Leonard Susskind: My friend Richard Feynman

908,038 views ใƒป 2011-05-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Omer Tzuk ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ื›ืฉื”ืชื‘ืงืฉืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
00:16
I decided when I was asked to do this
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ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•
00:18
that what I really wanted to talk about was my friend, Richard Feynman.
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ื–ื” ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ.
00:21
I was one of the fortunate few that really did get to know him
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ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื”ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื–ืœ
ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•
00:25
and enjoyed his presence.
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ื•ื ื”ื ื• ืžื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื•.
00:27
And I'm going to tell you about the Richard Feynman that I knew.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื›ืจืชื™.
00:30
I'm sure there are people here who could tell you
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ื›ื™ืจื•,
00:33
about the Richard Feynman they knew,
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00:34
and it would probably be a different Richard Feynman.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืจืื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”.
ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.
00:37
Richard Feynman was a very complex man.
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00:39
He was a man of many, many parts.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืœืงื™ื.
00:41
He was, of course, foremost, a very, very, very great scientist.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ืœ
ืžื“ืขืŸ ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื’ื•ืœ.
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื—ืงืŸ. ืจืื™ืชื ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉื—ืง.
00:47
He was an actor. You saw him act.
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00:49
I also had the good fortune to be in those lectures,
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ื’ื ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืืœื•,
00:52
up in the balcony.
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ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ืžืจืคืกืช.
00:54
They were fantastic.
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ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช.
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ;
00:57
He was a philosopher.
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00:58
He was a drum player.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืคืฃ;
01:00
He was a teacher par excellence.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžื•ืคืช.
01:03
Richard Feynman was also a showman,
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ืœืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืชื™ืื˜ืจืœื™,
ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืชื™ืื˜ืจืœื™ ืขืฆื•ื.
01:06
an enormous showman.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื”ืจ, ื—ืกืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ --
01:08
He was brash, irreverent.
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01:11
He was full of macho, a kind of macho one-upmanship.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื ื‘ืžืืฆ'ื•,
ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืืฆ'ื• ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™.
01:16
He loved intellectual battle.
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ื”ื•ื ืื”ื‘ ืงืจื‘ ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™.
01:20
He had a gargantuan ego.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืื’ื• ื’ืจื’ืจื ื™.
01:24
But the man had, somehow,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•
01:27
a lot of room at the bottom.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช.
ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš
01:30
And what I mean by that is a lot of room, in my case --
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ื, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื™ --
ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ --
01:35
I can't speak for anybody else, but in my case --
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื™,
01:38
a lot of room for another big ego.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœืื’ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
01:41
Well, not as big as his,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื•,
01:42
but fairly big.
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื "ื“ื™ืง" ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ.
01:46
I always felt good with Dick Feynman.
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01:48
It was always fun to be with him.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื”ื ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืชื•.
01:50
He always made me feel smart.
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ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืคื™ืงื—.
ืื™ืš ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืš ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืคื™ืงื—?
01:53
How can somebody like that make you feel smart?
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ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช.
01:55
Somehow he did.
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01:56
He made me feel smart. He made me feel he was smart.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืคื™ืงื—. ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ืงื—.
01:58
He made me feel we were both smart,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืฉื ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคื™ืงื—ื™ื,
02:00
and the two of us could solve any problem whatever.
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ื•ืฉืฉื ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื.
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืขืกืงื ื• ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
02:05
And in fact, we did sometimes do physics together.
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ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืคืจืกืžื ื• ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
02:08
We never published a paper together,
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ืืš ืื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื ืื”.
02:10
but we did have a lot of fun.
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ื”ื•ื ืื”ื‘ ืœื ืฆื—.
02:14
He loved to win,
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02:15
win these little macho games we would sometimes play.
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ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ืžืืฆ'ื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื—ืงื ื• ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื --
02:18
And he didn't only play them with me, but with all sorts of people.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉื™ื—ืง ื‘ื”ื ืจืง ืื™ืชื™, ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื—ืง ืื•ืชื ืขื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื --
02:21
He would almost always win.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื™ืฆื—.
