請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。
譯者: K. C. Peng
審譯者: Nova Upinel Altesse
當我被要求做這演說
00:16
I decided when I was asked to do this
0
16188
1857
我立即想到要說的
00:18
that what I really wanted to talk about
was my friend, Richard Feynman.
1
18069
3698
就是我的好友費因曼
00:21
I was one of the fortunate few
that really did get to know him
2
21791
3445
我是少數幾個夠幸運
能真正的認識他
00:25
and enjoyed his presence.
3
25260
1410
以及享受他的相處
00:27
And I'm going to tell you
about the Richard Feynman that I knew.
4
27260
3503
我將告訴你們我所知道的費因曼
00:30
I'm sure there are people here
who could tell you
5
30787
2299
我相信這裡也有其他人
能告訴你們他們認識的費因曼
00:33
about the Richard Feynman they knew,
6
33110
1717
00:34
and it would probably be
a different Richard Feynman.
7
34851
2525
也可能會不同於我說的
費因曼是個非常複雜的人
00:37
Richard Feynman was a very complex man.
8
37400
1983
00:39
He was a man of many, many parts.
9
39407
1976
他是個非常非常多樣的人
00:41
He was, of course, foremost,
a very, very, very great scientist.
10
41724
4746
當然節大部分 他是
非常非常偉大的科學家
他是個演員 你們都看過他的演出
00:47
He was an actor. You saw him act.
11
47058
2178
00:49
I also had the good fortune
to be in those lectures,
12
49260
3658
我也曾聽過幾次的課堂演說
00:52
up in the balcony.
13
52942
1294
就在那閣樓
00:54
They were fantastic.
14
54796
1206
這些演講都是精采萬分
他是一個哲學家
00:57
He was a philosopher.
15
57145
1175
00:58
He was a drum player.
16
58891
1170
他是個鼓手
01:00
He was a teacher par excellence.
17
60085
1959
他是個傑出的教師
01:03
Richard Feynman was also a showman,
18
63743
2657
費因曼是個愛出風頭的人
是個非常愛出風頭
01:06
an enormous showman.
19
66424
1563
他有時傲慢 玩世不恭
01:08
He was brash, irreverent.
20
68011
2435
01:11
He was full of macho,
a kind of macho one-upmanship.
21
71446
4790
他是非常有男子氣概
一種 one-upsmanship 的男子氣概
01:16
He loved intellectual battle.
22
76715
3603
他喜歡挑戰智力
01:20
He had a gargantuan ego.
23
80665
2649
他非常的自我
01:24
But the man had, somehow,
24
84417
3476
但是 他又是
01:27
a lot of room at the bottom.
25
87917
2452
非常有肚量
我的意思是
01:30
And what I mean by that
is a lot of room, in my case --
26
90393
4730
肚量是... 這是以我為例
別人我就無法代言
01:35
I can't speak for anybody else,
but in my case --
27
95147
3089
所以就我而言
01:38
a lot of room for another big ego.
28
98260
3279
肚量卻是為了再放一個自我
01:41
Well, not as big as his,
29
101563
1390
不是非常大
01:42
but fairly big.
30
102977
1880
但足夠
和費因曼相處 我是愉快的
01:46
I always felt good with Dick Feynman.
31
106150
1889
01:48
It was always fun to be with him.
32
108396
1974
是非常的有趣
01:50
He always made me feel smart.
33
110846
1762
他總是讓我覺得聰明
怎麼可能像他這樣的天才能夠讓你覺得自己聰明呢?
01:53
How can somebody like that
make you feel smart?
34
113013
2207
不曉得為什麼 他就是
01:55
Somehow he did.
35
115244
1166
01:56
He made me feel smart.
He made me feel he was smart.
36
116434
2460
他讓我覺得聰明 也讓我覺得他是聰明的
01:58
He made me feel we were both smart,
37
118918
1951
它讓我覺得我們都是聰明的
02:00
and the two of us could solve
any problem whatever.
