Leonard Susskind: My friend Richard Feynman

Translator: Kristaps Kadiķis Reviewer: Liene Spruzeniece

I decided when I was asked to do this

Kad mani aicināja uzstāties, es izlēmu,

that what I really wanted to talk about was my friend, Richard Feynman.

ka tas par, ko tiešām vēlos runāt, ir mans draugs Ričards Fainmens.

I was one of the fortunate few that really did get to know him

Es biju viens no dažiem laimīgajiem, kuriem patiešām izdevās viņu iepazīt

and enjoyed his presence.

un baudīt viņa klātbūtni.

And I'm going to tell you about the Richard Feynman that I knew.

Es pastāstīšu par Ričardu Fainmenu, ko pazinu es.

I'm sure there are people here who could tell you

Šeit noteikti ir arī citi, kas varētu pastāstīt

par Ričardu Fainmenu, ko pazina viņi, un tas būtu citādāks Fainmens.

about the Richard Feynman they knew,

and it would probably be a different Richard Feynman.

Ričards Fainmens bija ļoti sarežģīts cilvēks.

Richard Feynman was a very complex man.

He was a man of many, many parts.

Viņš bija ļoti, ļoti daudzpusīgs cilvēks.

He was, of course, foremost, a very, very, very great scientist.

Galvenokārt viņš, protams, bija ļoti, ļoti, ļoti liels zinātnieks.

He was an actor. You saw him act.

Viņš bija aktieris. Jūs redzējāt viņa aktierspēli.

I also had the good fortune to be in those lectures,

Arī man palaimējās atrasties šajās lekcijās,

up in the balcony.

augšā, balkonā.

They were fantastic.

Tās bija fantastiskas.

He was a philosopher.

Viņš bija filozofs;

He was a drum player.

viņš spēlēja bungas;

He was a teacher par excellence.

viņš bija izcils skolotājs.

Richard Feynman was also a showman,

Ričards Fainmens bija arī šovmenis,

an enormous showman.

milzīgs šovmenis.

He was brash, irreverent.

Viņš bija skaļš, nekaunīgs.

He was full of macho, a kind of macho one-upmanship.

Viņā bija papilnam mačisma, tāda kā mačo tipa izrādīšanās.

He loved intellectual battle.

Viņam ļoti patika intelektuālas cīņas.

He had a gargantuan ego.

Viņam piemita milzonīgs ego.

But the man had, somehow,

Tomēr šim vīram kaut kā

a lot of room at the bottom.

atradās vieta arī citiem.

And what I mean by that is a lot of room, in my case --

Ar to es domāju vietu, kas manā gadījumā...

I can't speak for anybody else, but in my case --

es nevaru runāt par nevienu citu, taču manā gadījumā

a lot of room for another big ego.

pietiekami daudz vietas vēl vienam lielam ego.

Well, not as big as his,

Labi, ne tik lielam kā viņa,

but fairly big.

bet diezgan lielam.

I always felt good with Dick Feynman.

Es vienmēr jutos labi kopā ar Diku Fainmenu.

It was always fun to be with him.

Ar viņu būt kopā vienmēr bija jautri.

He always made me feel smart.

Viņš man vienmēr lika justies gudram.

Kā gan tāds cilvēks var likt tev justies gudram?

How can somebody like that make you feel smart?

Somehow he did.

Kaut kā viņš to spēja.

He made me feel smart. He made me feel he was smart.

Viņš lika man justies gudram, lika just, ka viņš ir gudrs.

He made me feel we were both smart,

Viņš lika just, ka mēs esam gudri

and the two of us could solve any problem whatever.

un abi kopā varam atrisināt jebkuru problēmu.

And in fact, we did sometimes do physics together.

Patiesībā mēs dažreiz kopā strādājām pie fizikas.

We never published a paper together,

Mēs nekad nenopublicējām kopīgu zinātnisku rakstu,

but we did have a lot of fun.

bet mums gāja ļoti jautri.

