo kako občutimo strah,
01:18
but I'm not sure we spend enough time thinking about
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vendar nisem prepričana, da dovolj časa razmišljamo o tem
01:20
what our fears mean.
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kaj naši strahovi pomenijo.
01:22
As we grow up, we're often encouraged to think of fear
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Ko odraščamo, nas pogosto vzpodbujajo naj razmišljamo o strahu
01:25
as a weakness, just another childish thing to discard
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kot o slabosti, še eni otroški stvari, ki jo moramo opustiti,
01:28
like baby teeth or roller skates.
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kot mlečne zobe in kotalke.
01:31
And I think it's no accident that we think this way.
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In menim, da ni naključje, da tako razmišljamo.
01:33
Neuroscientists have actually shown that human beings
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Nevrologi so namreč dokazali, da smo ljudje
01:36
are hard-wired to be optimists.
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v osnovi optimisti.
01:38
So maybe that's why we think of fear, sometimes,
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Torej, mogoče zato včasih razmišljamo o strahu samem
01:41
as a danger in and of itself.
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kot o nevarnosti.
01:43
"Don't worry," we like to say to one another. "Don't panic."
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"Ne skrbi" radi rečemo drug drugemu. "Ne paničari."
01:46
In English, fear is something we conquer.
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V angleškem jeziku je strah nekaj kar premagamo,
01:49
It's something we fight. It's something we overcome.
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nekaj, s čimer se borimo. Nekaj kar obvladamo.
01:53
But what if we looked at fear in a fresh way?
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Toda kaj ča bi na strah pogledali z novimi očmi?
01:55
What if we thought of fear as an amazing act of the imagination,
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Kaj če bi strah videli kot osupljivo dejanje domišljije,
01:59
something that can be as profound and insightful
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nekaj kar je lahko tako globoko in pronicljivo
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as storytelling itself?
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kot pripovedovanje zgodb?
02:04
It's easiest to see this link between fear and the imagination
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Najlažje je videti to povezavo med strahom in domišljijo
02:07
in young children, whose fears are often extraordinarily vivid.
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pri majhnih otrocih, katerih strahovi so pogosto izredno slikoviti.
02:10
When I was a child, I lived in California,
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Ko sem bila otrok, sem živela v Kaliforniji,
02:12
which is, you know, mostly a very nice place to live,
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ki je, kot veste, praviloma zelo prijazen kraj za življenje.
02:15
but for me as a child, California could also be a little scary.
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Toda zame, kot otroka, je bila Kalifornija tudi malo strašljiva.
02:19
I remember how frightening it was to see the chandelier
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Spominjam se kako strašljivo je bilo videti lestenec,
02:22
that hung above our dining table swing back and forth
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ki je visel nad mizo in se zibal sem ter tja
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during every minor earthquake,
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med vsakim manjšim potresom.
02:27
and I sometimes couldn't sleep at night, terrified
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Včasih ponoči nisem mogla spati, saj me je bilo strah,
02:29
that the Big One might strike while we were sleeping.
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da bo udaril Ta Velik, medtem ko bomo spali.
02:31
And what we say about kids who have fears like that
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In o otrocih, ki imajo takšne strahove,
02:34
is that they have a vivid imagination.
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rečemo da imajo bujno domišljijo.
02:37
But at a certain point, most of us learn
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Toda v določeni točki se večina izmed nas nauči,
02:40
to leave these kinds of visions behind and grow up.
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da te vrste predstave pustimo za seboj in odrastemo.
02:43
We learn that there are no monsters hiding under the bed,
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Naučimo se, da se pod posteljo ne skrivajo pošasti
02:46
and not every earthquake brings buildings down.
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in da vsak potres ne poruši poslopij.
02:48
But maybe it's no coincidence that some of our most creative minds
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Toda mogoče ni naključje, da nekateri naši nabolj kreativni umi,
02:52
fail to leave these kinds of fears behind as adults.
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ne uspejo pustiti teh vrst strahov za seboj ko odrastejo.
02:55
The same incredible imaginations that produced "The Origin of Species,"
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Ista neverjetna domišljija, ki je rodila "O nastanku vrst",
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"Jane Eyre" and "The Remembrance of Things Past,"
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"Jane Eyre" in "Iskanje izgubljenega časa",
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also generated intense worries that haunted the adult lives
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je tudi vzbujala silne skrbi, ki so preganjali odrasla življenja
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of Charles Darwin, Charlotte BrontĂŤ and Marcel Proust.
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Charles-a Darwin-a, Charlotte Bronte in Marcel-a Proust-a.