38
120893
3342
好像我們兩個可以解決所有問題
事實上, 我們也真的有時一起討論物理
02:05
And in fact, we did sometimes
do physics together.
39
125343
3008
但我們從未一起發表論文
02:08
We never published a paper together,
40
128375
2045
我們還是有很多的趣事
02:10
but we did have a lot of fun.
41
130444
1460
他喜歡贏
02:14
He loved to win,
42
134020
1216
02:15
win these little macho games
we would sometimes play.
43
135939
2700
從我們常玩的一斜男人遊戲
02:18
And he didn't only play them with me,
but with all sorts of people.
44
138663
3264
他不只與我玩 也與各式各樣的人玩
02:21
He would almost always win.
45
141951
1837
他幾乎總是贏
02:23
But when he didn't win, when he lost,
46
143812
3063
當他輸時
02:26
he would laugh and seem
to have just as much fun
47
146899
2637
他會笑 就像是贏一樣的
02:29
as if he had won.
48
149560
1198
歡樂
02:31
I remember once he told me a story
49
151591
2148
我記得有一次 他告訴我一個故事
02:33
about a joke the students played on him.
50
153763
1921
是學生們開在他身上的玩笑
02:36
I think it was for his birthday --
51
156152
2537
我想是在他的生日上 他們帶他
02:38
they took him for lunch
52
158713
1417
去午餐
02:40
to a sandwich place in Pasadena.
53
160154
4618
午餐是去
Pasadena 的三明治餐廳
02:44
It may still exist; I don't know.
54
164796
1635
或許還在那裡 我不清楚
02:46
Celebrity sandwiches was their thing.
55
166844
2582
名人三明治 就是餐廳的特色
02:49
You could get a Marilyn Monroe sandwich.
56
169450
2340
比方說 你可以點 瑪麗蓮‧夢露 三明治
02:51
You could get a Humphrey Bogart sandwich.
57
171814
2301
或是 亨弗萊‧鮑嘉 三明治
02:54
The students went there in advance,
58
174633
2182
學生先前去過
02:56
and arranged that they'd all order
Feynman sandwiches.
59
176839
3398
就商量安排 所有學生全部都點 費因曼三明治
學生一個接一個 進來都點 費因曼三明治
03:00
One after another, they came in
and ordered Feynman sandwiches.
60
180261
2987
費因曼很喜歡這個故事
03:03
Feynman loved this story.
61
183272
1228
03:04
He told me this story,
and he was really happy and laughing.
62
184524
4034
他是真的快樂與高興的敘說這個故事
03:08
When he finished the story, I said to him,
63
188582
2750
當他說完這故事 我跟他說
03:11
"Dick, I wonder what
would be the difference
64
191356
2863
"Dick, 我好奇費因曼三明治 和 我的三明治
會有什麼不同"
03:14
between a Feynman sandwich
and a Susskind sandwich."
65
194243
2993
03:17
And without skipping a beat at all,
66
197751
2015
連停都沒停
03:19
he said, "Well, they'd be about the same.
67
199790
3242
他就說 "嗯, 大致上會是差不多
這唯一的差異是 你的三明治會有很多的火腿"
03:23
The only difference is a Susskind
sandwich would have a lot more ham."
68
203056
3322
火腿是差的角色
03:26
"Ham" as in bad actor.
69
206402
1685
(笑聲)
03:28
(Laughter)
70
208111
1524
03:29
Well, I happened to have been
very quick that day,
71
209659
3410
我剛好那天反應很快
我說 "是的 但會少很多的 baloney (扯淡)"
03:33
and I said, "Yeah,
but a lot less baloney."
72
213093
2143
03:35
(Laughter)
73
215260
2954
(笑聲)
03:38
(Applause)
74
218238
1137
實際上呢!
03:39
The truth of the matter
75
219399
3182
03:42
is that a Feynman sandwich
had a load of ham,
76
222605
3982
費因曼三明治
有很多的火腿
03:46
but absolutely no baloney.