02:23
But when he didn't win, when he lost,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื™ืฆื—, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ื“,
02:26
he would laugh and seem to have just as much fun
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ื”ื•ื ืฆื—ืง ื•ื ื™ืจืื” ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื ืื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”
02:29
as if he had won.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื”.
02:31
I remember once he told me a story
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ืคืขื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
02:33
about a joke the students played on him.
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ืขืœ ืฉืขืฉื•ืข ืฉื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื
02:36
I think it was for his birthday --
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ื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื• -- ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• --
02:38
they took him for lunch
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ื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื.
02:40
to a sandwich place in Pasadena.
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ื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื
ืœืกื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืฅ' ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืกื“ื™ื ื”.
02:44
It may still exist; I don't know.
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืงื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื; ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข.
02:46
Celebrity sandwiches was their thing.
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ืกื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืฆ'ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ืกืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ืื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืงื˜ืข ืฉืœื”ื.
02:49
You could get a Marilyn Monroe sandwich.
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ื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืกื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืฅ' ืžืจืœื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ืจื•.
02:51
You could get a Humphrey Bogart sandwich.
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ื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืกื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืฅ' ื”ืžืคืจื™ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื˜.
02:54
The students went there in advance,
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ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื• ืœืฉื ืžืจืืฉ,
02:56
and arranged that they'd all order Feynman sandwiches.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื• ื›ืš ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื• ืกื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืฆ'ื™ ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ.
ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ื ื ื™ื›ื ืกื• ื•ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื• ืกื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืฆ'ื™ ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ.
03:00
One after another, they came in and ordered Feynman sandwiches.
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ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ืื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
03:03
Feynman loved this story.
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03:04
He told me this story, and he was really happy and laughing.
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ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืžื— ื•ืฆื•ื—ืง.
03:08
When he finished the story, I said to him,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื•,
03:11
"Dick, I wonder what would be the difference
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"ื“ื™ืง, ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื” ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืฅ' ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื•ืœืกื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืฅ' ืกื•ืกืงื™ื ื“."
03:14
between a Feynman sandwich and a Susskind sandwich."
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03:17
And without skipping a beat at all,
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืœืคืกืคืก ืคืขื™ืžืช ืœื‘ ืื—ืช,
03:19
he said, "Well, they'd be about the same.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืกื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืฅ' ืกื•ืกืงื™ื ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืงื ื™ืง ืฉื™ื ืงืŸ,"
03:23
The only difference is a Susskind sandwich would have a lot more ham."
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ืฉื™ื ืงืŸ (Ham), ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื’ืจื•ืข.
03:26
"Ham" as in bad actor.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:28
(Laughter)
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03:29
Well, I happened to have been very quick that day,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืงืจื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื–ืจื™ื– ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื,
ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, "ื›ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื•ื ื™ (ื‘ืกืœื ื’ - ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช)."
03:33
and I said, "Yeah, but a lot less baloney."
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03:35
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:38
(Applause)
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ื”ืืžืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”
03:39
The truth of the matter
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03:42
is that a Feynman sandwich had a load of ham,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืกื“ื ื•ื•ื™ืฅ' ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ
ื”ื™ื” ืื›ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื ืงืŸ,
03:46
but absolutely no baloney.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ื•ืœื•ื ื™.
03:50
What Feynman hated worse than anything else
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ืžื” ืฉืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ืฉื ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ
ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืžืจื” ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช --
03:53
was intellectual pretense --
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ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืคื ื™ื,
03:55
phoniness,
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03:56
false sophistication, jargon.
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ืชื—ื›ื•ื ืžื–ื•ื™ืฃ, ื–'ืจื’ื•ืŸ.
ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉืžืชื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื,
04:00
I remember sometime during the mid-'80s,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื,
04:04
Dick and I and Sidney Coleman would meet a couple of times
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ื“ื™ืง ื•ืื ื™ ื•ืกื™ื“ื ื™ ืงื•ืœืžืŸ,
ื ื™ืคื’ืฉื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื
04:08
up in San Francisco -- at some very rich guy's house --
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ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืื“ื ืžืื•ื“ ืขืฉื™ืจ --
04:11
up in San Francisco for dinner.