03:10
So the question is, what can the rest of us learn about fear
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Torej, vprašanje je, kaj se lahko mi naučimo o strahu
03:12
from visionaries and young children?
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od vizionarjev in majhnih otrok?
03:16
Well let's return to the year 1819 for a moment,
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Za trenutek se bomo vrnili v leto 1819,
03:19
to the situation facing the crew of the whaleship Essex.
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k situaciji, s katero se je soočala kitolovka Essex.
03:22
Let's take a look at the fears that their imaginations
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Poglejmo strahove, ki jih je vzbujala njihova domišljija,
03:24
were generating as they drifted in the middle of the Pacific.
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ko so bili izgubljeni sredi Pacifika.
03:28
Twenty-four hours had now passed since the capsizing of the ship.
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Štiriindvajset ur je minilo odkar se je ladja prevrnila.
03:32
The time had come for the men to make a plan,
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Prišel je čas, da možje naredijo načrt,
03:34
but they had very few options.
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toda imeli so malo možnosti.
03:37
In his fascinating account of the disaster,
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V svoji navdušujoči pripovedi te katastrofe
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Nathaniel Philbrick wrote that these men were just about
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je Nathaniel Philbrick zapisal, da so bili ti možje
03:42
as far from land as it was possible to be anywhere on Earth.
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tako daleč od kopnega kot bi bilo to mogoče kjerkoli na Zemlji.
03:47
The men knew that the nearest islands they could reach
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Vedeli so, da je najbližje otočje, ki ga lahko dosežejo
03:49
were the Marquesas Islands, 1,200 miles away.
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Markeški otoki, 1.931 km stran.
03:53
But they'd heard some frightening rumors.
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Toda slišali so strah vzbujajoče govorice.
03:55
They'd been told that these islands,
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Slišali so, da so ti otoki
03:57
and several others nearby, were populated by cannibals.
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in nekaj otokov v bližini naseljeni z ljudožerci.
04:01
So the men pictured coming ashore only to be murdered
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Možje so si torej predstavljali, da bodo prišli na obalo in bodo takoj ubiti,
04:04
and eaten for dinner.
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in ljudožerci jih bodo pojedli za večerjo.
04:05
Another possible destination was Hawaii,
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Drugi možen cilj so bili Havaji,
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but given the season, the captain was afraid
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toda zaradi letnega časa se je kapetan bal,
04:10
they'd be struck by severe storms.
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da jih bodo ujele močne nevihte.
04:13
Now the last option was the longest, and the most difficult:
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Zadnja možnost je bila najdaljša in najtežja, in sicer
04:17
to sail 1,500 miles due south in hopes of reaching
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pluti 2.414 km južno v upanju, da bi dosegli
04:21
a certain band of winds that could eventually
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določene vetrove, ki bi jih na koncu
04:22
push them toward the coast of South America.
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potisnili proti obalam Južne Amerike.
04:25
But they knew that the sheer length of this journey
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Toda zavedali so se, da bodo že zaradi razdalja tega potovanja,
04:27
would stretch their supplies of food and water.
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imeli težave z zalogami hrane in vode.
04:31
To be eaten by cannibals, to be battered by storms,
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Da jih pojedo ljudožerci, da jih bijejo nevihte,
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to starve to death before reaching land.
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da umrejo od lakote preden dosežejo kopno.
04:38
These were the fears that danced in the imaginations of these poor men,
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To so bili strahovi, ki so plesaili v domišljiji teh ubogih mož
04:41
and as it turned out, the fear they chose to listen to
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in kot se je kasneje izkazalo, strah ki so mu prisluhnili
04:44
would govern whether they lived or died.
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je odločal o tem ali bodo preživeli ali umrli.
04:47
Now we might just as easily call these fears by a different name.
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Te strahove bi prav lahko poimenovali tudi z drugim imenom.
04:51
What if instead of calling them fears,
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Kaj če bi jih namesto strahovi,
04:53
we called them stories?
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poimenovali zgodbe?
04:55
Because that's really what fear is, if you think about it.
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Ker strah je, če nekoliko pomislimo, pravzaprav v resnici
04:57
It's a kind of unintentional storytelling
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neke vrste nenamerno pripovedovanje zgodbe
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that we are all born knowing how to do.
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in s tem znanjem smo vsi rojeni.
05:03
And fears and storytelling have the same components.
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Strahovi in pripovedovanje zgodb imata enake sestavne dele.
05:06
They have the same architecture.
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Imajo enako arhiitekturo.
05:08
Like all stories, fears have characters.
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Kot vse zgodbe imajo strahovi igralce.
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In our fears, the characters are us.
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V naših strahovih smo igralci mi sami.
05:13
Fears also have plots. They have beginnings and middles and ends.