77
226611
2779
絕對沒有 baloney (扯淡)
03:50
What Feynman hated worse
than anything else
78
230905
2273
費因曼最討厭的事就是
假聰明
03:53
was intellectual pretense --
79
233202
2002
做作
03:55
phoniness,
80
235228
1229
03:56
false sophistication, jargon.
81
236481
2427
世故 滿嘴名詞
我記得80年代
04:00
I remember sometime during the mid-'80s,
82
240210
4268
或是80年代中
04:04
Dick and I and Sidney Coleman
would meet a couple of times
83
244502
4134
Dick 與 我 以及 Sidney Coleman
三個人一起見過好幾次
04:08
up in San Francisco --
at some very rich guy's house --
84
248660
3165
某個舊金山有錢人家
04:11
up in San Francisco for dinner.
85
251849
2127
用晚餐
最後一次那有錢人的晚宴
04:14
And the last time the rich guy invited us,
86
254000
2236
04:16
he also invited a couple of philosophers.
87
256260
2136
也邀請了一些哲學家
04:18
These guys were philosophers of mind.
88
258420
2528
那些是腦學的哲學家
04:20
Their specialty was the philosophy
of consciousness.
89
260972
3364
他們專長在人類意識的哲學探討
04:24
And they were full of all kinds of jargon.
90
264360
2690
他們用了一大堆的名詞
讓我想想這些詞兒 --
04:27
I'm trying to remember the words --
91
267074
2396
04:29
"monism," "dualism,"
categories all over the place.
92
269494
3890
"一元論" "二元論" 到處是分類名詞
我不曉得這些意涵 Dick 也不知道
04:33
I didn't know what those meant, neither
did Dick or Sydney, for that matter.
93
273408
3574
Sydney 也不清楚
那我們在講些什麼?
04:37
And what did we talk about?
94
277006
1770
04:38
Well, what do you talk about
when you talk about minds?
95
278800
2575
談到腦 你們會談些什麼?
04:41
There's one obvious thing to talk about:
96
281399
2164
大概只有這件事 ---
04:43
Can a machine become a mind?
97
283587
1649
機器能像腦一樣嗎?
04:45
Can you build a machine
98
285838
1729
能夠建造一個機器
04:47
that thinks like a human being
that is conscious?
99
287591
3082
能像人類一樣思考
就是一樣的有意識
04:51
We sat around and talked about this --
we of course never resolved it.
100
291101
3330
我們坐下討論 --- 當然是無法有結論的
04:54
But the trouble with the philosophers
101
294455
1781
但是哲學家的問題是
04:56
is that they were philosophizing
102
296260
1976
他們急想要把事情哲學化
04:58
when they should have been
science-ophizing.
103
298260
2344
而實際上應該先科學化
那只是個科學問題
05:01
It's a scientific question, after all.
104
301048
2340
05:03
And this was a very, very
dangerous thing to do
105
303412
2907
與費因曼共室時 這樣的自以為是
是非常的危險
05:06
around Dick Feynman.
106
306343
1429
05:07
(Laughter)
107
307796
1484
05:10
Feynman let them have it --
both barrels, right between the eyes.
108
310538
3195
費因曼當時就立即給他們難堪
05:13
It was brutal; it was funny --
ooh, it was funny.
109
313757
3071
相當嚴厲 也是有趣的 --- 是有趣的
05:16
But it was really brutal.
110
316852
1713
但也真的是殘酷
05:18
He really popped their balloon.
111
318589
1950
他真的戳破他們的說法
妙的事是 ---
05:21
But the amazing thing was --
Feynman had to leave a little early;
112
321325
3500
費因曼 必需提前離開
05:24
he wasn't feeling too well,
so he left a little bit early.
113
324849
3102
他有些不適 所以得先離開
05:27
And Sidney and I were left there
with the two philosophers.
114
327975
2894
Sidney 與我只好繼續留下
05:30
And the amazing thing
is these guys were flying.