He loved to win,

Viņam patika uzvarēt,

win these little macho games we would sometimes play.

uzvarēt šajās mačo spēlītēs, ko reizēm spēlējām –

And he didn't only play them with me, but with all sorts of people.

viņš tās spēlēja ne tikai ar mani, bet ar visvisādiem cilvēkiem –,

He would almost always win.

viņš gandrīz vienmēr uzvarēja.

But when he didn't win, when he lost,

Bet kad viņš neuzvarēja, kad viņš zaudēja,

he would laugh and seem to have just as much fun

viņš smējās un izskatījās to izbaudām tik pat ļoti

as if he had won.

kā uzvaras.

I remember once he told me a story

Es atceros, ka reiz viņš man stāstīja

about a joke the students played on him.

par joku, ko studenti ar viņu izspēlēja.

I think it was for his birthday --

Šķiet, tā bija viņa dzimšanas diena –

they took him for lunch

viņi viņu aizveda pusdienās

to a sandwich place in Pasadena.

uz sviestmaižu tirgotavu Pasadīnā.

It may still exist; I don't know.

Tā varbūt vēl joprojām strādā, nezinu.

Celebrity sandwiches was their thing.

Tās lepnums bija slavenību sviestmaizes.

You could get a Marilyn Monroe sandwich.

Tur varēja dabūt Merilinas Monro sviestmaizi,

You could get a Humphrey Bogart sandwich.

varēja dabūt Hamfrija Bogarta sviestmaizi.

The students went there in advance,

Studenti tur ieradās iepriekš

and arranged that they'd all order Feynman sandwiches.

un sarunāja, ka visi pasūtīs Fainmena sviestmaizes.

One after another, they came in and ordered Feynman sandwiches.

Viens pēc otra viņi nāca un pasūtīja Fainmena sviestmaizes.

Feynman loved this story.

Fainmenam patika šis stāsts.

He told me this story, and he was really happy and laughing.

Viņš man to stāstīja un bija ļoti laimīgs, un smējās.

When he finished the story, I said to him,

Kad viņš pabeidza stāstu, es viņam teicu:

"Dick, I wonder what would be the difference

„Dik, interesanti, kāda būtu atšķirība

between a Feynman sandwich and a Susskind sandwich."

starp Fainmena un Saskinda sviestmaizi.”

And without skipping a beat at all,

Bez nekādas vilcināšanās viņš atbildēja:

he said, "Well, they'd be about the same.

„Tās abas būtu visai vienādas.

The only difference is a Susskind sandwich would have a lot more ham."

Vienīgā atšķirība, ka Saskinda sviestmaizē būtu daudz vairāk šķiņķa”,

"Ham" as in bad actor.

ar „šķiņķi” domājot sliktu aktiermākslu.

(Laughter)

(Smiekli)

Well, I happened to have been very quick that day,

Gadījās, ka es todien biju ļoti asprātīgs

and I said, "Yeah, but a lot less baloney."

un teicu: „Jā, bet daudz mazāk desas [ar nozīmi – muļķību].”

(Laughter)

(Smiekli)

(Applause)

The truth of the matter

Patiesībā –

patiesībā Fainmena sviestmaizē

is that a Feynman sandwich had a load of ham,

bija papilnam „šķiņķa”,

but absolutely no baloney.

bet ne kripatiņas „desas”.

What Feynman hated worse than anything else

Tas, ko Fainmens vairāk par visu neieredzēja,

was intellectual pretense --

bija intelektuāla augstprātība –

phoniness,

samākslotība,

false sophistication, jargon.

viltus izsmalcinātība, žargons.

I remember sometime during the mid-'80s,

Es atceros kādu reizi 80. gadu vidū,

Dick and I and Sidney Coleman would meet a couple of times

Diks, es un Sidnijs Kolemens pāris reizes tikāmies Sanfrancisko,

up in San Francisco -- at some very rich guy's house --

kāda ļoti bagāta vīra mājā uz pusdienām.

up in San Francisco for dinner.

And the last time the rich guy invited us,

Pēdējoreiz, kad bagātais vīrs mūs uzaicināja,

he also invited a couple of philosophers.

viņš uzaicināja arī pāris filozofu.

These guys were philosophers of mind.

Šie puiši bija prāta filozofi.

