Rajesh Rao: Computing a Rosetta Stone for the Indus script

1,213,084 views ใƒป 2011-06-28

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Young-ho Park ๊ฒ€ํ† : JY Kang
00:15
I'd like to begin with a thought experiment.
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์ œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์— ์•ž์„œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
00:19
Imagine that it's 4,000 years into the future.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์ด 4000๋…„ ์ดํ›„์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
Civilization as we know it
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์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์€ ์ด๋ฏธ
00:24
has ceased to exist --
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๋” ์ด์ƒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
no books,
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์ฑ…, ์ „์ž์ œํ’ˆ,
00:28
no electronic devices,
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ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
00:31
no Facebook or Twitter.
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ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
All knowledge of the English language and the English alphabet
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์˜์–ด์™€ ์˜์–ด ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
00:37
has been lost.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€์‹๋„ ์—†์–ด์กŒ์ง€์š”.
00:39
Now imagine archeologists
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ํํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ์–ด๋–ค ๋„์‹œ์˜
00:41
digging through the rubble of one of our cities.
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์ž”ํ•ด๋ฅผ ํŒŒํ—ค์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
00:43
What might they find?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
00:45
Well perhaps some rectangular pieces of plastic
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ด์ƒํ•œ ํ˜•์ƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” 4๊ฐํ˜• ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ
00:48
with strange symbols on them.
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์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
00:51
Perhaps some circular pieces of metal.
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๋‘ฅ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ธˆ์† ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜์˜ฌ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ฃ .
00:54
Maybe some cylindrical containers
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ํ˜•์ƒ์ด ์ ํžŒ ์›ํ†ตํ˜• ์šฉ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„
00:56
with some symbols on them.
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ํŒŒ๋‚ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
And perhaps one archeologist becomes an instant celebrity
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋˜์ค‘ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์— ์žˆ๋Š”
01:01
when she discovers --
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์–ด๋–ค ์–ธ๋•์— ํŒŒ๋ฌปํ˜€ ์žˆ๋Š”
01:03
buried in the hills somewhere in North America --
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์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์—ฌ
01:05
massive versions of these same symbols.
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ์•„์นจ์— ์œ ๋ช…์ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ ๋Ÿฐ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
Now let's ask ourselves,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ ๋ฌผ์€
01:12
what could such artifacts say about us
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4000๋…„ ์ดํ›„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
01:15
to people 4,000 years into the future?
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์–ด๋–ค ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด ์ค„๊นŒ์š”?
01:18
This is no hypothetical question.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
In fact, this is exactly the kind of question we're faced with
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4000๋…„ ์ „์— ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ธ๋”์Šค ๊ณ„๊ณก์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์„
01:23
when we try to understand the Indus Valley civilization,
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์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ• ๋•Œ ์ €ํฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌป๋Š”
01:26
which existed 4,000 years ago.
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์ง€์š”.
01:28
The Indus civilization was roughly contemporaneous
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์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฌธ๋ช…์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ ๋˜๋Š”
01:31
with the much better known Egyptian and the Mesopotamian civilizations,
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๋ฉ”์†Œํฌํƒ€๋ฏธ์•„ ๋ฌธ๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:34
but it was actually much larger than either of these two civilizations.
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๊ทธ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํฐ ์ง€์—ญ์— ํผ์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
It occupied the area
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์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฌธ๋ช…์€
01:39
of approximately one million square kilometers,
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์•ฝ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ํ‰๋ฐฉ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฉด์ ์— ํผ์ ธ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:41
covering what is now Pakistan,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„, ๋ถ์„œ ์ธ๋„,
01:43
Northwestern India
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„๊ณผ
01:45
and parts of Afghanistan and Iran.
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์ด๋ž€์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
Given that it was such a vast civilization,
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์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฌธ๋ช…์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํฐ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๊ตฐ๋ฆผํ–ˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
01:49
you might expect to find really powerful rulers, kings,
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๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํ†ต์น˜์ž๋‚˜ ์™•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์ ,
01:53
and huge monuments glorifying these powerful kings.
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๋˜๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์„ ์ฐฌ์–‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋…๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์„๋งŒ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
01:56
In fact,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
01:58
what archeologists have found is none of that.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
They've found small objects such as these.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด์™€๊ฐ™์€ ์ž‘์€ ์œ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
02:03
Here's an example of one of these objects.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ผ๋ก€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
Well obviously this is a replica.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด๊ฑด ๋ณต์ œํ’ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
But who is this person?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๊ฑด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:11
A king? A god?
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์™•์ผ๊นŒ์š”? ์‹ ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:13
A priest?
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์„ฑ์ง์ž์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:15
Or perhaps an ordinary person
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด๋‚˜ ์ €์™€ ๊ฐ™์€
02:17
like you or me?