115
330893
2990
妙的是 這兩位哲學家
05:33
They were so happy.
116
333907
1816
是快樂的
他們遇到一位偉人
05:36
They had met the great man;
117
336088
2254
05:38
they had been instructed by the great man;
118
338366
2428
他們讓這偉人親自指教
05:40
they had an enormous amount of fun
119
340818
1941
他們非常地享受
05:42
having their faces shoved in the mud ...
120
342783
2185
即使是當眾顏面掃地
但是個美妙的相遇
05:46
And it was something special.
121
346135
2459
05:48
I realized there was something
just extraordinary about Feynman,
122
348618
3389
我才明白關於費因曼的不平凡
即使是像這樣的情況
05:52
even when he did what he did.
123
352031
3814
05:58
Dick -- he was my friend;
I did call him Dick --
124
358674
2674
Dick 是我的朋友 我都是這麼叫他 Dick
06:01
Dick and I had a little bit of a rapport.
125
361372
2686
我們兩個是有些一致性
我想這共同性就是
06:04
I think it may have been a special
rapport that he and I had.
126
364082
2874
06:06
We liked each other;
we liked the same kind of things.
127
366980
2623
我們互相喜歡對方; 也會喜歡相同的事
06:09
I also like the intellectual macho games.
128
369627
3483
我也喜歡一些 男人的智力遊戲
06:13
Sometimes I would win,
mostly he would win,
129
373538
2080
我有時贏 但大多數時間是他贏
06:15
but we both enjoyed them.
130
375642
1594
但我們都享受這些遊戲
06:17
And Dick became convinced at some point
131
377260
2390
Dick 有時也相信我們有著
06:19
that he and I had
some kind of similarity of personality.
132
379674
4208
類似的個性
我不這麼認為
06:24
I don't think he was right.
133
384486
1454
06:25
I think the only point
of similarity between us
134
385964
2219
我以為我們唯一的相似點是
我們都喜歡談論自己
06:28
is we both like to talk about ourselves.
135
388207
2198
06:30
But he was convinced of this.
136
390429
2841
他也這麼贊同我的說法
他很好奇
06:33
And the man was incredibly curious.
137
393294
3054
他是個非常好奇的人
06:36
And he wanted to understand
what it was and why it was
138
396372
3674
他喜歡弄明白事情的本質與緣由
是不是有有趣的關聯
06:40
that there was this funny connection.
139
400070
2827
06:43
And one day, we were walking.
140
403634
1684
有一天我們在法國散步
06:45
We were in France, in Les Houches.
141
405342
1826
那是在 La Zouche
06:47
We were up in the mountains, 1976.
142
407192
3624
那是1976年 的山上
山林中 費因曼對我說
06:50
And Feynman said to me, "Leonardo ..."
143
410840
4258
他說 "Leonardo"
他叫我 "Leonardo"
06:55
The reason he called me "Leonardo"
is because we were in Europe,
144
415122
3035
是因為我們在歐洲
06:58
and he was practicing his French.
145
418181
1651
他在練習法文
06:59
(Laughter)
146
419856
2120
他說 "Leonardo
07:02
And he said, "Leonardo,
147
422000
3223
你是比較親近妳的母親還是你的父親
07:05
were you closer to your mother
or your father when you were a kid?"
148
425247
3989
當你還是個孩子時?"
07:09
I said, "Well, my real hero was my father.
149
429260
2976
我說: "我心中真正的英雄是我父親
他是個勞工
07:13
He was a working man,
150
433317
2151
只有小學五年級的教育
07:15
had a fifth-grade education.
151
435492
1653
07:17
He was a master mechanic,
and he taught me how to use tools.
152
437635
2824
他是個機械專家 他教我如何使用工具
07:20
He taught me all sorts of things
about mechanical things.
153
440483
3968
他教我所有關於機械的事
07:24
He even taught me the Pythagorean theorem.