Their specialty was the philosophy of consciousness.

Viņu specialitāte bija apziņas filozofija.

And they were full of all kinds of jargon.

Viņi mētājās ar visa veida žargonu.

I'm trying to remember the words --

Es cenšos atcerēties vārdus –

"monism," "dualism," categories all over the place.

„monisms”, „duālisms”, kategorijas, cik uziet.

I didn't know what those meant, neither did Dick or Sydney, for that matter.

Es nezināju, ko visas šīs lietas nozīmē, un Diks arī ne, tāpat arī Sidnijs.

And what did we talk about?

Par ko tad mēs runājām?

Well, what do you talk about when you talk about minds?

Par ko gan var runāt, runājot par prātu?

There's one obvious thing to talk about:

Viena acīmredzama lieta, par ko runāt –

Can a machine become a mind?

vai mašīnai var piemist saprāts?

Can you build a machine

Vai iespējams uzbūvēt mašīnu,

that thinks like a human being that is conscious?

kas domā kā cilvēks, kam piemīt apziņa?

We sat around and talked about this -- we of course never resolved it.

Mēs sēdējām un runājām par to, mēs, protams, tā arī neatradām atbildi.

But the trouble with the philosophers

Bet probēma ar filozofiem

is that they were philosophizing

ir tā, ka viņi filozofē,

when they should have been science-ophizing.

kad viņiem vajadzētu zinātņofēt.

It's a scientific question, after all.

Tas galu galā ir zinātnisks jautājums.

And this was a very, very dangerous thing to do

Dika Fainmena klātbūtnē šāda rīcība bija ļoti, ļoti bīstama.

around Dick Feynman.

(Laughter)

(Smiekli)

Feynman let them have it -- both barrels, right between the eyes.

Fainmens viņiem to ļāva izbaudīt, abas lodes, tieši starp acīm.

It was brutal; it was funny -- ooh, it was funny.

Tas bija brutāli, tas bija smieklīgi, tas bija tik smieklīgi!

But it was really brutal.

Bet tas bija ļoti brutāli.

He really popped their balloon.

Viņš viņus patiešām nolika pie vietas.

But the amazing thing was -- Feynman had to leave a little early;

Taču apbrīnojamā kārtā –

Fainmens devās prom mazliet agrāk,

he wasn't feeling too well, so he left a little bit early.

viņš nejutās īpaši labi, tāpēc viņš devās prom mazliet agrāk,

And Sidney and I were left there with the two philosophers.

un mēs ar Sidniju palikām ar šiem diviem filozofiem.

And the amazing thing is these guys were flying.

Apbrīnojamā kārtā šie puiši bija spārnos.

They were so happy.

Viņi bija tik laimīgi!

They had met the great man;

Viņi bija satikuši diženu vīru;

they had been instructed by the great man;

viņi bija saņēmuši diženā vīra norādes;

they had an enormous amount of fun

viņiem bija gājis ļoti jautri,

having their faces shoved in the mud ...

viņu sejām tiekot iegrūstām dubļos,

And it was something special.

un tas bija kaut kas īpašs.

I realized there was something just extraordinary about Feynman,

Es sapratu, ka Fainmenā ir kaut kas neparasts

even when he did what he did.

pat tad, kad viņš darīja to, ko darīja.

Dick -- he was my friend; I did call him Dick --

Diks – viņš bija mans draugs, es viņu saucu par Diku –,

Dick and I had a little bit of a rapport.

starp Diku un mani pavisam noteikti bija saikne.

I think it may have been a special rapport that he and I had.

Es domāju, starp mums pastāvēja īpaša saikne.

We liked each other; we liked the same kind of things.

Mēs patikām viens otram, mums patika līdzīgas lietas.

I also like the intellectual macho games.

Man arī patika tādas pašas intelektuālas mačo spēles.

Sometimes I would win, mostly he would win,

Dažreiz uzvarēju es, lielākoties uzvarēja viņš,

but we both enjoyed them.

bet mēs abi tās izbaudījām.

And Dick became convinced at some point

Un kādā brīdī Diks sāka uzskatīt,

that he and I had some kind of similarity of personality.

ka mūsu personības ir savā ziņā līdzīgas.