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๋ณดํ†ต ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:19
We don't know.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‹ต์„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
But the Indus people also left behind artifacts with writing on them.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ธ๋”์Šค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ธ€์ž๊ฐ€ ์ ํžŒ ์œ ๋ฌผ๋„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ์ค‘์—๋Š”
02:24
Well no, not pieces of plastic,
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ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ์กฐ๊ฐ์€ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
02:26
but stone seals, copper tablets,
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๋Œ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ธ์žฅ, ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ช…ํŒ,
02:29
pottery and, surprisingly,
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๋„์ž๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„
02:31
one large sign board,
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์–ด๋–ค ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋ฌธ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—
02:33
which was found buried near the gate of a city.
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ํŒŒ๋ฌปํ˜”๋˜ ๊ฒŒ์‹œํŒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
Now we don't know if it says Hollywood,
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ํ—๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋“œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์“ด ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋˜๋Š”
02:37
or even Bollywood for that matter.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋“œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์“ด๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
In fact, we don't even know
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ ๋ฌผ์—
02:41
what any of these objects say,
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ ํ˜€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
and that's because the Indus script is undeciphered.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง ์ธ๋”์Šค ๊ธ€์ž๋ฅผ ๋ชป ์ฝ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
02:46
We don't know what any of these symbols mean.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜•์ƒ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
The symbols are most commonly found on seals.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜•์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ธ์žฅ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํžˆ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
02:51
So you see up there one such object.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
It's the square object with the unicorn-like animal on it.
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์œ ๋‹ˆ์ฝ˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์ง„ 4๊ฐํ˜•์˜ ์ธ์žฅ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
02:56
Now that's a magnificent piece of art.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ํ’ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
So how big do you think that is?
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์‹ค์ œ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์œผ์„ธ์š”?
03:00
Perhaps that big?
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์ด ์ •๋„ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
03:02
Or maybe that big?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ด์ •๋„?
03:04
Well let me show you.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
03:07
Here's a replica of one such seal.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ธ์žฅ์˜ ๋ณต์ œํ’ˆ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
03:10
It's only about one inch by one inch in size --
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๊ฐ€๋กœ 1์ธ์น˜ ์„ธ๋กœ 1์ธ์น˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
pretty tiny.
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๊ฝค ์ž‘์ฃ .
03:14
So what were these used for?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์šฉ๋„๋กœ ์“ฐ์˜€์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:16
We know that these were used for stamping clay tags
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์ด ์šด์†ก๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์— ๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ์ง„ํ™ ํƒœ๊ทธ์—
03:19
that were attached to bundles of goods that were sent from one place to the other.
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์ธ์žฅ์„ ์ฐ๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
So you know those packing slips you get on your FedEx boxes?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ํŽ˜๋ฑ์Šค ๋ฐ•์Šค์— ๋ถ™ํ˜€์ง„ ์šด์†ก์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์‹ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์œผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
03:25
These were used to make those kinds of packing slips.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์šด์†ก์žฅ ํ‘œ์‹์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
03:28
You might wonder what these objects contain
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์ด ์ ํ˜€์ ธ
03:31
in terms of their text.
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์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
Perhaps they're the name of the sender
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์ธ์ง€
03:35
or some information about the goods
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๋˜๋Š” ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ •๋ณด์ธ์ง€
03:37
that are being sent from one place to the other -- we don't know.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
We need to decipher the script to answer that question.
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๊ทธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ์•Œ๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๊ธ€์„ ํ•ด๋…ํ•  ์ค„ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ์ฃ .
03:42
Deciphering the script
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๊ทธ ๊ธ€์„ ํ•ด๋…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
03:44
is not just an intellectual puzzle;
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๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ง€์ ์ธ ํผ์ฆ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
03:46
it's actually become a question
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๋‚จ ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ์ •์น˜์™€
03:48
that's become deeply intertwined
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๋ฌธํ™”์  ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€
03:50
with the politics and the cultural history of South Asia.
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๊นŠ์ด ์ƒํ˜ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
In fact, the script has become a battleground of sorts
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ ๊ธ€์€ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜
03:56
between three different groups of people.
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ „์Ÿํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
First, there's a group of people
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
04:00
who are very passionate in their belief
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์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฌธ์ž๋Š”
04:02
that the Indus script
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ 
04:04
does not represent a language at all.
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์—ด์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:06
These people believe that the symbols
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๊ทธ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ตํ†ตํ‘œ์ง€ํŒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ณผ์ด๋‚˜
04:08
are very similar to the kind of symbols you find on traffic signs
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๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํŒจ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ‘œ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ
04:11
or the emblems you find on shields.
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๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:14
There's a second group of people
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
04:16
who believe that the Indus script represents an Indo-European language.
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์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฌธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋„์œ ๋Ÿฝ์–ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
If you look at a map of India today,
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ธ๋„์˜ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
04:21
you'll see that most of the languages spoken in North India
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๋ถ๋ถ€ ์ธ๋„์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์ธ๋„์œ ๋Ÿฝ์–ด์—
04:24
belong to the Indo-European language family.
