Leonard Susskind: My friend Richard Feynman

905,648 views ・ 2011-05-16

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譯者: K. C. Peng 審譯者: Nova Upinel Altesse
當我被要求做這演說
00:16
I decided when I was asked to do this
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我立即想到要說的
00:18
that what I really wanted to talk about was my friend, Richard Feynman.
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就是我的好友費因曼
00:21
I was one of the fortunate few that really did get to know him
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我是少數幾個夠幸運
能真正的認識他
00:25
and enjoyed his presence.
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以及享受他的相處
00:27
And I'm going to tell you about the Richard Feynman that I knew.
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我將告訴你們我所知道的費因曼
00:30
I'm sure there are people here who could tell you
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我相信這裡也有其他人
能告訴你們他們認識的費因曼
00:33
about the Richard Feynman they knew,
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00:34
and it would probably be a different Richard Feynman.
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也可能會不同於我說的
費因曼是個非常複雜的人
00:37
Richard Feynman was a very complex man.
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00:39
He was a man of many, many parts.
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他是個非常非常多樣的人
00:41
He was, of course, foremost, a very, very, very great scientist.
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當然節大部分 他是
非常非常偉大的科學家
他是個演員 你們都看過他的演出
00:47
He was an actor. You saw him act.
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00:49
I also had the good fortune to be in those lectures,
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我也曾聽過幾次的課堂演說
00:52
up in the balcony.
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就在那閣樓
00:54
They were fantastic.
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這些演講都是精采萬分
他是一個哲學家
00:57
He was a philosopher.
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00:58
He was a drum player.
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他是個鼓手
01:00
He was a teacher par excellence.
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他是個傑出的教師
01:03
Richard Feynman was also a showman,
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費因曼是個愛出風頭的人
是個非常愛出風頭
01:06
an enormous showman.
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他有時傲慢 玩世不恭
01:08
He was brash, irreverent.
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01:11
He was full of macho, a kind of macho one-upmanship.
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他是非常有男子氣概
一種 one-upsmanship 的男子氣概
01:16
He loved intellectual battle.
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他喜歡挑戰智力
01:20
He had a gargantuan ego.
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他非常的自我
01:24
But the man had, somehow,
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但是 他又是
01:27
a lot of room at the bottom.
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非常有肚量
我的意思是
01:30
And what I mean by that is a lot of room, in my case --
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肚量是... 這是以我為例
別人我就無法代言
01:35
I can't speak for anybody else, but in my case --
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所以就我而言
01:38
a lot of room for another big ego.
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肚量卻是為了再放一個自我
01:41
Well, not as big as his,
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不是非常大
01:42
but fairly big.
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但足夠
和費因曼相處 我是愉快的
01:46
I always felt good with Dick Feynman.
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01:48
It was always fun to be with him.
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是非常的有趣
01:50
He always made me feel smart.
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他總是讓我覺得聰明
怎麼可能像他這樣的天才能夠讓你覺得自己聰明呢?
01:53
How can somebody like that make you feel smart?
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不曉得為什麼 他就是
01:55
Somehow he did.
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01:56
He made me feel smart. He made me feel he was smart.
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他讓我覺得聰明 也讓我覺得他是聰明的
01:58
He made me feel we were both smart,
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它讓我覺得我們都是聰明的
02:00
and the two of us could solve any problem whatever.
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好像我們兩個可以解決所有問題
事實上, 我們也真的有時一起討論物理
02:05
And in fact, we did sometimes do physics together.
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但我們從未一起發表論文
02:08
We never published a paper together,
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我們還是有很多的趣事
02:10
but we did have a lot of fun.
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他喜歡贏
02:14
He loved to win,
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02:15
win these little macho games we would sometimes play.
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從我們常玩的一斜男人遊戲
02:18
And he didn't only play them with me, but with all sorts of people.
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他不只與我玩 也與各式各樣的人玩
02:21
He would almost always win.
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他幾乎總是贏
02:23
But when he didn't win, when he lost,
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當他輸時
02:26
he would laugh and seem to have just as much fun
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他會笑 就像是贏一樣的
02:29
as if he had won.
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歡樂
02:31
I remember once he told me a story
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我記得有一次 他告訴我一個故事
02:33
about a joke the students played on him.