I don't think he was right.

Nedomāju, ka viņam bija taisnība.

I think the only point of similarity between us

Domāju, vienīgā līdzība starp mums

is we both like to talk about ourselves.

ir tā, ka mums abiem patika runāt par sevi.

But he was convinced of this.

Bet viņš par šo bija pārliecināts.

And the man was incredibly curious.

Šis vīrs bija neticami zinātkārs.

And he wanted to understand what it was and why it was

Viņš vēlējās saprast, kas tas ir un kāpēc tā ir,

that there was this funny connection.

ka mums ir šī jocīgā saikne.

And one day, we were walking.

Kādu dienu mēs pastaigājāmies.

We were in France, in Les Houches.

Mēs bijām Francijā, Lezušā.

We were up in the mountains, 1976.

Tas bija kalnos, 1976. gadā.

Mēs bijām kalnos, un Fainmens man teica: „Leonardo...”

And Feynman said to me, "Leonardo ..."

The reason he called me "Leonardo" is because we were in Europe,

Viņš sauca mani par Leonardo,

jo mēs bijām Eiropā un viņš praktizēja savu franču valodu.

and he was practicing his French.

(Laughter)

(Smiekli)

And he said, "Leonardo,

Tātad viņš teica: „Leonardo,

were you closer to your mother or your father when you were a kid?"

vai bērnībā tu biji tuvāks ar savu māti vai tēvu?”

I said, "Well, my real hero was my father.

Es atbildēju: „Mans īstais varonis bija tēvs.

He was a working man,

Viņš bija strādnieks

had a fifth-grade education.

ar piecu klašu izglītību.

He was a master mechanic, and he taught me how to use tools.

Viņš bija meistars mehānikā un iemācīja man strādāt ar darbarīkiem.

He taught me all sorts of things about mechanical things.

Viņš man iemācīja daudz ko par mehānismiem.

He even taught me the Pythagorean theorem.

Viņš pat man iemācīja Pitagora teorēmu.

He didn't call it the hypotenuse,

Viņš to nesauca par hipotenūzu,

he called it the shortcut distance."

Viņš to sauca par „īsāko attālumu”.

And Feynman's eyes just opened up.

Fainmena acis iepletās.

He went off like a lightbulb.

Viņš iedegās kā lampiņa.

And he said that he had had

Viņš teica, ka būtībā viņam esot bijušas

basically exactly the same relationship with his father.

tādas pašas attiecības ar savu tēvu.

In fact, he had been convinced at one time

Patiesībā viņš savulaik uzskatījis,

that to be a good physicist,

ka, lai būtu labs fiziķis,

it was very important to have had that kind of relationship

ir ļoti svarīgi

būt šāda veida attiecībās ar tēvu.

with your father.

I apologize for the sexist conversation here,

Es atvainojos par šo seksistisko valodu,

but this is the way it really happened.

bet tā tas patiesībā notika.

He said he had been absolutely convinced that this was necessary,

Viņš teica, ka ir pilnībā pārliecināts,

ka šis ir svarīgs priekšnoteikums jauna fiziķa augšanai.

a necessary part of the growing up of a young physicist.

Being Dick, he, of course, wanted to check this.

Kā jau Diks, viņš, protams, to gribēja pārbaudīt.

Viņš gribēja to pārbaudīt eksperimentāli.

He wanted to go out and do an experiment.

(Smiekli)

(Laughter)

Un tā arī izdarīja.

Well, he did.

Šajā eksperimentā

He went out and did an experiment.

viņš visiem saviem draugiem, kas, viņaprāt, bija labi fiziķi, jautāja:

He asked all his friends that he thought were good physicists,

„Uz jums lielāku iespaidu atstāja mamma vai paps?”

"Was it your mom or your pop that influenced you?"

They were all men,

Tie visi bija vīrieši,

and to a man, every single one of them said,

un ikviens no viņiem atbildēja:

"My mother."

„Māte.”

(Laughter)

(Smiekli)

There went that theory, down the trash can of history.