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์†ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
So some people believe that the Indus script
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์ฆ‰, ์ธ๋”์Šค์–ด๋Š” ์‚ฐ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์–ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€
04:29
represents an ancient Indo-European language such as Sanskrit.
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๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ์ธ๋„์œ ๋Ÿฝ์–ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:32
There's a last group of people
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
04:34
who believe that the Indus people
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์ธ๋”์Šค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‚จ ์ธ๋„์— ์‚ฌ๋Š”
04:37
were the ancestors of people living in South India today.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
These people believe that the Indus script
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฌธ์ž๋Š”
04:42
represents an ancient form
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์ธ๋„์—์„œ
04:44
of the Dravidian language family,
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๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
04:46
which is the language family spoken in much of South India today.
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๋“œ๋ผ๋น„๋””์•ˆ ์–ธ์–ด๊ณ„์˜ ๊ณ ๋Œ€์–ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
And the proponents of this theory
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์ด ์„ค์˜ ์˜นํ˜ธ์ž๋“ค์€
04:51
point to that small pocket of Dravidian-speaking people in the North,
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์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ธ๋„ ๋ถ๋ถ€์˜
04:54
actually near Afghanistan,
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ํ•œ ์ž‘์€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋“œ๋ผ๋น„๋””์•ˆ์–ด๋ฅผ
04:56
and they say that perhaps, sometime in the past,
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„์ถ”์–ด ๋ณด์•„
04:59
Dravidian languages were spoken all over India
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ํ•œ๋•Œ ์ธ๋„ ์ „์ฒด์— ๊ฑธ์ณ
05:02
and that this suggests
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๋“œ๋ผ๋น„๋””์•ˆ์–ด๊ฐ€
05:04
that the Indus civilization is perhaps also Dravidian.
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์‚ฌ์šฉ๋์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
Which of these hypotheses can be true?
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์ด๋“ค 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€์„ค ์ค‘์— ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งž์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:10
We don't know, but perhaps if you deciphered the script,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง ๊ทธ ๋‹ต์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ
05:12
you would be able to answer this question.
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ํ•ด๋…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋‹ต์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:14
But deciphering the script is a very challenging task.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
First, there's no Rosetta Stone.
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๋ถˆํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ๋กœ์ œํƒ€ ์Šคํ†ค์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
I don't mean the software;
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๋กœ์ œํ„ฐ ์Šคํ†ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์Šต ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ
05:20
I mean an ancient artifact
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๋งํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ , ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด
05:22
that contains in the same text
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์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ง๋กœ ์œ„์•„๋ž˜๋กœ
05:24
both a known text and an unknown text.
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์ ํ˜€์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์˜ ๋น„์„์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
We don't have such an artifact for the Indus script.
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์ธ๋”์Šค ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฝํŠธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์œ ๋ฌผ์ด ์—†์ง€์š”.
05:30
And furthermore, we don't even know what language they spoke.
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๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:33
And to make matters even worse,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ค์ƒ๊ฐ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ
05:35
most of the text that we have are extremely short.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์”Œ์—ฌ์ง„ ๋ฌธ์žฅ๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์งง์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
So as I showed you, they're usually found on these seals
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ฌธ์ž๋“ค์€ ์•„๊นŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘์€ ์ธ์žฅ์—์„œ
05:39
that are very, very tiny.
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์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
And so given these formidable obstacles,
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์ด์™€๊ฐ™์€ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ์ฐธ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ณผ๋•Œ
05:43
one might wonder and worry
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์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
05:45
whether one will ever be able to decipher the Indus script.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ƒ๊ณ  ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ๊ณ„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:48
In the rest of my talk,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ
05:50
I'd like to tell you about how I learned to stop worrying
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑฑ์ •์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ธ๋”์Šค ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฝํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์—
05:52
and love the challenge posed by the Indus script.
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๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ๋„์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€์š”.
05:54
I've always been fascinated by the Indus script
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์ €๋Š” ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์—์„œ ์ธ๋”์Šค ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฝํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
05:57
ever since I read about it in a middle school textbook.
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๋ฐฐ์šด ํ›„ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ธ๋”์Šค์–ด์— ๋งคํ˜น๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
And why was I fascinated?
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฌธ์ž๋Š”
06:01
Well it's the last major undeciphered script in the ancient world.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ํ•ด๋…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธ๋ช… ๋ฌธ์ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
06:05
My career path led me to become a computational neuroscientist,
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๊ทธ ํ›„ ์ €๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์„œ
06:08
so in my day job,
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๋‘๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
06:10
I create computer models of the brain
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์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ,
06:12
to try to understand how the brain makes predictions,
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๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
06:15
how the brain makes decisions,
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๋‘๋‡Œ์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„
06:17
how the brain learns and so on.