154
444475
2031
他還教我畢氏定理
07:26
He didn't call it the hypotenuse,
155
446530
1953
他不是稱那為 直角的斜邊
07:28
he called it the shortcut distance."
156
448507
2068
他說是 捷徑距離"
07:31
And Feynman's eyes just opened up.
157
451115
2777
費因曼的眼睛亮了起來
07:33
He went off like a lightbulb.
158
453916
1593
就像個電燈泡
他說他也有
07:36
And he said that he had had
159
456271
2081
07:38
basically exactly the same
relationship with his father.
160
458376
3159
與他的父親
像是這樣的關係
07:42
In fact, he had been convinced at one time
161
462130
3420
事實上 他也曾認為
07:45
that to be a good physicist,
162
465574
3811
要成為一個好的物理學家
是非常需要有
07:49
it was very important to have had
that kind of relationship
163
469409
3333
與父親這樣的關係
07:52
with your father.
164
472766
1156
07:53
I apologize for the sexist
conversation here,
165
473946
3006
抱歉 這裡的性別論點
07:56
but this is the way it really happened.
166
476976
1860
但這是曾經發生的
07:58
He said he had been absolutely
convinced that this was necessary,
167
478860
3797
他說 他是完全的相信
08:02
a necessary part of the growing up
of a young physicist.
168
482681
3639
一個年輕的物理學家成長 是需要這樣的關係
08:06
Being Dick, he, of course,
wanted to check this.
169
486915
3133
Dick 當然想驗證這點
他曾想做個實驗
08:10
He wanted to go out and do an experiment.
170
490072
2276
他也真的做
08:12
(Laughter)
171
492372
1016
08:13
Well, he did.
172
493412
1152
這個實驗
08:14
He went out and did an experiment.
173
494588
1658
他跑去問所有他以為是好物理學家的人
08:16
He asked all his friends
that he thought were good physicists,
174
496270
2915
"是你的母親或是父親影響你?"
08:19
"Was it your mom or your pop
that influenced you?"
175
499209
2345
08:21
They were all men,
176
501578
1963
每個人 都是男性
08:23
and to a man, every single
one of them said,
177
503565
2630
每個人都這麼回答
"我的母親"
08:26
"My mother."
178
506219
1224
08:27
(Laughter)
179
507467
3067
(笑聲)
08:30
There went that theory,
down the trash can of history.
180
510558
4000
所以這假說只好扔進歷史的垃圾桶
08:34
(Laughter)
181
514582
1104
08:35
But he was very excited
that he had finally met somebody
182
515710
2802
但他是十分興奮 總算找到個
08:38
who had the same experience
with his father
183
518536
3596
有著類似父子關係
的人
08:42
as he had with his father.
184
522156
1435
08:43
And for some time, he was convinced
this was the reason we got along so well.
185
523615
4125
有時候 他也認為
這就是為什麼我們是合得來的
08:47
I don't know. Maybe. Who knows?
186
527764
1637
我不曉得 又或許是 誰知道?
08:49
But let me tell you a little bit
about Feynman the physicist.
187
529860
3792
讓我再多告訴你們一些
這位物理學家 費因曼
08:55
Feynman's style --
no, "style" is not the right word.
188
535882
3954
費因曼的風格
不 風格用得不對
08:59
"Style" makes you think
of the bow tie he might have worn,
189
539860
2845
風格會讓你想到的是 他繫的領帶
或是他的西裝
09:02
or the suit he was wearing.
190
542729
1301
有更深沉的東西
09:04
It's something much deeper than that,
191
544054
1919
09:05
but I can't think of another word for it.
192
545997
2071
但我卻想不出更好的說法
費因曼的科學風格
09:08
Feynman's scientific style
was always to look for the simplest,
193
548092
5442
就是總是找出最簡單的
最簡單的解答 可能性才高
09:13
most elementary solution
to a problem that was possible.
194
553558
3915
09:17
If it wasn't possible,
you had to use something fancier.