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是學生們開在他身上的玩笑
02:36
I think it was for his birthday --
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我想是在他的生日上 他們帶他
02:38
they took him for lunch
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去午餐
02:40
to a sandwich place in Pasadena.
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午餐是去
Pasadena 的三明治餐廳
02:44
It may still exist; I don't know.
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或許還在那裡 我不清楚
02:46
Celebrity sandwiches was their thing.
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名人三明治 就是餐廳的特色
02:49
You could get a Marilyn Monroe sandwich.
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比方說 你可以點 瑪麗蓮‧夢露 三明治
02:51
You could get a Humphrey Bogart sandwich.
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或是 亨弗萊‧鮑嘉 三明治
02:54
The students went there in advance,
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學生先前去過
02:56
and arranged that they'd all order Feynman sandwiches.
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就商量安排 所有學生全部都點 費因曼三明治
學生一個接一個 進來都點 費因曼三明治
03:00
One after another, they came in and ordered Feynman sandwiches.
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費因曼很喜歡這個故事
03:03
Feynman loved this story.
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03:04
He told me this story, and he was really happy and laughing.
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他是真的快樂與高興的敘說這個故事
03:08
When he finished the story, I said to him,
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當他說完這故事 我跟他說
03:11
"Dick, I wonder what would be the difference
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"Dick, 我好奇費因曼三明治 和 我的三明治
會有什麼不同"
03:14
between a Feynman sandwich and a Susskind sandwich."
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03:17
And without skipping a beat at all,
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連停都沒停
03:19
he said, "Well, they'd be about the same.
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他就說 "嗯, 大致上會是差不多
這唯一的差異是 你的三明治會有很多的火腿"
03:23
The only difference is a Susskind sandwich would have a lot more ham."
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火腿是差的角色
03:26
"Ham" as in bad actor.
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(笑聲)
03:28
(Laughter)
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03:29
Well, I happened to have been very quick that day,
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我剛好那天反應很快
我說 "是的 但會少很多的 baloney (扯淡)"
03:33
and I said, "Yeah, but a lot less baloney."
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03:35
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
03:38
(Applause)
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實際上呢!
03:39
The truth of the matter
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03:42
is that a Feynman sandwich had a load of ham,
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費因曼三明治
有很多的火腿
03:46
but absolutely no baloney.
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絕對沒有 baloney (扯淡)
03:50
What Feynman hated worse than anything else
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費因曼最討厭的事就是
假聰明
03:53
was intellectual pretense --
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做作
03:55
phoniness,
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03:56
false sophistication, jargon.
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世故 滿嘴名詞
我記得80年代
04:00
I remember sometime during the mid-'80s,
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或是80年代中
04:04
Dick and I and Sidney Coleman would meet a couple of times
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Dick 與 我 以及 Sidney Coleman
三個人一起見過好幾次
04:08
up in San Francisco -- at some very rich guy's house --
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某個舊金山有錢人家
04:11
up in San Francisco for dinner.
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用晚餐
最後一次那有錢人的晚宴
04:14
And the last time the rich guy invited us,
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04:16
he also invited a couple of philosophers.
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也邀請了一些哲學家
04:18
These guys were philosophers of mind.
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那些是腦學的哲學家
04:20
Their specialty was the philosophy of consciousness.
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他們專長在人類意識的哲學探討
04:24
And they were full of all kinds of jargon.
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他們用了一大堆的名詞
讓我想想這些詞兒 --
04:27
I'm trying to remember the words --
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04:29
"monism," "dualism," categories all over the place.
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"一元論" "二元論" 到處是分類名詞
我不曉得這些意涵 Dick 也不知道
04:33
I didn't know what those meant, neither did Dick or Sydney, for that matter.
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Sydney 也不清楚
那我們在講些什麼?
04:37
And what did we talk about?
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04:38
Well, what do you talk about when you talk about minds?
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談到腦 你們會談些什麼?
04:41
There's one obvious thing to talk about:
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大概只有這件事 ---
04:43
Can a machine become a mind?
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機器能像腦一樣嗎?
04:45
Can you build a machine
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能夠建造一個機器
04:47
that thinks like a human being that is conscious?
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能像人類一樣思考
就是一樣的有意識
04:51
We sat around and talked about this -- we of course never resolved it.