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๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
But in 2007, my path crossed again with the Indus script.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ 2007๋…„์— ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋„์—
06:22
That's when I was in India,
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์žˆ์—ˆ์„๋•Œ ๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„
06:24
and I had the wonderful opportunity
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
06:26
to meet with some Indian scientists
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์ธ๋”์Šค ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฝํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
06:28
who were using computer models to try to analyze the script.
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์ธ๋„ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ช‡๋ช… ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
And so it was then that I realized
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๊ทธ๋•Œ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋“ค ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ
06:33
there was an opportunity for me to collaborate with these scientists,
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ณ 
06:36
and so I jumped at that opportunity.
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์ฆ‰์‹œ๋กœ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋„์ „ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
And I'd like to describe some of the results that we have found.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ €ํฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€์š”.
06:40
Or better yet, let's all collectively decipher.
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์•„- ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•ด๋…ํ•ด ๋ณด์ฃ .
06:43
Are you ready?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
06:45
The first thing that you need to do when you have an undeciphered script
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๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ ํ•ด๋…ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ œ์ผ ๋จผ์ € ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด
06:48
is try to figure out the direction of writing.
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์จ์กŒ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:50
Here are two texts that contain some symbols on them.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํ˜•์ƒ์ด ๋ช‡๊ฐœ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ 2๊ฐœ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
Can you tell me
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์ด ๊ธ€์ด ์™ผ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์—ฌ์กŒ๋Š”์ง€
06:55
if the direction of writing is right to left or left to right?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์“ฐ์—ฌ์กŒ๋Š”์ง€ ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
06:58
I'll give you a couple of seconds.
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์ž ์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•ด ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
07:01
Okay. Right to left, how many? Okay.
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์™ผ์ชฝ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„์€?
07:04
Okay. Left to right?
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์™„์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์€?
07:06
Oh, it's almost 50/50. Okay.
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ํ ..๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋„ ์ด์‹œ๊ตฐ์š”.
07:08
The answer is:
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋‹ต์„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€์š”.
07:10
if you look at the left-hand side of the two texts,
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์ด ๋‘ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์™ผ์ชฝ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
07:12
you'll notice that there's a cramping of signs,
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๋น„์ข๊ฒŒ ์ ํžŒ ๊ธ€์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ ํ˜€์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
07:15
and it seems like 4,000 years ago,
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์•„๋งˆ 4000๋…„ ์ „์— ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์—์„œ
07:17
when the scribe was writing from right to left,
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์™ผ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ๊ธ€์ž๋ฅผ
07:19
they ran out of space.
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์“ธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์ž๋ž๋˜ ๋ชจ์–‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
And so they had to cram the sign.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ ๊ธ€์ž๋ฅผ ๋น„์ข๊ฒŒ ์ผ์ง€์š”.
07:23
One of the signs is also below the text on the top.
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์ธ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ธ€์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ‘์— ์ ํ˜€์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
07:25
This suggests the direction of writing
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ธ€ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์—์„œ
07:27
was probably from right to left,
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์™ผ์ชฝ์ด๋ผ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์•”์‹œํ•ด ์ฃผ์ง€์š”.
07:29
and so that's one of the first things we know,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธ์–ด์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
07:31
that directionality is a very key aspect of linguistic scripts.
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๊ทธ ๊ธ€์„ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ
07:34
And the Indus script now has
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์ธ๋”์Šค์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฝ๋Š”
07:36
this particular property.
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๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
What other properties of language does the script show?
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์ธ๋”์Šค์–ด์—๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:40
Languages contain patterns.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์–ธ์–ด์—๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
07:42
If I give you the letter Q
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค๋ฉด, ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด์—์„œ "Q"์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜จ
07:44
and ask you to predict the next letter, what do you think that would be?
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๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:47
Most of you said U, which is right.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ "U"๋ผ๊ณ  ์ถ”์ธกํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
Now if I asked you to predict one more letter,
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์ด์ œ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋” ์ถ”์ธกํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด
07:51
what do you think that would be?
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅด์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
07:53
Now there's several thoughts. There's E. It could be I. It could be A,
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"E", "I", ๋˜๋Š” "A" ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”
07:56
but certainly not B, C or D, right?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ "B"๋‚˜ "C" ๋˜๋Š” "D"๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
07:59
The Indus script also exhibits similar kinds of patterns.
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์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฌธ์ž๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
There's a lot of text that start with this diamond-shaped symbol.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค๋ฉด, ๋งŽ์€ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
08:05
And this in turn tends to be followed
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋”ฐ์˜ดํ‘œ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ
08:07
by this quotation marks-like symbol.
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ํ˜•์ƒ์ด ๋’ค๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
And this is very similar to a Q and U example.
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์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋˜ "Q" ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ "U"์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ฃ .
08:11
This symbol can in turn be followed
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ,
08:13
by these fish-like symbols and some other signs,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”๋ฐ
08:16
but never by these other signs at the bottom.