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ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘.
ื•ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื•,
04:14
And the last time the rich guy invited us,
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04:16
he also invited a couple of philosophers.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื.
04:18
These guys were philosophers of mind.
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”.
04:20
Their specialty was the philosophy of consciousness.
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ื”ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
04:24
And they were full of all kinds of jargon.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–'ืจื’ื•ืŸ.
ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื --
04:27
I'm trying to remember the words --
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04:29
"monism," "dualism," categories all over the place.
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"ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื," "ื“ื•ืืœื™ื–ื," ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืœื --
04:33
I didn't know what those meant, neither did Dick or Sydney, for that matter.
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ื’ื ืกื™ื“ื ื™ ืœื.
ื•ืขืœ ืžื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื•?
04:37
And what did we talk about?
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04:38
Well, what do you talk about when you talk about minds?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืขืœ ืžื” ืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชื‘ื•ื ื”?
04:41
There's one obvious thing to talk about:
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ื“ื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื• --
04:43
Can a machine become a mind?
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ื”ืื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื‘ื•ื ื”?
04:45
Can you build a machine
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ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื”
04:47
that thinks like a human being that is conscious?
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ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื,
ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขืช?
04:51
We sat around and talked about this -- we of course never resolved it.
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ื™ืฉื‘ื ื• ื™ื—ื“ ื•ืฉื•ื—ื—ื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš -- ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ืคืชืจื ื• ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•.
04:54
But the trouble with the philosophers
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื
04:56
is that they were philosophizing
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ื”ืชืคืœืกืคื•
04:58
when they should have been science-ophizing.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื "ืœื”ืชืžื“ืขืŸ".
ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ.
05:01
It's a scientific question, after all.
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05:03
And this was a very, very dangerous thing to do
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืง ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ.
05:06
around Dick Feynman.
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05:07
(Laughter)
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05:10
Feynman let them have it -- both barrels, right between the eyes.
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ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื -- ืงื ื” ื›ืคื•ืœ, ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
05:13
It was brutal; it was funny -- ooh, it was funny.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืœื™, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื—ื™ืง -- ื”ื•, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื—ื™ืง.
05:16
But it was really brutal.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืœื™.
05:18
He really popped their balloon.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืคื•ืฆืฅ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ.
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื” --
05:21
But the amazing thing was -- Feynman had to leave a little early;
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ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื.
05:24
he wasn't feeling too well, so he left a little bit early.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื– ื”ื•ื ืขื–ื‘ ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ืงื“ื.
05:27
And Sidney and I were left there with the two philosophers.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื•ืกื™ื“ื ื™ ื ื™ืฉืืจื ื• ืขื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื.
05:30
And the amazing thing is these guys were flying.
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืชืขื•ืคืคื•.
05:33
They were so happy.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉืžื—ื™ื.
ื”ื ืคื’ืฉื• ืื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ;
05:36
They had met the great man;
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05:38
they had been instructed by the great man;
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ื”ื ื”ื•ื“ืจื›ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ;
05:40
they had an enormous amount of fun
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ื”ื ื ื”ื ื• ืžืื•ื“
05:42
having their faces shoved in the mud ...
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ื›ืฉืคื ื™ื”ื ื ื“ื—ืคื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื•ืฅ;
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
05:46
And it was something special.
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05:48
I realized there was something just extraordinary about Feynman,
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื’ื“ืจ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ,
ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื”.
05:52
even when he did what he did.
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05:58
Dick -- he was my friend; I did call him Dick --
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ื“ื™ืง, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™. ืื ื™ ืื›ืŸ ืงืจืืชื™ ืœื• "ื“ื™ืง".
06:01
Dick and I had a little bit of a rapport.
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ื“ื™ืง ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื ื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื.
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ื™ื ื ื•.
06:04
I think it may have been a special rapport that he and I had.
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06:06
We liked each other; we liked the same kind of things.