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我們坐下討論 --- 當然是無法有結論的
04:54
But the trouble with the philosophers
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但是哲學家的問題是
04:56
is that they were philosophizing
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他們急想要把事情哲學化
04:58
when they should have been science-ophizing.
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而實際上應該先科學化
那只是個科學問題
05:01
It's a scientific question, after all.
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05:03
And this was a very, very dangerous thing to do
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與費因曼共室時 這樣的自以為是
是非常的危險
05:06
around Dick Feynman.
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05:07
(Laughter)
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05:10
Feynman let them have it -- both barrels, right between the eyes.
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費因曼當時就立即給他們難堪
05:13
It was brutal; it was funny -- ooh, it was funny.
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相當嚴厲 也是有趣的 --- 是有趣的
05:16
But it was really brutal.
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但也真的是殘酷
05:18
He really popped their balloon.
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他真的戳破他們的說法
妙的事是 ---
05:21
But the amazing thing was -- Feynman had to leave a little early;
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費因曼 必需提前離開
05:24
he wasn't feeling too well, so he left a little bit early.
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他有些不適 所以得先離開
05:27
And Sidney and I were left there with the two philosophers.
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Sidney 與我只好繼續留下
05:30
And the amazing thing is these guys were flying.
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妙的是 這兩位哲學家
05:33
They were so happy.
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是快樂的
他們遇到一位偉人
05:36
They had met the great man;
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05:38
they had been instructed by the great man;
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他們讓這偉人親自指教
05:40
they had an enormous amount of fun
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他們非常地享受
05:42
having their faces shoved in the mud ...
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即使是當眾顏面掃地
但是個美妙的相遇
05:46
And it was something special.
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05:48
I realized there was something just extraordinary about Feynman,
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我才明白關於費因曼的不平凡
即使是像這樣的情況
05:52
even when he did what he did.
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05:58
Dick -- he was my friend; I did call him Dick --
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Dick 是我的朋友 我都是這麼叫他 Dick
06:01
Dick and I had a little bit of a rapport.
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我們兩個是有些一致性
我想這共同性就是
06:04
I think it may have been a special rapport that he and I had.
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06:06
We liked each other; we liked the same kind of things.
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我們互相喜歡對方; 也會喜歡相同的事
06:09
I also like the intellectual macho games.
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我也喜歡一些 男人的智力遊戲
06:13
Sometimes I would win, mostly he would win,
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我有時贏 但大多數時間是他贏
06:15
but we both enjoyed them.
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但我們都享受這些遊戲
06:17
And Dick became convinced at some point
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Dick 有時也相信我們有著
06:19
that he and I had some kind of similarity of personality.
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類似的個性
我不這麼認為
06:24
I don't think he was right.
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06:25
I think the only point of similarity between us
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我以為我們唯一的相似點是
我們都喜歡談論自己
06:28
is we both like to talk about ourselves.
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06:30
But he was convinced of this.
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他也這麼贊同我的說法
他很好奇
06:33
And the man was incredibly curious.
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他是個非常好奇的人
06:36
And he wanted to understand what it was and why it was
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他喜歡弄明白事情的本質與緣由
是不是有有趣的關聯
06:40
that there was this funny connection.
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06:43
And one day, we were walking.
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有一天我們在法國散步
06:45
We were in France, in Les Houches.
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那是在 La Zouche
06:47
We were up in the mountains, 1976.
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那是1976年 的山上
山林中 費因曼對我說
06:50
And Feynman said to me, "Leonardo ..."
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他說 "Leonardo"
他叫我 "Leonardo"
06:55
The reason he called me "Leonardo" is because we were in Europe,
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是因為我們在歐洲
06:58
and he was practicing his French.
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他在練習法文
06:59
(Laughter)
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他說 "Leonardo
07:02
And he said, "Leonardo,
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你是比較親近妳的母親還是你的父親
07:05
were you closer to your mother or your father when you were a kid?"
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當你還是個孩子時?"
07:09
I said, "Well, my real hero was my father.
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我說: "我心中真正的英雄是我父親
他是個勞工
07:13
He was a working man,
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只有小學五年級的教育
07:15
had a fifth-grade education.