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์ œ์ผ ๋ฐ‘์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
And furthermore, there's some signs
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๋˜ํ•œ, ํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ ๋˜๋Š”
08:20
that really prefer the end of texts,
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์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ
08:22
such as this jar-shaped sign,
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ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๋์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
and this sign, in fact, happens to be
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฌธ์ž์—์„œ
08:26
the most frequently occurring sign in the script.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž์ฃผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ˜•์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
Given such patterns, here was our idea.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์€ ํ›„
08:31
The idea was to use a computer
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
08:33
to learn these patterns,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ
08:35
and so we gave the computer the existing texts.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ž…๋ ฅ์‹œ์ผฐ์ง€์š”.
08:38
And the computer learned a statistical model
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ ,
08:40
of which symbols tend to occur together
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์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•์ƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•์ƒ์— ๋’ค๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
08:42
and which symbols tend to follow each other.
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ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
08:44
Given the computer model,
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋งํ•ด์„œ, ์ผ๋‹จ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด
08:46
we can test the model by essentially quizzing it.
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๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ ธ์„œ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
So we could deliberately erase some symbols,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์ผ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ๋ช‡๊ฐœ ์ง€์šฐ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•์ƒ์ด
08:51
and we can ask it to predict the missing symbols.
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๋น ์กŒ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„ ๋งž์ถฐ๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:54
Here are some examples.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
09:00
You may regard this
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งˆ์น˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ
09:02
as perhaps the most ancient game
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ 'ํ–‰์šด์˜ ๋บ‘๋บ‘์ด'๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
09:04
of Wheel of Fortune.
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๋…ธ๋Š”๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ฃ .
09:08
What we found
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
09:10
was that the computer was successful in 75 percent of the cases
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ 75%์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์˜ณ์€ ํ˜•์ƒ์„
09:12
in predicting the correct symbol.
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์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
In the rest of the cases,
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€์˜ 25%์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”
09:16
typically the second best guess or third best guess was the right answer.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ถ”์ธก์—์„œ ์ •๋‹ต์ด ๋‚˜์™”์ฃ .
09:19
There's also practical use
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์ €ํฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ํŠนํžˆ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ• ๋•Œ
09:21
for this particular procedure.
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์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
There's a lot of these texts that are damaged.
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์ด๋“ค ์œ ๋ฌผ์—๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์†์ƒ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
09:25
Here's an example of one such text.
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๋งŽ์ด์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์€ ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
And we can use the computer model now to try to complete this text
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธ€์ž๊ฐ€ ๋น ์กŒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด
09:30
and make a best guess prediction.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:32
Here's an example of a symbol that was predicted.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ธกํ•œ ํ˜•์ƒ์˜ ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
And this could be really useful as we try to decipher the script
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
09:37
by generating more data that we can analyze.
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๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
09:40
Now here's one other thing you can do with the computer model.
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๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
So imagine a monkey
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์›์ˆญ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ‚ค๋ณด๋“œ ์•ž์—์„œ
09:45
sitting at a keyboard.
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ํƒ€์ž์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
09:47
I think you might get a random jumble of letters that looks like this.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์›์ˆญ์ด์˜ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„์ ์ธ ํƒ€์ดํ•‘์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒ ์ฃ .
09:50
Such a random jumble of letters
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์ด์™€๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ์„ž์—ฌ์ง„ ๊ธ€์ž๋“ค์€
09:52
is said to have a very high entropy.
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์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
This is a physics and information theory term.
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์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ •๋ณด์ด๋ก ์˜ ์šฉ์–ด์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
09:56
But just imagine it's a really random jumble of letters.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ž„์˜๋กœ ๋’ค์„ž์ธ ๊ธ€์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:59
How many of you have ever spilled coffee on a keyboard?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ค‘์— ํ‚ค๋ณด๋“œ์— ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์Ÿ์•„๋ณด์‹  ๋ถ„์ด ๊ณ„์„ธ์š”?
10:03
You might have encountered the stuck-key problem --
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ํ‚ค๋ณด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธ€์ž๊ฐ€
10:05
so basically the same symbol being repeated over and over again.
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๊ณ„์† ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
10:08
This kind of a sequence is said to have a very low entropy
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์—๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
10:11
because there's no variation at all.
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์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
Language, on the other hand, has an intermediate level of entropy;
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์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ •๋„์˜ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
it's neither too rigid,
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์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ 
10:18
nor is it too random.
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์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
10:20
What about the Indus script?
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์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฌธ์ž๋Š” ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
10:22
Here's a graph that plots the entropies of a whole bunch of sequences.
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:26
At the very top you find the uniformly random sequence,
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์ œ์ผ ์œ—์ชฝ์€ ๊ท ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž„์˜๋กœ
10:28
which is a random jumble of letters --
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๋ฐฐ์—ด๋œ ๊ธ€์ž๋“ค์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ
10:30
and interestingly, we also find
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ํฅ๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์˜
10:32
the DNA sequence from the human genome and instrumental music.
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DNA ๋ฐฐ์—ด๊ณผ ์•…๊ธฐ ์Œ์•…๋„ ์ด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€์š”.