Tā nu šī teorija tika izmesta vēstures mēslainē.

(Laughter)

(Smiekli)

But he was very excited that he had finally met somebody

Tomēr viņš bija ļoti priecīgs, ka beidzot saticis kādu,

who had the same experience with his father

kam bijusi līdzīga pieredze ar tēvu,

tāpat kā viņam ar savu tēvu.

as he had with his father.

And for some time, he was convinced this was the reason we got along so well.

Un kādu laiku viņš bija pārliecināts,

ka šis bija iemesls, kāpēc mēs tik labi satikām.

I don't know. Maybe. Who knows?

Es nezinu. Varbūt. Kas to lai zina?

But let me tell you a little bit about Feynman the physicist.

Bet ļaujiet man mazliet pastāstīt par fiziķi Fainmenu.

Feynman's style -- no, "style" is not the right word.

Fainmena stils... nē, stils nav īstais vārds.

"Style" makes you think of the bow tie he might have worn,

Stils liek domāt par tauriņu, ko viņš varētu būt nēsājis

or the suit he was wearing.

vai par uzvalku, ko viņš nēsāja.

It's something much deeper than that,

Tas ir kas daudz dziļāks par to,

but I can't think of another word for it.

bet es nespēju izdomāt citu vārdu.

Feynman's scientific style was always to look for the simplest,

Fainmena zinātniskais stils bija vienmēr meklēt vienkāršāko,

most elementary solution to a problem that was possible.

pašu elementārāko problēmas risinājumu, kāds vien bija iespējams.

If it wasn't possible, you had to use something fancier.

Ja tas nebija iespējams, nācās izmantot kaut ko sarežģītāku.

No doubt, part of this was his great joy and pleasure

Bez šaubām daļa no šī bija viņa prieks un lepnums

in showing people that he could think more simply than they could.

parādīt citiem, ka viņš prot domāt vienkāršāk nekā viņi.

But he also deeply believed, he truly believed,

Bet viņš arī uzskatīja, viņš patiesi uzskatīja,

that if you couldn't explain something simply,

ka, ja kaut ko nespējat izskaidrot vienkārši,

you didn't understand it.

tad jūs to nesaprotat.

In the 1950s, people were trying to figure out

1950. gados cilvēki centās izprast

how superfluid helium worked.

šķidro hēliju.

There was a theory.

Pastāvēja teorija,

It was due to a Russian mathematical physicist.

tās radītājs bija krievu matemātiķis-fiziķis,

It was a complicated theory;

un tā bija sarežģīta teorija.

I'll tell you what it was soon enough.

Es jums drīz par to pastāstīšu.

It was a terribly complicated theory,

Tā bija ārkārtīgi sarežģīta teorija,

full of very difficult integrals and formulas

pilna ar ļoti sarežģītiem integrāļiem un formulām,

and mathematics and so forth.

un matemātiku, un tā tālāk.

And it sort of worked, but it didn't work very well.

Šī teorija kaut kādā ziņā darbojās, bet ne īpaši veiksmīgi.

The only way it worked

Tā strādāja vienīgi tad,

is when the helium atoms were very, very far apart.

ja hēlija atomi atradās ļoti, ļoti tālu viens no otra.

And unfortunately,

Bet diemžēl šķidrajā hēlijā

the helium atoms in liquid helium are right on top of each other.

hēlija atomi atrodas tieši viens otram virsū.

Feynman decided, as a sort of amateur helium physicist,

Fainmens kā tāds hēlija fiziķis-amatieris nolēma,

that he would try to figure it out.

ka mēģinās atrisināt šo problēmu.

He had an idea, a very clear idea.

Viņam bija ideja, ļoti skaidra ideja.

He would try to figure out

Viņš mēģinās izprast,

what the quantum wave function of this huge number of atoms looked like.

kā izskatās kvantu viļņa funkcija šim milzīgajam daudzumam atomu.

He would try to visualize it,

Viņš to mēģinās vizualizēt,

guided by a small number of simple principles.

vadoties pēc dažiem vienkāršiem principiem.

The small number of simple principles were very, very simple.