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Strahovi imajo tudi zaplet.
05:17
You board the plane. The plane takes off. The engine fails.
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Vkrcaš se na letalo. Letalo vzleti. Motor odpove.
05:21
Our fears also tend to contain imagery that can be
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Naši strahovi imajo praviloma tudi metaforiko, ki je lahko
05:24
every bit as vivid as what you might find in the pages of a novel.
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enako slikovita kot jo lahko najdemo na straneh romana.
05:27
Picture a cannibal, human teeth
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Predstavljajte si ljudožerca, človeški zobje
05:30
sinking into human skin,
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se zasadijo v človeško kožo,
05:32
human flesh roasting over a fire.
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človeško meso se peče nad ognjem.
05:35
Fears also have suspense.
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Strahovi nas tudi držijo v napetost.
05:38
If I've done my job as a storyteller today,
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Če sem danes opravila svoje delo kot pripovedovalka zgodbe,
05:40
you should be wondering what happened
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bi se morali sedaj spraševati kaj se je zgodilo
05:42
to the men of the whaleship Essex.
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z možmi s kitolovke Essex.
05:44
Our fears provoke in us a very similar form of suspense.
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Naši strahovi v nas vzbudijo zelo podobno napetost.
05:48
Just like all great stories, our fears focus our attention
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Prav tako kot vse velike zgodbe, se naši strahovi osredotočajo
05:52
on a question that is as important in life as it is in literature:
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na vprašanje, ki je ravno tako pomembno v življenju kot v literaturi:
05:56
What will happen next?
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Kaj se bo zgodilo?
05:58
In other words, our fears make us think about the future.
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Z drugimi besedami, naši strahovi nas silijo, da razmišljamo o prihodnosti.
06:01
And humans, by the way, are the only creatures capable
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In, mimgrede, ljudje smo edina bitja sposobna
06:03
of thinking about the future in this way,
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razmišljati o prihodnosti na način,
06:05
of projecting ourselves forward in time,
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da si sami sebe predstavljamo v prihodnosti.
06:08
and this mental time travel is just one more thing
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In to miselno potovanje v času je samo še ena stvar,
06:10
that fears have in common with storytelling.
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ki je skupna strahovom in pripovedovanju zgodb.
06:14
As a writer, I can tell you that a big part of writing fiction
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Kot pisateljica vam lahko povem, da je velik del pisanja leposlovja
06:16
is learning to predict how one event in a story
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znati predvidevati kako bo en dogodek zgodbe
06:18
will affect all the other events,
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vplival na vse ostale dogodke.
06:20
and fear works in that same way.
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In strah deluje na podoben način.
06:22
In fear, just like in fiction, one thing always leads to another.
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Pri strahu, ravno tako kot v leposlovju, ena stvar vodi k drugi.
06:27
When I was writing my first novel, "The Age Of Miracles,"
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Ko sem pisala svoj prvi roman "Leto čudežev",
06:30
I spent months trying to figure out what would happen
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sem več mesecev poskušala ugotoviti kaj se bo zgodilo,
06:33
if the rotation of the Earth suddenly began to slow down.
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če bi se Zemlja naenkrat začela vrteti počasneje.
06:36
What would happen to our days? What would happen to our crops?
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Kaj bi se zgodilo z našimi dnevi? Kaj bi se zgodilo z našo letino?
06:39
What would happen to our minds?
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Kaj bi se zgodilo z našim razumom?
06:41
And then it was only later that I realized how very similar
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In šele kasneje sem se zavedla kako zelo podobna so bila
06:44
these questions were to the ones I used to ask myself
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ta vprašanja tistim, ki sem si jih zastavljala
06:46
as a child frightened in the night.
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kot prestrašen otrok v noči.
06:48
If an earthquake strikes tonight, I used to worry,
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Skrbelo me je, kaj če nas potres strese nocoj,
06:51
what will happen to our house? What will happen to my family?
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kaj se bo zgodilo z našo hišo? Kaj se bo zgodilo z našo družino?
06:55
And the answer to those questions always took the form of a story.
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In odgovor na ta vprašanja je vedno imel obilko zgodbe.
06:59
So if we think of our fears as more than just fears
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Torej, če o svojih strahovih razmišljamo ne le kot o strahovih
07:02
but as stories, we should think of ourselves
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ampak kot o zgodbah, bi morali o sebi razmišljati
07:05
as the authors of those stories.
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kot o avtorjih teh zgodb.
07:07
But just as importantly, we need to think of ourselves
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In ravno tako pomembno, o sebi moramo razmišljati
07:09
as the readers of our fears, and how we choose
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kot o bralcih svojih strahov. In to, kako se odločimo, da bomo
07:11
to read our fears can have a profound effect on our lives.