10:35
And both of these are very, very flexible,
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์ด ๋ฐฐ์—ด๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ ์ถ•์„ฑ์žˆ๊ฒŒ
10:37
which is why you find them in the very high range.
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๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
At the lower end of the scale,
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ํ•œํŽธ, ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ณ€ํ•จ์—†์ด
10:41
you find a rigid sequence, a sequence of all A's,
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๋ชจ๋‘ "A"๋กœ๋งŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์ด๋‚˜
10:43
and you also find a computer program,
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์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”
10:45
in this case in the language Fortran,
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ํฌํŠธ๋ž€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€
10:47
which obeys really strict rules.
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์•„๋žซ์ชฝ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
10:49
Linguistic scripts
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์–ธ์–ด ๋ฌธ์ž๋Š”
10:51
occupy the middle range.
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์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
Now what about the Indus script?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฌธ์ž๋Š” ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
10:55
We found that the Indus script
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฌธ์ž๊ฐ€
10:57
actually falls within the range of the linguistic scripts.
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์–ธ์–ด ๋ฌธ์ž์˜ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
When this result was first published,
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์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ์„๋•Œ
11:01
it was highly controversial.
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ํฐ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์—ฌ๋ก ์ด ๋‚˜์™”์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
11:04
There were people who raised a hue and cry,
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์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฌธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ 
11:07
and these people were the ones who believed
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ ํ•จ์„ ์ง€๋ฅด๋ฉฐ
11:09
that the Indus script does not represent language.
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ํฐ ์†Œ๋™์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
I even started to get some hate mail.
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์ €๋Š” ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ํ•ญ์˜๋ฉ”์ผ๋„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์ฃ .
11:14
My students said
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์ œ ์ œ์ž๋“ค์€
11:16
that I should really seriously consider getting some protection.
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์ œ ์‹ ๋ณ€๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์‹ ์ค‘ํžˆ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:19
Who'd have thought
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๊ณ ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด
11:21
that deciphering could be a dangerous profession?
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์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ง์—…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ํ–ˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
11:23
What does this result really show?
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์ด ๋„ํ‘œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋งํ•ด ์ค„๊นŒ์š”?
11:25
It shows that the Indus script
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฌธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์–ด์˜
11:27
shares an important property of language.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:29
So, as the old saying goes,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ์˜›๋ง์—๋„ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด
11:31
if it looks like a linguistic script
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ธ์–ด ๋ฌธ์ž ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด์ด๊ณ ,
11:33
and it acts like a linguistic script,
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์–ธ์–ด ๋ฌธ์ž ๊ฐ™์ด ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
11:35
then perhaps we may have a linguistic script on our hands.
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ์–ธ์–ด ๋ฌธ์ž์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์ง€์š”.
11:38
What other evidence is there
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์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฌธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ ์„ ์ˆ˜
11:40
that the script could actually encode language?
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์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
11:42
Well linguistic scripts can actually encode multiple languages.
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์–ธ์–ด ๋ฌธ์ž๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐœ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
11:45
So for example, here's the same sentence written in English
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋˜‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
11:48
and the same sentence written in Dutch
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๋˜‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์˜์–ด์™€
11:50
using the same letters of the alphabet.
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ํ™€๋žœ๋“œ์–ด๋กœ ์ ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
If you don't know Dutch and you only know English
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์˜์–ด๋งŒ ์•Œ๊ณ  ํ™€๋žœ๋“œ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ
11:55
and I give you some words in Dutch,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ™€๋žœ๋“œ์–ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ช‡๊ฐœ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด
11:57
you'll tell me that these words contain
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ด์ƒํ•œ
11:59
some very unusual patterns.
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ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
12:01
Some things are not right,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ด์ƒํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉฐ
12:03
and you'll say these words are probably not English words.
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์•„๋งˆ ์˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
12:06
The same thing happens in the case of the Indus script.
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์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฌธ์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ๋˜‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:08
The computer found several texts --
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฌธ์ž์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด
12:10
two of them are shown here --
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๋งค์šฐ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„
12:12
that have very unusual patterns.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
So for example the first text:
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์ฒซ ๋ฌธ์ž์—๋Š” ํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ
12:16
there's a doubling of this jar-shaped sign.
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๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ˜•์ƒ์ด ๋‘๋ฒˆ ์—ฐ๋‹ฌ์•„ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
12:19
This sign is the most frequently-occurring sign
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์ด ํ˜•์ƒ์€ ์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฌธ์ž์—์„œ
12:21
in the Indus script,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜•์ƒ์ธ๋ฐ
12:23
and it's only in this text
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์ด ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ๋งŒ
12:25
that it occurs as a doubling pair.
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๋‘๋ฒˆ ์—ฐ๋‹ฌ์•„ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:27
Why is that the case?