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07:17
He was a master mechanic, and he taught me how to use tools.
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他是個機械專家 他教我如何使用工具
07:20
He taught me all sorts of things about mechanical things.
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他教我所有關於機械的事
07:24
He even taught me the Pythagorean theorem.
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他還教我畢氏定理
07:26
He didn't call it the hypotenuse,
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他不是稱那為 直角的斜邊
07:28
he called it the shortcut distance."
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他說是 捷徑距離"
07:31
And Feynman's eyes just opened up.
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費因曼的眼睛亮了起來
07:33
He went off like a lightbulb.
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就像個電燈泡
他說他也有
07:36
And he said that he had had
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07:38
basically exactly the same relationship with his father.
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與他的父親
像是這樣的關係
07:42
In fact, he had been convinced at one time
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事實上 他也曾認為
07:45
that to be a good physicist,
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要成為一個好的物理學家
是非常需要有
07:49
it was very important to have had that kind of relationship
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與父親這樣的關係
07:52
with your father.
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07:53
I apologize for the sexist conversation here,
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抱歉 這裡的性別論點
07:56
but this is the way it really happened.
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但這是曾經發生的
07:58
He said he had been absolutely convinced that this was necessary,
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他說 他是完全的相信
08:02
a necessary part of the growing up of a young physicist.
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一個年輕的物理學家成長 是需要這樣的關係
08:06
Being Dick, he, of course, wanted to check this.
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Dick 當然想驗證這點
他曾想做個實驗
08:10
He wanted to go out and do an experiment.
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他也真的做
08:12
(Laughter)
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08:13
Well, he did.
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這個實驗
08:14
He went out and did an experiment.
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他跑去問所有他以為是好物理學家的人
08:16
He asked all his friends that he thought were good physicists,
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"是你的母親或是父親影響你?"
08:19
"Was it your mom or your pop that influenced you?"
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08:21
They were all men,
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每個人 都是男性
08:23
and to a man, every single one of them said,
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每個人都這麼回答
"我的母親"
08:26
"My mother."
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08:27
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
08:30
There went that theory, down the trash can of history.
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所以這假說只好扔進歷史的垃圾桶
08:34
(Laughter)
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08:35
But he was very excited that he had finally met somebody
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但他是十分興奮 總算找到個
08:38
who had the same experience with his father
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有著類似父子關係
的人
08:42
as he had with his father.
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08:43
And for some time, he was convinced this was the reason we got along so well.
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有時候 他也認為
這就是為什麼我們是合得來的
08:47
I don't know. Maybe. Who knows?
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我不曉得 又或許是 誰知道?
08:49
But let me tell you a little bit about Feynman the physicist.
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讓我再多告訴你們一些
這位物理學家 費因曼
08:55
Feynman's style -- no, "style" is not the right word.
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費因曼的風格
不 風格用得不對
08:59
"Style" makes you think of the bow tie he might have worn,
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風格會讓你想到的是 他繫的領帶
或是他的西裝
09:02
or the suit he was wearing.
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有更深沉的東西
09:04
It's something much deeper than that,
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09:05
but I can't think of another word for it.
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但我卻想不出更好的說法
費因曼的科學風格
09:08
Feynman's scientific style was always to look for the simplest,
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就是總是找出最簡單的
最簡單的解答 可能性才高
09:13
most elementary solution to a problem that was possible.
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09:17
If it wasn't possible, you had to use something fancier.
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若不對 就得再找複雜的
毫無疑問
09:21
No doubt, part of this was his great joy and pleasure
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他做學問的樂趣
09:26
in showing people that he could think more simply than they could.
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就是表現他能想出比別人更簡單的解答
09:30
But he also deeply believed, he truly believed,
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他也深深相信
09:33
that if you couldn't explain something simply,
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如果你無法將事物解釋的夠簡單
09:35
you didn't understand it.
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那表示你不明白它
09:38
In the 1950s, people were trying to figure out
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在1950年代 大家試圖理解
09:41
how superfluid helium worked.
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超流體氦 的原理
有一個理論
09:44
There was a theory.
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09:45
It was due to a Russian mathematical physicist.
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由蘇俄物理數學家提出的
但是個極複雜的理論
09:48
It was a complicated theory;
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09:49
I'll tell you what it was soon enough.