195
557497
3525
若不對 就得再找複雜的
毫無疑問
09:21
No doubt, part of this
was his great joy and pleasure
196
561729
4572
他做學問的樂趣
09:26
in showing people that he could
think more simply than they could.
197
566325
3432
就是表現他能想出比別人更簡單的解答
09:30
But he also deeply believed,
he truly believed,
198
570097
3159
他也深深相信
09:33
that if you couldn't explain
something simply,
199
573280
2240
如果你無法將事物解釋的夠簡單
09:35
you didn't understand it.
200
575544
1531
那表示你不明白它
09:38
In the 1950s, people
were trying to figure out
201
578400
3253
在1950年代 大家試圖理解
09:41
how superfluid helium worked.
202
581677
1976
超流體氦 的原理
有一個理論
09:44
There was a theory.
203
584573
1176
09:45
It was due to a Russian
mathematical physicist.
204
585773
2411
由蘇俄物理數學家提出的
但是個極複雜的理論
09:48
It was a complicated theory;
205
588208
1410
09:49
I'll tell you what it was soon enough.
206
589642
2111
很快的告訴大家
09:51
It was a terribly complicated theory,
207
591777
1848
那是個遭透了的複雜理論
09:53
full of very difficult
integrals and formulas
208
593649
2837
一大堆複雜的積分, 程式
09:56
and mathematics and so forth.
209
596510
1825
以及數學等等
09:58
And it sort of worked,
but it didn't work very well.
210
598860
3237
它似乎能解釋 但並不完善
只有當
10:02
The only way it worked
211
602121
1342
10:03
is when the helium atoms
were very, very far apart.
212
603487
3219
兩個氦原子相隔很遠時
10:06
And unfortunately,
213
606730
2713
只有那時該理論是可用
不幸的是 氦在液態時
10:09
the helium atoms in liquid helium
are right on top of each other.
214
609467
3158
氦原子是緊緊相連
10:12
Feynman decided, as a sort
of amateur helium physicist,
215
612649
3341
費因曼決定 以一業餘的氦物理學家
來解解看
10:16
that he would try to figure it out.
216
616014
2250
10:18
He had an idea, a very clear idea.
217
618288
2404
他有了個清楚的點子
10:20
He would try to figure out
218
620716
1394
他試著發展
10:22
what the quantum wave function
of this huge number of atoms looked like.
219
622134
5076
如此龐大數目原子
的量子波動函數
也試著 能視覺化
10:27
He would try to visualize it,
220
627234
1647
10:28
guided by a small number
of simple principles.
221
628905
2931
用的就只是少數量的簡單原理
10:31
The small number of simple principles
were very, very simple.
222
631860
2976
這些就都是非常簡單的
10:34
The first one was that when
helium atoms touch each other,
223
634860
3377
第一個是
當氦原子碰到另一個氦原子時 會排斥
10:38
they repel.
224
638261
1308
10:39
The implication of that is that
the wave function has to go to zero,
225
639593
3398
意味著波函數會降到零
波函數會消失當兩個氦原子相連
10:43
it has to vanish when the helium
atoms touch each other.
226
643015
3085
另一個證據是
10:46
The other fact
is that in the ground state --
227
646124
2309
基態 也就是量子系統的最小能階
10:48
the lowest energy state
of a quantum system --
228
648457
2737
波函數是非常平滑的
10:51
the wave function is always very smooth;
229
651218
3271
10:54
it has the minimum number of wiggles.
230
654513
2095
有最小的擾動
10:56
So he sat down --
231
656632
1528
他就坐下 ---
10:58
and I imagine he had nothing more
232
658184
2271
我可以想見他沒有其他東西
11:00
than a simple piece
of paper and a pencil --
233
660479
2413
只用了鉛筆和一張紙 ---
11:02
and he tried to write down,
and did write down,
234
662916
2240
試著也真的寫下
他認為最簡單的函式開始
11:05
the simplest function
that he could think of,
235
665180
2295
11:07
which had the boundary conditions
236
667499
1977
有著邊界條件:
11:09
that the wave function
vanish when things touch
237
669500
2464
波函式會歸零當物體相碰觸
11:11
and is smooth in between.