Šie nedaudzie vienkāršie principi bija pavisam, pavisam vienkārši.

The first one was that when helium atoms touch each other,

Pirmais bija:

hēlija atomiem saskaroties, tie atgrūžas.

they repel.

The implication of that is that the wave function has to go to zero,

No tā izrietēja, ka viļņa funkcijai jātuvojas nullei,

it has to vanish when the helium atoms touch each other.

tai jāpazūd, kad hēlija atomi saskaras viens ar otru.

The other fact is that in the ground state --

Nākamais fakts:

sazemētā stāvoklī, kvantu sistēmas mazākās enerģijas stāvoklī,

the lowest energy state of a quantum system --

the wave function is always very smooth;

viļņa funkcija vienmēr ir ļoti līdzena,

it has the minimum number of wiggles.

tai ir vismazākais skaits svārstību.

So he sat down --

Tā nu viņš apsēdās –

and I imagine he had nothing more

un es iztēlojos, ka viņam nebija nekā vairāk

than a simple piece of paper and a pencil --

kā vienkārša papīra lapa un zīmulis –

and he tried to write down, and did write down,

un viņš centās uzrakstīt un uzrakstīja

the simplest function that he could think of,

visvienkāršāko funkciju, kādu vien varēja iedomāties,

which had the boundary conditions

ar robežnosacījumiem,

that the wave function vanish when things touch

ka viļņa funkcija pazūd, kad atomi saskaras,

and is smooth in between.

un ir līdzena pārējā laikā.

He wrote down a simple thing -- so simple, in fact,

Viņš uzrakstīja vienkāršu lietu.

Īstenībā tā bija tik vienkārša, ka, manuprāt, ļoti gudrs vidusskolēns,

that I suspect a really smart high-school student

who didn't even have calculus

pat neapguvis aprēķinus,

could understand what he wrote down.

varētu saprast, ko viņš uzrakstīja.

The thing was, that simple thing that he wrote down

Lieta tāda, ka šī vienkāršā, viņa uzrakstītā lieta

explained everything that was known at the time about liquid helium,

izskaidroja visu, kas līdz tam bija zināms par šķidro hēliju

and then some.

un vēl drusku.

I've always wondered whether the professionals --

Es vienmēr brīnījos, vai profesionāļi,

the real professional helium physicists --

īstie profesionālie hēlija fiziķi,

were just a little bit embarrassed by this.

par šo nejutās nedaudz apkaunoti.

They had their super-powerful technique,

Viņiem bija viņu superjaudīgā metode,

and they couldn't do as well.

taču viņi to tik labi nespēja izdarīt.

Incidentally, I'll tell you what that super-powerful technique was.

Starp citu, pateikšu, kas tā par superjaudīgo metodi.

It was the technique of Feynman diagrams.

Tā bija Fainmena diagrammu metode.

(Laughter)

(Smiekli)

He did it again in 1968.

Viņš to pašu izdarīja atkal 1968. gadā.

In 1968, in my own university -- I wasn't there at the time --

1968. gadā manā universitātē – toreiz gan es tur nebiju –

they were exploring the structure of the proton.

viņi pētīja protona uzbūvi.

The proton is obviously made of a whole bunch of little particles;

Protonu veido milzum daudz mazu daļiņu.

this was more or less known.

Tas jau bija vairāk vai mazāk zināms.

And the way to analyze it was, of course, Feynman diagrams.

Veids, kā to analizēt, protams, bija Fainmena diagrammas.

That's what Feynman diagrams were constructed for --

Tāpēc Fainmena diagrammas bija radītas,

to understand particles.

lai izprastu daļiņas.

The experiments that were going on were very simple:

Veiktie eksperimenti bija ļoti vienkārši.

you simply take the proton,

Jūs vienkārši ņemat protonu

and you hit it really sharply with an electron.

un precīzi pa to šaujat ar elektronu.

This was the thing the Feynman diagrams were for.

Šis bija Fainmena diagrammu mērķis.

The only problem was that Feynman diagrams are complicated.

Vienīgā problēma – Fainmena diagrammas ir ļoti sarežģītas.

They're difficult integrals.