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svoje strahove brali, ima močan učinek na naša življenja.
07:16
Now, some of us naturally read our fears more closely than others.
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Nekateri izmed nas že po naravi bolj natančno berejo svoje strahove kot drugi.
07:19
I read about a study recently of successful entrepreneurs,
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Pred kratkim sem brala raziskavo o uspešnih podjetnikih,
07:22
and the author found that these people shared a habit
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v kateri je avtor ugotovil, da imajo ti ljudje skupno navado,
07:24
that he called "productive paranoia," which meant that
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ki jo je poimenoval "produktivna paranoja", kar pomeni,
07:28
these people, instead of dismissing their fears,
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da ti ljudje, namesto da bi zavračali svoje strahove,
07:30
these people read them closely, they studied them,
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jih natančno berejo, jih preučujejo
07:33
and then they translated that fear into preparation and action.
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in nato ta strah pretvorijo v pripravljenost in akcijo.
07:36
So that way, if their worst fears came true,
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Na tak način, če se njihovi najhujši strahovi uresničijo,
07:38
their businesses were ready.
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so njihova podjetja pripravljena.
07:40
And sometimes, of course, our worst fears do come true.
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In včasih se naši najhujši strahovi uresničijo.
07:45
That's one of the things that is so extraordinary about fear.
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To je ena izmed stvari, ki je tako nenavadna pri strahu.
07:48
Once in a while, our fears can predict the future.
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Vsake toliko časa lahko naši strahovi napovedo prihodnost.
07:53
But we can't possibly prepare for all of the fears
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Toda nikakor se ne moremo pripraviti na vse naše strahove,
07:56
that our imaginations concoct.
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ki jih naša domošljija lahko skuje.
07:59
So how can we tell the difference between
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Torej, kako lahko ločimo med
08:01
the fears worth listening to and all the others?
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strahovi, katerim je vredno prisluhniti in med vsemi drugimi strahovi?
08:04
I think the end of the story of the whaleship Essex
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Menim, da konec zgodbe o kitolovki Essex
08:07
offers an illuminating, if tragic, example.
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ponudi poučen, čeravno tragičen primer.
08:11
After much deliberation, the men finally made a decision.
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Po temeljitem razmisleku, so se možje končno odločili.
08:16
Terrified of cannibals, they decided to forgo the closest islands
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Ker so se bali ljudožercev, so se odločili, da bodo pluli mimo najbližjih otokov
08:20
and instead embarked on the longer
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in se namesto tega podali na daljšo
08:22
and much more difficult route to South America.
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in veliko težjo pot do Južne Amerike.
08:25
After more than two months at sea, the men ran out of food
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In po več kot dveh mesecih na morju, jim je zmanjkalo hrane,
08:29
as they knew they might,
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kar so sicer lahko pričakovali.
08:30
and they were still quite far from land.
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Še vedno pa so bili daleč od kopnega.
08:33
When the last of the survivors were finally picked up
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Ko sta zadnje preživele končno rešili
08:35
by two passing ships, less than half of the men were left alive,
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dve ladji, ki sta pluli mimo, jih je bilo le še manj kot polovica.
08:40
and some of them had resorted to their own form of cannibalism.
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In nekateri izmed njih so se zatekli k svoji obliki ljudožerstva.
08:45
Herman Melville, who used this story as research for "Moby Dick,"
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Herman Melville, ki je to zgodbo uporabil pri pisanju "Moby Dick-a",
08:48
wrote years later, and from dry land, quote,
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je nekaj let kasneje, na trdni zemlji, zapisal
08:52
"All the sufferings of these miserable men of the Essex
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"Vsemu trpljenju teh nesrečnih mož iz Essex-a
08:55
might in all human probability have been avoided
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bi se lahko izognili,
08:57
had they, immediately after leaving the wreck,
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če bi se, takoj ko so zapustili potopljeno ladjo
09:00
steered straight for Tahiti.
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obrnili naravnost proti Tahitiju.
09:02
But," as Melville put it, "they dreaded cannibals."
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Toda", kakor pravi Melville: "groza jih je bilo ljudožercev."
09:06
So the question is, why did these men dread cannibals
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Vprašanje je torej, zakaj so se ti možje bolj močno bali ljudožercev,
09:09
so much more than the extreme likelihood of starvation?
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kot velike verjetnosti, da bodo umrli od lakote?
09:14
Why were they swayed by one story
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Zakaj je ena zgodba
09:15
so much more than the other?
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močneje vplivala nanje kot druga?