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
12:29
We went back and looked at where these particular texts were found,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ž๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋””์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋๋Š”์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
12:32
and it turns out that they were found
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ์•„์ฃผ
12:34
very, very far away from the Indus Valley.
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๋จผ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:36
They were found in present day Iraq and Iran.
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ด๋ผํฌ์™€ ์ด๋ž€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
12:39
And why were they found there?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์™œ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
12:41
What I haven't told you is that
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ
12:43
the Indus people were very, very enterprising.
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์ธ๋”์Šค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
12:45
They used to trade with people pretty far away from where they lived,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋จผ ๋‚ฎ์„ ๊ณณ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์žฅ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:48
and so in this case, they were traveling by sea
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜
12:51
all the way to Mesopotamia, present-day Iraq.
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์ด๋ผํฌ์ธ ๋ฉ”์†Œํฌํƒ€๋ฏธ์•„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ”์ง€์š”.
12:54
And what seems to have happened here
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์ €ํฌ๋“ค์€ ์ธ๋”์Šค ์ƒ์ธ๋“ค์ด
12:56
is that the Indus traders, the merchants,
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์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
12:59
were using this script to write a foreign language.
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์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:02
It's just like our English and Dutch example.
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๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ ํ™€๋žœ๋“œ ๋‹จ์–ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:04
And that would explain why we have these strange patterns
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์•„๋งˆ ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์ด
13:06
that are very different from the kinds of patterns you see in the text
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์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ
13:09
that are found within the Indus Valley.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:12
This suggests that the same script, the Indus script,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฌธ์ž๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์„
13:14
could be used to write different languages.
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์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•”์‹œํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
The results we have so far seem to point to the conclusion
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ €ํฌ๋“ค์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
13:20
that the Indus script probably does represent language.
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์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฌธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์–ด์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:23
If it does represent language,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ธ์–ด๋ผ๋ฉด
13:25
then how do we read the symbols?
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๊ทธ ํ˜•์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฝ์–ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
13:27
That's our next big challenge.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ์€ ๊ณผ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:29
So you'll notice that many of the symbols
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ธ๋”์Šค์–ด์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ํ˜•์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ๊ณค์ถฉ,
13:31
look like pictures of humans, of insects,
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๊ณ 
13:33
of fishes, of birds.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:36
Most ancient scripts
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธ์ž๋Š”
13:38
use the rebus principle,
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๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ
13:40
which is, using pictures to represent words.
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๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” '๋ฆฌ๋ถ€์Šค' ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
13:43
So as an example, here's a word.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:46
Can you write it using pictures?
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๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
13:48
I'll give you a couple seconds.
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์ž ์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
13:50
Got it?
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๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
13:52
Okay. Great.
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์ข‹์•„์š”.
13:54
Here's my solution.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:56
You could use the picture of a bee followed by a picture of a leaf --
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์šฐ์„  ๊ฟ€๋ฒŒ(bee) ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์˜†์— ์žŽ(leaf)๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด
13:58
and that's "belief," right.
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"belief" ๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
14:00
There could be other solutions.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:02
In the case of the Indus script,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฌธ์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
14:04
the problem is the reverse.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:06
You have to figure out the sounds of each of these pictures
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์ฆ‰, ์ด๋“ค ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ
14:09
such that the entire sequence makes sense.
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๊ทธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๋“ค์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
14:11
So this is just like a crossword puzzle,
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์ด ํผ์ฆ์„ ํ’€๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋Œ“๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
14:14
except that this is the mother of all crossword puzzles
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งˆ์น˜ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฑฐ์ฐฝํ•œ
14:17
because the stakes are so high if you solve it.
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ํฌ๋กœ์Šค์›Œ๋“œ ํผ์ฆ์„ ํ‘ธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:21
My colleagues, Iravatham Mahadevan and Asko Parpola,
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์ €์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ์ธ ์ด๋ผ๋ฐ”ํƒ ๋งˆํ•˜์—๋ฐ˜๊ณผ ์•„์Šค์ฝ” ํŒŒํด๋ผ๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ
14:24
have been making some headway on this particular problem.
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:26
And I'd like to give you a quick example of Parpola's work.
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ํŒŒํด๋ผ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์˜ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ผ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€์š”.
14:28
Here's a really short text.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์•„์ฃผ ์งง์€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
14:30
It contains seven vertical strokes followed by this fish-like sign.
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์ผ๊ณฑ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง์„ ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์˜†์— ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜•์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
14:33
And I want to mention that these seals were used
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ์ธ์žฅ๋“ค์€ ์šด์†ก๋˜๋Š” ์ง๊พธ๋ฆฌ์—
14:35
for stamping clay tags
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๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์ง„ํ™ ํƒœ๊ทธ์—
14:37
that were attached to bundles of goods,
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์ธ์žฅ์„ ์ฐ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
14:39
so it's quite likely that these tags, at least some of them,
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์ƒ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ๋ช‡๊ฐœ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ์„
14:42
contain names of merchants.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:44
And it turns out that in India
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ธ๋„์—๋Š” ์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด
14:46
there's a long tradition
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ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ
14:48
of names being based on horoscopes
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์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋ณ„์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
14:50
and star constellations present at the time of birth.