Tie ir sarežģīti integrāļi.

If you could do all of them, you would have a very precise theory,

Ja varētu tās visas izpildīt, jums būtu ļoti precīza teorija.

but you couldn't -- they were just too complicated.

Bet tas nebija iespējams, tās vienkārši bija pārāk sarežģītas.

People were trying to do them.

Cilvēki mēģināja tās izpildīt.

You could do a one-loop diagram. Don't worry about one loop.

Var iziet viena cikla diagrammu. Neraizējieties par vienu ciklu.

One loop, two loops -- maybe you could do a three-loop diagram,

Viens, divi cikli, varbūt var iziet trīs ciklu diagrammu,

bet vairāk jūs nevarētu.

but beyond that, you couldn't do anything.

Fainmens teica: „Aizmirstiet to visu.

Feynman said, "Forget all of that.

Just think of the proton

Vienkārši domājiet par protonu

as an assemblage, a swarm, of little particles."

kā mazu daļiņu kopumu, mazu daļiņu spietu.”

He called them "partons."

Viņš tās sauca par partoniem.

He said, "Just think of it as a swarm of partons moving real fast."

Viņš teica: „Domājiet par to kā par partonu spietu,

kas pārvietojas ļoti ātri.”

Because they're moving real fast,

Tā kā tie pārvietojas tik ātri,

relativity says the internal motions go very slow.

relativitāte nosaka, ka iekšējās kustības ir ļoti lēnas.

The electron hits it suddenly --

Pa to pēkšņi trāpa elektrons.

it's like taking a very sudden snapshot of the proton.

Tas ir kā iegūt ļoti pēkšņu protona momentuzņēmumu.

What do you see?

Ko jūs redzat?

You see a frozen bunch of partons.

Jūs redzat pāris sastingušu partonu.

They don't move,

Tie nepārvietojas,

and because they don't move during the course of the experiment,

un, tā kā eksperimenta laikā tie nepārvietojas,

you don't have to worry about how they're moving.

nav jāuztraucas par to, kā tie pārvietojas.

Nav jāuztraucas par spēkiem, kas tos saista.

You don't have to worry about the forces between them.

You just get to think of it as a population of frozen partons."

Jums vienkārši par to jādomā kā par sastingušu partonu kopumu.

This was the key to analyzing these experiments.

Tā bija atslēga šādu eksperimentu analīzei.

Extremely effective.

Ārkārtīgi efektīva.

Somebody said the word "revolution" is a bad word.

Kāds teicis, ka vārds „revolūcija” ir slikts vārds.

I suppose it is, so I won't say "revolution,"

Pieņemu, ka tā ir, tāpēc neteikšu „revolūcija”,

but it certainly evolved very, very deeply our understanding of the proton,

bet tā pavisam noteikti pamatīgi ietekmēja mūsu izpratni par protonu

and of particles beyond that.

un daļiņām, kas stāv aiz tā.

Well, I had some more that I was going to tell you

Bija vēl kas, ko gribēju pastāstīt

par savām attiecībām ar Fainmenu,

about my connection with Feynman,

what he was like,

kāds viņš bija,

bet es redzu, ka man palikusi tieši pusminūte.

but I see I have exactly half a minute.

So I think I'll just finish up by saying:

Tāpēc es vienkārši beigšu, sakot,

I actually don't think Feynman would have liked this event.

ka patiesībā nedomāju, ka Fainmenam būtu paticis šis pasākums.

I think he would have said, "I don't need this."

Manuprāt, viņš būtu teicis: „Man tas nav vajadzīgs.”

But ...

(Smiekli)

(Laughter)

How should we honor Feynman?

Bet kā lai mēs godājam Fainmenu? Kā lai mēs patiešām godājam Fainmenu?

How should we really honor Feynman?

I think the answer is we should honor Feynman

Manuprāt, mums vajadzētu pieminēt Fainmenu,

by getting as much baloney out of our own sandwiches

tiekot vaļā no tik daudz „desas”

mūsu pašu sviestmaizēs, cik vien iespējams.

as we can.

Thank you.

Paldies.

(Applause)

(Aplausi)