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ื—ื™ื‘ื‘ื ื• ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™; ืžืฆืื• ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื ื• ืื•ืชื ืกื•ื’ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
06:09
I also like the intellectual macho games.
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ื’ื ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ืื•ืชื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ืžืืฆ'ื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื.
06:13
Sometimes I would win, mostly he would win,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื ื™ืฆื—ืชื™ ืื ื™, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฆื—,
06:15
but we both enjoyed them.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื ื™ื ื• ื ื”ื ื ื• ืžื”ื.
06:17
And Dick became convinced at some point
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ื•ื“ื™ืง ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื
06:19
that he and I had some kind of similarity of personality.
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ืฉืœื• ื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช.
ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื“ืง.
06:24
I don't think he was right.
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06:25
I think the only point of similarity between us
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื ื ื•
ื”ื™ื ืฉืฉื ื™ื ื• ืื”ื‘ื ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•.
06:28
is we both like to talk about ourselves.
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06:30
But he was convinced of this.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ื‘ื›ืš.
ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืกืงืจืŸ.
06:33
And the man was incredibly curious.
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ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื” ืกืงืจืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
06:36
And he wanted to understand what it was and why it was
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื•ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื”
ื›ื–ื” ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉืขืฉืข ื‘ื™ื ื ื•.
06:40
that there was this funny connection.
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06:43
And one day, we were walking.
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ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืชื”ืœื›ื ื•. ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฆืจืคืช.
06:45
We were in France, in Les Houches.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืœื” ื–ื•ืง.
06:47
We were up in the mountains, 1976.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื™ื, 1976.
ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื™ื, ื•ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ืืžืจ ืœื™,
06:50
And Feynman said to me, "Leonardo ..."
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื•."
ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื™ ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื•
06:55
The reason he called me "Leonardo" is because we were in Europe,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
06:58
and he was practicing his French.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืชืจื’ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืฉืœื•.
06:59
(Laughter)
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื•,
07:02
And he said, "Leonardo,
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ื”ื™ื™ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื™ืžืš ืื• ืœืื‘ื™ืš
07:05
were you closer to your mother or your father when you were a kid?"
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ืœื“?"
07:09
I said, "Well, my real hero was my father.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื™.
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืขื•ื‘ื“,
07:13
He was a working man,
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ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื›ื™ืชื” ื”'.
07:15
had a fifth-grade education.
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07:17
He was a master mechanic, and he taught me how to use tools.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ื ืื™ ืžืขื•ืœื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื™ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื.
07:20
He taught me all sorts of things about mechanical things.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืœืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื™ื.
07:24
He even taught me the Pythagorean theorem.
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ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื’ื•ืจืก.
07:26
He didn't call it the hypotenuse,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืงืจื ืœื–ื” ื”ื™ืชืจ,
07:28
he called it the shortcut distance."
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ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื–ื” ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ."
07:31
And Feynman's eyes just opened up.
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ื•ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืคืชื—ื•.
07:33
He went off like a lightbulb.
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ื ื“ืœืงื” ืœื• ื ื•ืจื”.
ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื•
07:36
And he said that he had had
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07:38
basically exactly the same relationship with his father.
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ื‘ืขืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
ืขื ืื‘ื™ื•.
07:42
In fact, he had been convinced at one time
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืคืขื ืื—ืช
07:45
that to be a good physicist,
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ืฉืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื˜ื•ื‘,
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“
07:49
it was very important to have had that kind of relationship
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื• ืขื ื”ืื‘ ืฉืœืš.
07:52
with your father.
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07:53
I apologize for the sexist conversation here,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื ืฆืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืกืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ ื›ืืŸ,
07:56
but this is the way it really happened.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืš ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงืจื”.
07:58
He said he had been absolutely convinced that this was necessary,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ --
08:02
a necessary part of the growing up of a young physicist.
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืฆืขื™ืจ.
08:06
Being Dick, he, of course, wanted to check this.
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ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื“ื™ืง, ื”ื•ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืจืฆื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื–ืืช.
ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™.