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很快的告訴大家
09:51
It was a terribly complicated theory,
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那是個遭透了的複雜理論
09:53
full of very difficult integrals and formulas
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一大堆複雜的積分, 程式
09:56
and mathematics and so forth.
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以及數學等等
09:58
And it sort of worked, but it didn't work very well.
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它似乎能解釋 但並不完善
只有當
10:02
The only way it worked
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10:03
is when the helium atoms were very, very far apart.
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兩個氦原子相隔很遠時
10:06
And unfortunately,
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只有那時該理論是可用
不幸的是 氦在液態時
10:09
the helium atoms in liquid helium are right on top of each other.
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氦原子是緊緊相連
10:12
Feynman decided, as a sort of amateur helium physicist,
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費因曼決定 以一業餘的氦物理學家
來解解看
10:16
that he would try to figure it out.
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10:18
He had an idea, a very clear idea.
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他有了個清楚的點子
10:20
He would try to figure out
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他試著發展
10:22
what the quantum wave function of this huge number of atoms looked like.
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如此龐大數目原子
的量子波動函數
也試著 能視覺化
10:27
He would try to visualize it,
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10:28
guided by a small number of simple principles.
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用的就只是少數量的簡單原理
10:31
The small number of simple principles were very, very simple.
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這些就都是非常簡單的
10:34
The first one was that when helium atoms touch each other,
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第一個是
當氦原子碰到另一個氦原子時 會排斥
10:38
they repel.
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10:39
The implication of that is that the wave function has to go to zero,
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意味著波函數會降到零
波函數會消失當兩個氦原子相連
10:43
it has to vanish when the helium atoms touch each other.
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另一個證據是
10:46
The other fact is that in the ground state --
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基態 也就是量子系統的最小能階
10:48
the lowest energy state of a quantum system --
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波函數是非常平滑的
10:51
the wave function is always very smooth;
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10:54
it has the minimum number of wiggles.
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有最小的擾動
10:56
So he sat down --
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他就坐下 ---
10:58
and I imagine he had nothing more
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我可以想見他沒有其他東西
11:00
than a simple piece of paper and a pencil --
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只用了鉛筆和一張紙 ---
11:02
and he tried to write down, and did write down,
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試著也真的寫下
他認為最簡單的函式開始
11:05
the simplest function that he could think of,
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11:07
which had the boundary conditions
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有著邊界條件:
11:09
that the wave function vanish when things touch
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波函式會歸零當物體相碰觸
11:11
and is smooth in between.
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也需要是連續平滑的發生
他寫下簡單的式子
11:14
He wrote down a simple thing -- so simple, in fact,
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是非常的簡單易懂
11:17
that I suspect a really smart high-school student
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我想一個聰明的高中生
不用懂微積分
11:20
who didn't even have calculus
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11:21
could understand what he wrote down.
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也能懂他所寫下的式子
11:24
The thing was, that simple thing that he wrote down
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那些簡單的式子
11:27
explained everything that was known at the time about liquid helium,
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便能解釋那時所觀察到一切有關液態氦
的情況
11:31
and then some.
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11:32
I've always wondered whether the professionals --
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我常好奇
那些真的氦物理專家
11:35
the real professional helium physicists --
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11:37
were just a little bit embarrassed by this.
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會不會因此而感到窘困
11:40
They had their super-powerful technique,
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他們也有著高超的技巧
卻沒有解好
11:43
and they couldn't do as well.
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11:44
Incidentally, I'll tell you what that super-powerful technique was.
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所以這個高超的技巧
就是 費因曼的圖形學
11:49
It was the technique of Feynman diagrams.
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2549
11:51
(Laughter)
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1857
(笑聲)
11:53
He did it again in 1968.
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他在1968年又作了一次
11:56
In 1968, in my own university -- I wasn't there at the time --
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1968年 在我自己的大學
我當時不在
12:01
they were exploring the structure of the proton.
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他們正在探索有關質子
12:04
The proton is obviously made of a whole bunch of little particles;
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質子明顯是由一群
小粒子組成
12:08
this was more or less known.
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1940
這些是隱約明白的
12:10
And the way to analyze it was, of course, Feynman diagrams.