09:18
Looked at from this angle,
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Če pogledamo z druge strani
09:20
theirs becomes a story about reading.
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njihva zgodba postane zgodba o branju.
09:23
The novelist Vladimir Nabokov said that the best reader
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Romanopisec Vladimir Nabokov je dejal, da ima najboljši bralec
09:26
has a combination of two very different temperaments,
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kombinacijo dveh različnih temperamentov, in sicer
09:28
the artistic and the scientific.
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umetniški in znanstveni.
09:31
A good reader has an artist's passion,
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Dober bralec ima umetniško strast,
09:34
a willingness to get caught up in the story,
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voljnost, da se ujame v zgodbo.
09:36
but just as importantly, the readers also needs
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Pa ravno tako pomembno, bralec tudi potrebuje
09:38
the coolness of judgment of a scientist,
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razsodnost znanstvenika
09:42
which acts to temper and complicate
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ki ublaži in zaplete
09:43
the reader's intuitive reactions to the story.
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bralčev intuitiven odziv na zgodbo.
09:46
As we've seen, the men of the Essex had no trouble with the artistic part.
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Kot smo videli, možje z Essexa niso imeli težav z umetniškim delom.
09:50
They dreamed up a variety of horrifying scenarios.
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Izmislili so si različne grozljive scenarije.
09:53
The problem was that they listened to the wrong story.
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Težava je bila v tem, da so prisluhnili napačni zgodbi.
09:57
Of all the narratives their fears wrote,
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Od vseh zgodb, ki so jih spisali njihovi strahovi,
09:59
they responded only to the most lurid, the most vivid,
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so se odzvali samo na najbolj šokantno in najbolj slikovito.
10:03
the one that was easiest for their imaginations to picture:
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Tisto, ki si jo je njihova domišljija najlažje predstavljala:
10:06
cannibals.
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ljudožerci.
10:08
But perhaps if they'd been able to read their fears
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Toda mogoče, če bi lahko svoje strahove brali bolj kot
10:10
more like a scientist, with more coolness of judgment,
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znanstvenik, z več razsodnosti,
10:14
they would have listened instead to the less violent
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bi prisluhnili manj nasilni,
10:17
but the more likely tale, the story of starvation,
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a bolj verjetni zgodbi, zgodbi o smrti zaradi lakote
10:20
and headed for Tahiti, just as Melville's sad commentary suggests.
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in se usmerili proti Tahitiju, tako kot predlaga žalosten Melvill-ov komentar.
10:26
And maybe if we all tried to read our fears,
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In mogoče, če bi vsi poskusili brati svoje strahove,
10:28
we too would be less often swayed
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bi najbolj veliki strahovi
10:30
by the most salacious among them.
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manj pogosto vplivali na nas.
10:32
Maybe then we'd spend less time worrying about
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Mogoče bi zato manj časa skrbeli o
10:34
serial killers and plane crashes,
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serijskih morilcih in letalskih nesrečah,
10:36
and more time concerned with the subtler
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in bi se več časa ukvarjali z bolj subtilnimi
10:38
and slower disasters we face:
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in počasnejšimi katastrofami, s katerimi se soočamo:
10:40
the silent buildup of plaque in our arteries,
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tiho kopičenje oblog v naših arterijah,
10:43
the gradual changes in our climate.
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počasne spremembe našega podnebja.
10:45
Just as the most nuanced stories in literature are often the richest,
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Ravno tako kot so najbolj niansne zgodbe v literaturi pogosto najbogatejše,
10:49
so too might our subtlest fears be the truest.
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tako so lahko naši nabolj subtilni strahovi najresničnejši.
10:53
Read in the right way, our fears are an amazing gift
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Če jih beremo na pravi način, so naši strahovi osupljivo darilo
10:56
of the imagination, a kind of everyday clairvoyance,
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domišljije, neke vrste vsakdanja jasnovidnost,
10:59
a way of glimpsing what might be the future
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način za hiter pogled v to, kaj nam lahko prinese prihodnost.
11:02
when there's still time to influence how that future will play out.
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In to takrat, ko je še čas, da vplivamo na to, kako se bo prihodnost odvila.
11:05
Properly read, our fears can offer us something as precious
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Če jih pravilno beremo, nam naši strahovi lahko ponudijo nekaj tako dragocenega
11:08
as our favorite works of literature:
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kot naša literarna dela:
11:11
a little wisdom, a bit of insight
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malo modrosti, nekaj uvida
11:14
and a version of that most elusive thing --
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in različico najbolj izmuzljive stvari --
11:16
the truth.
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resnice.
11:17
Thank you. (Applause)
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Hvala. (Ploskanje)
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