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์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ง€์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜ค๋žœ ์ „ํ†ต์ด ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
14:53
In Dravidian languages,
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๋“œ๋ผ๋น„๋””์•„ ์–ธ์–ด์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Š”
14:55
the word for fish is "meen"
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"๋ฏธ์ธ" ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์Œํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
14:57
which happens to sound just like the word for star.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ๋ฐœ์Œ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:00
And so seven stars
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ 7๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณ„์€ "์—˜๋ฃจ ๋ฏธ์ธ"์ด๋ผ๋Š”
15:02
would stand for "elu meen,"
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๋ฐœ์Œ์„ ์ ์€๊ฒƒ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋Š”๋ฐ
15:04
which is the Dravidian word
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"์—˜๋ฃจ ๋ฏธ์ธ"์€ ๋“œ๋ผ๋น„๋””์•„ ๋ง๋กœ
15:06
for the Big Dipper star constellation.
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๋ถ๋‘์น ์„ฑ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€์š”.
15:08
Similarly, there's another sequence of six stars,
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์ด์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ, 6๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณ„์ด ์ฐจ๋ก€๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์—ด๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€
15:11
and that translates to "aru meen,"
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"์•„๋ฃจ ๋ฏธ์ธ"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์Œ์„ ์ ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ผํ…๋ฐ
15:13
which is the old Dravidian name
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜› ๋“œ๋ผ๋น„๋””์•„๋ง๋กœ
15:15
for the star constellation Pleiades.
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๋ฌ˜์„ฑ(ๆ˜ดๆ˜Ÿ)์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€์š”.
15:17
And finally, there's other combinations,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์œ„์—
15:20
such as this fish sign with something that looks like a roof on top of it.
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์ง€๋ถ•๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ธ€์ž๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
15:23
And that could be translated into "mey meen,"
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋งˆ "๋ฉ”์ด ๋ฏธ์ธ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋Š”๋ฐ
15:26
which is the old Dravidian name for the planet Saturn.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜› ๋“œ๋ผ๋น„๋””์•„ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ํ† ์„ฑ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:29
So that was pretty exciting.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”๊ฒƒ
15:31
It looks like we're getting somewhere.
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๊ฐ™์•„์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธฐ์˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:33
But does this prove
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋”์Šค ์ธ์žฅ์—
15:35
that these seals contain Dravidian names
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๋“œ๋ผ๋น„๋””์•„ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ์ ํžŒ ๋ณ„์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด
15:37
based on planets and star constellations?
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์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
15:39
Well not yet.
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์•„์ง์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:41
So we have no way of validating
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์•„์ง์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์˜ ํ•ด๋…๋ฒ•์„
15:43
these particular readings,
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์ž…์ฆํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ,
15:45
but if more and more of these readings start making sense,
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ๋” ๊ธด ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋„
15:48
and if longer and longer sequences
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์ด๋Ÿฐ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด
15:50
appear to be correct,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
15:52
then we know that we are on the right track.
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์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
15:54
Today,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ
15:56
we can write a word such as TED
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TED ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ ์ƒํ˜•๋ฌธ์ž ๋˜๋Š”
15:59
in Egyptian hieroglyphics and in cuneiform script,
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์„คํ˜•๋ฌธ์ž๋กœ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:02
because both of these were deciphered
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ•ด๋…๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ์—
16:04
in the 19th century.
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์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
16:06
The decipherment of these two scripts
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
16:08
enabled these civilizations to speak to us again directly.
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์ด ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธ๋ช…๋“ค๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:11
The Mayans
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๋งˆ์•ผ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์€ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
16:13
started speaking to us in the 20th century,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
16:15
but the Indus civilization remains silent.
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์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฌธ๋ช…์€ ์•„์ง๋„ ์นจ๋ฌต์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:18
Why should we care?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
16:20
The Indus civilization does not belong
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์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฌธ๋ช…์€ ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์ธ๋„์ธ์ด๋‚˜
16:22
to just the South Indians or the North Indians
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๋ถ๋ถ€ ์ธ๋„์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„
16:24
or the Pakistanis;
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
16:26
it belongs to all of us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘์— ์†ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:28
These are our ancestors --
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์ €์™€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜
16:30
yours and mine.
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์กฐ์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:32
They were silenced
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์ธ๋”์Šค ์œ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€
16:34
by an unfortunate accident of history.
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๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ์นจ๋ฌต์„ ์ง€์ผœ์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:36
If we decipher the script,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋”์Šค ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด
16:38
we would enable them to speak to us again.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
16:40
What would they tell us?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์„ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
16:43
What would we find out about them? About us?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
16:46
I can't wait to find out.
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์ €๋Š” ์ธ๋”์Šค์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚ ์ด ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์˜ค๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:49
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:51
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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