08:10
He wanted to go out and do an experiment.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื”.
08:12
(Laughter)
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08:13
Well, he did.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ื•ืขืฉื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™.
08:14
He went out and did an experiment.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื ื›ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
08:16
He asked all his friends that he thought were good physicists,
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"ื”ืื ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื™ืžืš ืื• ืื‘ื™ืš ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœื™ืš?"
08:19
"Was it your mom or your pop that influenced you?"
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08:21
They were all men,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื‘ืจ -- ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื --
08:23
and to a man, every single one of them said,
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ืœื’ื‘ืจ, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื
ืืžืจ, "ืืžื ืฉืœื™."
08:26
"My mother."
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08:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:30
There went that theory, down the trash can of history.
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ื›ืš ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืคื— ื”ืืฉืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
08:34
(Laughter)
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08:35
But he was very excited that he had finally met somebody
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ืœื”ื‘ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
08:38
who had the same experience with his father
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืขื ืื‘ื™
ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืขื ืื‘ื™ื•.
08:42
as he had with his father.
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08:43
And for some time, he was convinced this was the reason we got along so well.
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ื•ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข
ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื“ืจื™ื ื›ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื—ื“.
08:47
I don't know. Maybe. Who knows?
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข. ืื•ืœื™. ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข?
08:49
But let me tell you a little bit about Feynman the physicist.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžืขื˜
ืขืœ ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื›ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™.
08:55
Feynman's style -- no, "style" is not the right word.
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ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ --
ืœื, ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื• ืœื ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
08:59
"Style" makes you think of the bow tie he might have worn,
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ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืคืจืคืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืฉ
ืื• ืขืœ ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื‘ืฉ.
09:02
or the suit he was wearing.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืžื•ืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”,
09:04
It's something much deeper than that,
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09:05
but I can't think of another word for it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื–ื”.
ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ
09:08
Feynman's scientific style was always to look for the simplest,
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ื”ื™ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜,
ื•ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื”.
09:13
most elementary solution to a problem that was possible.
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09:17
If it wasn't possible, you had to use something fancier.
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ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™, ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ืš ืœืžืฆื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื–ื”
09:21
No doubt, part of this was his great joy and pleasure
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ื ื’ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื”ื ืื”
09:26
in showing people that he could think more simply than they could.
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ื‘ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ืœื•.
09:30
But he also deeply believed, he truly believed,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื“, ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช,
09:33
that if you couldn't explain something simply,
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ืฉืื ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”
09:35
you didn't understand it.
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ืืชื” ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
09:38
In the 1950s, people were trying to figure out
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
09:41
how superfluid helium worked.
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ืืช ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืกื•ืคืจ ื ื•ื–ืœื™.
ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืื•ืจื™ื”.
09:44
There was a theory.
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09:45
It was due to a Russian mathematical physicist.
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ื–ื• ื”ื•ืžืฆืื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืจื•ืกื™,
ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช.
09:48
It was a complicated theory;
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09:49
I'll tell you what it was soon enough.
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ืื ื™ ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื”.
09:51
It was a terribly complicated theory,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื•ืจืื™ืช
09:53
full of very difficult integrals and formulas
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ืžืœืื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืœื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื•ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช
09:56
and mathematics and so forth.
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ื•ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื”.
09:58
And it sort of worked, but it didn't work very well.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืขื•ืœื”.
ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื–ื” ืขื‘ื“
10:02
The only way it worked
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10:03
is when the helium atoms were very, very far apart.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™.
10:06
And unfortunately,
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ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™.
ื•ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื ื•ื–ืœื™
10:09
the helium atoms in liquid helium are right on top of each other.
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ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™.
10:12
Feynman decided, as a sort of amateur helium physicist,
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ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜, ื›ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ื”ืœื™ื•ื,
ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื ืกื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
10:16
that he would try to figure it out.
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10:18
He had an idea, a very clear idea.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ, ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
10:20
He would try to figure out
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
10:22
what the quantum wave function of this huge number of atoms looked like.
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ืื™ืš ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช
ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื ื™ืจืื™ืช.
ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื– ื–ื”
10:27
He would try to visualize it,
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10:28
guided by a small number of simple principles.
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ืžื•ื ื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
10:31
The small number of simple principles were very, very simple.
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ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
10:34
The first one was that when helium atoms touch each other,
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ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”
ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื ื’ืขื• ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™, ื”ื ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™.
10:38
they repel.
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10:39
The implication of that is that the wave function has to go to zero,
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื’ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืืคืก,
ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืขืœื ืžืชื™ ืฉืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื ื’ืขื• ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™.
10:43
it has to vanish when the helium atoms touch each other.
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื”
10:46
The other fact is that in the ground state --
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ืฉื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“, ื‘ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:48
the lowest energy state of a quantum system --
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ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืœ ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื” --
10:51
the wave function is always very smooth;
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10:54
it has the minimum number of wiggles.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช.
10:56
So he sat down --
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื‘ --
10:58
and I imagine he had nothing more
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:00
than a simple piece of paper and a pencil --
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ืžืืฉืจ ืคื™ืกื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ืขืคืจื•ืŸ --
11:02
and he tried to write down, and did write down,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘, ื•ืื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘,
ืืช ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”
11:05
the simplest function that he could think of,
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11:07
which had the boundary conditions
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ื•ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ืืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ืฉืคื”
11:09
that the wave function vanish when things touch
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ื›ืš ืฉืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืœ ืชื™ืขืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื’ืขื•
11:11
and is smooth in between.
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ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ.
ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
11:14
He wrote down a simple thing -- so simple, in fact,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”,
11:17
that I suspect a really smart high-school student
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ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืคื™ืงื—,
ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืœืžื“ ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืคื™ื ื™ื˜ืกื™ืžืœื™,
11:20
who didn't even have calculus
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11:21
could understand what he wrote down.
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ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘.
11:24
The thing was, that simple thing that he wrote down
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘
11:27
explained everything that was known at the time about liquid helium,
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืš ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™
ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
11:31
and then some.
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11:32
I've always wondered whether the professionals --
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ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื”ื™ืชื™
ื”ืื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื™ื, ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื•ื,
11:35
the real professional helium physicists --
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11:37
were just a little bit embarrassed by this.
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ื”ื™ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื•ื‘ื›ื™ื ืงืžืขื” ืžื›ืœ ื–ื”.
11:40
They had their super-powerful technique,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจ-ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื•ืช,
ื•ื”ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื›ืžื•ื”ื•.
11:43
and they couldn't do as well.
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11:44
Incidentally, I'll tell you what that super-powerful technique was.
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ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืื ื™ ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืกื•ืคืจ-ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื”.
ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžืช ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ.
11:49
It was the technique of Feynman diagrams.
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11:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:53
He did it again in 1968.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1968.
11:56
In 1968, in my own university -- I wasn't there at the time --
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ื‘ 1968, ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื™ --
ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” -- ืื‘ืœ ื‘ 1968,
12:01
they were exploring the structure of the proton.
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ื”ื ื—ืงืจื• ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืŸ.
12:04
The proton is obviously made of a whole bunch of little particles;
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ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื‘ื ื•ื™
ืžืžืกืคืจ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื.
12:08
this was more or less known.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข.
12:10
And the way to analyze it was, of course, Feynman diagrams.
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื ืชื— ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžื•ืช ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ.
ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืฉืžื” ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžื•ืช ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื ื™ื‘ื ื• --
12:14
That's what Feynman diagrams were constructed for --
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12:16
to understand particles.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.
12:18
The experiments that were going on were very simple:
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ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื”ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
ืืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื•ืงื— ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืŸ,
12:21
you simply take the proton,
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12:22
and you hit it really sharply with an electron.
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ื•ืืชื” ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื• ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื•ืช ืขื ืืœื˜ืจื•ืŸ.
ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื ื•ืขื“ื• ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžื•ืช ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ.
12:25
This was the thing the Feynman diagrams were for.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื”
12:28
The only problem was that Feynman diagrams are complicated.
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ืฉื“ื™ืื’ืจืžื•ืช ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืŸ ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื•ืช.
ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืœื™ื ืงืฉื™ื.
12:32
They're difficult integrals.
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12:33
If you could do all of them, you would have a very precise theory,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืš ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช.
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช, ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื•ืช ืžื“ื™.
12:37
but you couldn't -- they were just too complicated.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ.
12:40
People were trying to do them.
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ื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ืœืื” ืื—ืช. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืื’ื” ืขืœ ืœื•ืœืื” ืื—ืช.
12:42
You could do a one-loop diagram. Don't worry about one loop.
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ืœื•ืœืื” ืื—ืช, ืฉืชื™ ืœื•ืœืื•ืช -- ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืœื•ืœืื•ืช,
12:45
One loop, two loops -- maybe you could do a three-loop diagram,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ.
12:48
but beyond that, you couldn't do anything.
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ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ืืžืจ, "ืชืฉื›ื—ื• ืžื›ืœ ื–ื”.
12:50
Feynman said, "Forget all of that.
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12:51
Just think of the proton
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืŸ
12:53
as an assemblage, a swarm, of little particles."
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ื›ืฆื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื --
ื ื—ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื."
12:57
He called them "partons."
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ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื”ื ืคืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื”ื ืคืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื.
12:59
He said, "Just think of it as a swarm of partons moving real fast."
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื ื—ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืคืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื
ืฉื ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”."
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื ืขื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
13:05
Because they're moving real fast,
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13:08
relativity says the internal motions go very slow.
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ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืื™ื˜ื™ืช.
ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื”ื ืคืชืื•ื.
13:13
The electron hits it suddenly --
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13:14
it's like taking a very sudden snapshot of the proton.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœืงื—ืช ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื—ื˜ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืŸ.
ืžื” ืืชื” ืจื•ืื”?
13:19
What do you see?
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ืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื•ืงืคืืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืคืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื.
13:20
You see a frozen bunch of partons.
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13:24
They don't move,
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ื”ื ืœื ื–ื–ื™ื, ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื–ื–ื™ื
13:25
and because they don't move during the course of the experiment,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™,
13:28
you don't have to worry about how they're moving.
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ืืชื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืขืช ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื ื–ื–ื™ื.
ืืชื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
13:31
You don't have to worry about the forces between them.
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ืืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”
13:33
You just get to think of it as a population of frozen partons."
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ื›ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
ืฉืœ ืคืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืคื•ืื™ื.
13:39
This was the key to analyzing these experiments.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืชื— ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
ืžืื•ื“ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” --
13:43
Extremely effective.
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืžืจ ืฉืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื™ืœื” ืœื ืžืชืื™ืžื”.
13:46
Somebody said the word "revolution" is a bad word.
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื– ืœื ืื’ื™ื“ ืžื”ืคื›ื” --
13:48
I suppose it is, so I won't say "revolution,"
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13:50
but it certainly evolved very, very deeply our understanding of the proton,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืคื™ืชื—ื” ื•ื”ืขืžื™ืงื” ืžืื•ื“
ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื,
13:56
and of particles beyond that.
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ื•ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
13:58
Well, I had some more that I was going to tell you
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื
ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื™ ืขื ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ,
14:01
about my connection with Feynman,
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14:02
what he was like,
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ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื”,
14:04
but I see I have exactly half a minute.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื—ืฆื™ ื“ืงื”.
14:06
So I think I'll just finish up by saying:
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืกื™ื™ื
ื•ืื’ื™ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืžืื•ืจืข ื–ื”.
14:10
I actually don't think Feynman would have liked this event.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ,
14:13
I think he would have said, "I don't need this."
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"ืื ื™ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืืช ื–ื”."
14:18
But ...
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ?
14:19
(Laughter)
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14:20
How should we honor Feynman?
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14:21
How should we really honor Feynman?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ?
14:23
I think the answer is we should honor Feynman
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ
14:26
by getting as much baloney out of our own sandwiches
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื ืคื™ืง ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื ืงืŸ
ืžื”ืกื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืฆ'ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.
14:30
as we can.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
14:32
Thank you.
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14:33
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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