238
671988
1713
也需要是連續平滑的發生
他寫下簡單的式子
11:14
He wrote down a simple thing --
so simple, in fact,
239
674493
2739
是非常的簡單易懂
11:17
that I suspect a really smart
high-school student
240
677256
3127
我想一個聰明的高中生
不用懂微積分
11:20
who didn't even have calculus
241
680407
1429
11:21
could understand what he wrote down.
242
681860
1933
也能懂他所寫下的式子
11:24
The thing was, that simple thing
that he wrote down
243
684337
3149
那些簡單的式子
11:27
explained everything that was known
at the time about liquid helium,
244
687510
3541
便能解釋那時所觀察到一切有關液態氦
的情況
11:31
and then some.
245
691075
1273
11:32
I've always wondered
whether the professionals --
246
692764
2977
我常好奇
那些真的氦物理專家
11:35
the real professional helium physicists --
247
695765
2061
11:37
were just a little bit
embarrassed by this.
248
697850
2167
會不會因此而感到窘困
11:40
They had their super-powerful technique,
249
700422
2669
他們也有著高超的技巧
卻沒有解好
11:43
and they couldn't do as well.
250
703115
1776
11:44
Incidentally, I'll tell you
what that super-powerful technique was.
251
704915
4127
所以這個高超的技巧
就是 費因曼的圖形學
11:49
It was the technique of Feynman diagrams.
252
709066
2549
11:51
(Laughter)
253
711639
1857
(笑聲)
11:53
He did it again in 1968.
254
713520
2754
他在1968年又作了一次
11:56
In 1968, in my own university --
I wasn't there at the time --
255
716781
4986
1968年 在我自己的大學
我當時不在
12:01
they were exploring
the structure of the proton.
256
721791
2572
他們正在探索有關質子
12:04
The proton is obviously made
of a whole bunch of little particles;
257
724757
3616
質子明顯是由一群
小粒子組成
12:08
this was more or less known.
258
728397
1940
這些是隱約明白的
12:10
And the way to analyze it was,
of course, Feynman diagrams.
259
730782
3336
去理解這件事 當然是用費因曼圖學
也是費因曼圖學的最初設計目的
12:14
That's what Feynman diagrams
were constructed for --
260
734142
2541
12:16
to understand particles.
261
736707
1269
理解基本粒子理論
12:18
The experiments that were going on
were very simple:
262
738494
2612
實驗是相當簡單
就是把質子用
12:21
you simply take the proton,
263
741130
1335
12:22
and you hit it really sharply
with an electron.
264
742489
2610
高速電子撞擊
這就是費因曼圖學的設計目的
12:25
This was the thing
the Feynman diagrams were for.
265
745123
2691
唯一的困擾是
12:28
The only problem was that
Feynman diagrams are complicated.
266
748251
4063
費因曼圖學是複雜的
是困難的積分
12:32
They're difficult integrals.
267
752338
1540
12:33
If you could do all of them,
you would have a very precise theory,
268
753902
3171
如果能全解決 那就是個完整的理論
但是卻無法完成 因為太複雜了
12:37
but you couldn't --
they were just too complicated.
269
757097
2577
大家試著解題
12:40
People were trying to do them.
270
760573
1461
可以作出一迴圈 一點都不擔心
12:42
You could do a one-loop diagram.
Don't worry about one loop.
271
762058
2920
一迴圈 兩迴圈 甚至可能可以解出三迴圈
12:45
One loop, two loops --
maybe you could do a three-loop diagram,
272
765002
3005
但是超過就不太能解開
12:48
but beyond that, you couldn't do anything.
273
768031
2054
費因曼說 "忘了那些解法
12:50
Feynman said, "Forget all of that.