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3336
去理解這件事 當然是用費因曼圖學
也是費因曼圖學的最初設計目的
12:14
That's what Feynman diagrams were constructed for --
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12:16
to understand particles.
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理解基本粒子理論
12:18
The experiments that were going on were very simple:
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實驗是相當簡單
就是把質子用
12:21
you simply take the proton,
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12:22
and you hit it really sharply with an electron.
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高速電子撞擊
這就是費因曼圖學的設計目的
12:25
This was the thing the Feynman diagrams were for.
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唯一的困擾是
12:28
The only problem was that Feynman diagrams are complicated.
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4063
費因曼圖學是複雜的
是困難的積分
12:32
They're difficult integrals.
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12:33
If you could do all of them, you would have a very precise theory,
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如果能全解決 那就是個完整的理論
但是卻無法完成 因為太複雜了
12:37
but you couldn't -- they were just too complicated.
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大家試著解題
12:40
People were trying to do them.
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可以作出一迴圈 一點都不擔心
12:42
You could do a one-loop diagram. Don't worry about one loop.
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一迴圈 兩迴圈 甚至可能可以解出三迴圈
12:45
One loop, two loops -- maybe you could do a three-loop diagram,
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但是超過就不太能解開
12:48
but beyond that, you couldn't do anything.
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費因曼說 "忘了那些解法
12:50
Feynman said, "Forget all of that.
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12:51
Just think of the proton
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1471
只要把質子想成
12:53
as an assemblage, a swarm, of little particles."
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4333
是小粒子的集合
一群小粒子的集合"
12:57
He called them "partons."
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他叫它們是 部份子 (parton)
12:59
He said, "Just think of it as a swarm of partons moving real fast."
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他說: "就想像質子是一群 部份子 組成
快速移動"
因為是快速運動
13:05
Because they're moving real fast,
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13:08
relativity says the internal motions go very slow.
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相對論說明內部運動實際是慢的
當電子瞬間撞上
13:13
The electron hits it suddenly --
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13:14
it's like taking a very sudden snapshot of the proton.
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就像是對質子拍一張快照
會看到什麼?
13:19
What do you see?
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就會看到一群靜止的部份子
13:20
You see a frozen bunch of partons.
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13:24
They don't move,
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因為這樣的實驗
13:25
and because they don't move during the course of the experiment,
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造成的靜止狀態
13:28
you don't have to worry about how they're moving.
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你就暫時不用操心它們是如何運動
你就不用操心他們之間的作用力
13:31
You don't have to worry about the forces between them.
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只需想像
13:33
You just get to think of it as a population of frozen partons."
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是一群靜止
部份子的集合
13:39
This was the key to analyzing these experiments.
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這就是解題的關鍵
非常有效
13:43
Extremely effective.
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有些人認為"革命"是個不好的詞
13:46
Somebody said the word "revolution" is a bad word.
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可能吧! 所以我不會說這是革命
13:48
I suppose it is, so I won't say "revolution,"
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2141
13:50
but it certainly evolved very, very deeply our understanding of the proton,
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但它真的徹徹底底的改變
我們所理解的質子
13:56
and of particles beyond that.
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以及其他未來的基本粒子
13:58
Well, I had some more that I was going to tell you
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嗯, 我還想告訴大家一些其他事
關於我和費因曼的故事
14:01
about my connection with Feynman,
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14:02
what he was like,
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以及他是怎樣的人
14:04
but I see I have exactly half a minute.
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但我似乎只剩半分鐘了
14:06
So I think I'll just finish up by saying:
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所以我最好在此作結束
我實際上相信 費因曼本人不會喜歡這整件活動
14:10
I actually don't think Feynman would have liked this event.
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我想他會說:
14:13
I think he would have said, "I don't need this."
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"我不需要這個"
14:18
But ...
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但是我們又該如何紀念費因曼呢?
14:19
(Laughter)
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14:20
How should we honor Feynman?
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14:21
How should we really honor Feynman?
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我們真的該如何紀念費因曼呢?
14:23
I think the answer is we should honor Feynman
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我想答案就是
14:26
by getting as much baloney out of our own sandwiches
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在生活與研究上
不再隨便膨風吹噓
14:30
as we can.
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謝謝
14:32
Thank you.
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14:33
(Applause)
311
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3201
(掌聲)
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