274
770109
1644
12:51
Just think of the proton
275
771777
1471
只要把質子想成
12:53
as an assemblage, a swarm,
of little particles."
276
773272
4333
是小粒子的集合
一群小粒子的集合"
12:57
He called them "partons."
277
777629
1651
他叫它們是 部份子 (parton)
12:59
He said, "Just think of it as a swarm
of partons moving real fast."
278
779304
5703
他說: "就想像質子是一群 部份子 組成
快速移動"
因為是快速運動
13:05
Because they're moving real fast,
279
785031
2087
13:08
relativity says the internal
motions go very slow.
280
788256
4102
相對論說明內部運動實際是慢的
當電子瞬間撞上
13:13
The electron hits it suddenly --
281
793081
1612
13:14
it's like taking a very sudden
snapshot of the proton.
282
794717
4057
就像是對質子拍一張快照
會看到什麼?
13:19
What do you see?
283
799413
1155
就會看到一群靜止的部份子
13:20
You see a frozen bunch of partons.
284
800592
4034
13:24
They don't move,
285
804650
1182
因為這樣的實驗
13:25
and because they don't move
during the course of the experiment,
286
805856
3056
造成的靜止狀態
13:28
you don't have to worry
about how they're moving.
287
808936
2309
你就暫時不用操心它們是如何運動
你就不用操心他們之間的作用力
13:31
You don't have to worry
about the forces between them.
288
811269
2606
只需想像
13:33
You just get to think of it
as a population of frozen partons."
289
813899
5189
是一群靜止
部份子的集合
13:39
This was the key to analyzing
these experiments.
290
819574
3464
這就是解題的關鍵
非常有效
13:43
Extremely effective.
291
823062
2774
有些人認為"革命"是個不好的詞
13:46
Somebody said the word
"revolution" is a bad word.
292
826247
2502
可能吧! 所以我不會說這是革命
13:48
I suppose it is,
so I won't say "revolution,"
293
828773
2141
13:50
but it certainly evolved very, very deeply
our understanding of the proton,
294
830938
5502
但它真的徹徹底底的改變
我們所理解的質子
13:56
and of particles beyond that.
295
836464
1796
以及其他未來的基本粒子
13:58
Well, I had some more
that I was going to tell you
296
838630
2618
嗯, 我還想告訴大家一些其他事
關於我和費因曼的故事
14:01
about my connection with Feynman,
297
841272
1657
14:02
what he was like,
298
842953
1174
以及他是怎樣的人
14:04
but I see I have exactly half a minute.
299
844151
2304
但我似乎只剩半分鐘了
14:06
So I think I'll just finish up by saying:
300
846479
3927
所以我最好在此作結束
我實際上相信 費因曼本人不會喜歡這整件活動
14:10
I actually don't think
Feynman would have liked this event.
301
850430
2796
我想他會說:
14:13
I think he would have said,
"I don't need this."
302
853250
4289
"我不需要這個"
14:18
But ...
303
858142
1150
但是我們又該如何紀念費因曼呢?
14:19
(Laughter)
304
859316
1008
14:20
How should we honor Feynman?
305
860348
1358
14:21
How should we really honor Feynman?
306
861730
1682
我們真的該如何紀念費因曼呢?
14:23
I think the answer
is we should honor Feynman
307
863436
3144
我想答案就是
14:26
by getting as much baloney
out of our own sandwiches
308
866604
3962
在生活與研究上
不再隨便膨風吹噓
14:30
as we can.
309
870590
1246
謝謝
14:32
Thank you.
310
872201
1151
14:33
(Applause)
311
873376
3201
(掌聲)
New videos
關於本網站
本網站將向您介紹對學習英語有用的 YouTube 視頻。 您將看到來自世界各地的一流教師教授的英語課程。 雙擊每個視頻頁面上顯示的英文字幕,從那裡播放視頻。 字幕與視頻播放同步滾動。 如果您有任何意見或要求,請使用此聯繫表與我們聯繫。