Choice, happiness and spaghetti sauce | Malcolm Gladwell

1,907,873 views ・ 2007-01-16

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μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Miryoung Lee κ²€ν† : Hyunwoo Park
00:25
I think I was supposed to talk about my new book,
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μ €λŠ” 제 μƒˆ 책에 λŒ€ν•œ 이야기λ₯Ό ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” 쀄 μ•Œμ•˜μ–΄μš”.
00:28
which is called "Blink,"
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μˆœκ°„ νŒλ‹¨λ ₯κ³Ό 첫인상에 λŒ€ν•œ "블링크"λΌλŠ” μ±…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
and it's about snap judgments and first impressions.
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00:33
And it comes out in January, and I hope you all buy it in triplicate.
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1월에 μΆœκ°„λ˜λ‹ˆκΉŒ, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 3κΆŒμ”© μ‚¬μ‹œλ©΄ μ’‹κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
(Laughter)
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이런 생각을 ν•˜λ‹€κ°€
00:38
But I was thinking about this,
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00:40
and I realized that although my new book makes me happy,
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제 책이 μ €λ₯Ό ν–‰λ³΅ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜κ³ ,
저희 μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆλŠ” ν–‰λ³΅ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜κΈ΄ 해도
00:44
and I think would make my mother happy,
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00:46
it's not really about happiness.
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행볡에 λŒ€ν•œ 책은 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλŠ” κ±Έ κΉ¨λ‹¬μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:49
So I decided instead, I would talk about someone
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ € 말고 λ‹€λ₯Έ 인물에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
who I think has done as much to make Americans happy
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제 생각에 μ§€λ‚œ 20λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ 이 λΆ„ 만큼
00:56
as perhaps anyone over the last 20 years,
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미ꡭ인을 ν–‰λ³΅ν•˜κ²Œ ν•΄μ€€ μ‚¬λžŒλ„ λ“œλ¬Ό κ±°μ—μš”.
01:00
a man who is a great personal hero of mine:
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제 개인적인 μ˜μ›…μΈ
01:03
someone by the name of Howard Moskowitz,
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ν•˜μ›Œλ“œ λͺ¨μŠ€μ½”μœ„μΈ  μ”¨μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:06
who is most famous for reinventing spaghetti sauce.
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μŠ€νŒŒκ²Œν‹° μ†ŒμŠ€λ₯Ό μž¬λ°œκ²¬ν•œ λΆ„μ΄μ—μš”.
01:10
Howard's about this high, and he's round,
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ν•˜μ›Œλ“œλŠ” μ΄λ§Œν•œ 킀에, ν†΅ν†΅ν–ˆκ³ ,
01:15
and he's in his 60s, and he has big huge glasses
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μ»€λ‹€λž€ μ•ˆκ²½μ„ μ“΄ 60λŒ€μ˜ λ‚¨μžμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
얇은 νšŒμƒ‰ 머리칼에, ꡉμž₯ν•œ ν™œκΈ°κ°€ λ„˜μΉ˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄μ—μš”.
01:20
and thinning gray hair,
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01:21
and he has a kind of wonderful exuberance and vitality,
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01:25
and he has a parrot, and he loves the opera,
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μ•΅λ¬΄μƒˆλ₯Ό ν‚€μ› κ³ , 였페라λ₯Ό μ‚¬λž‘ν–ˆμœΌλ©°,
01:28
and he's a great aficionado of medieval history.
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쀑세식 투우의 κ΄‘νŒ¬μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
And by profession, he's a psychophysicist.
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직업은 μ •μ‹ λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
Now, I should tell you that I have no idea what psychophysics is,
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정신물리학이 무엇인지 사싀 저도 μ „ν˜€ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
although at some point in my life,
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정신물리학 박사 ν•™μœ„κ°€ μžˆλŠ” μ—¬μžλΆ„κ³Ό
01:42
I dated a girl for two years
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01:43
who was getting her doctorate in psychophysics.
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2λ…„μ΄λ‚˜ 데이트λ₯Ό ν–ˆλŠ”λ°λ„ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:45
Which should tell you something about that relationship.
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μ–΄λ–€ μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ κ΄€κ³„μ˜€λŠ”μ§€λŠ” μ•Œλ§Œν•˜μ‹œκ² μ£ . (μ›ƒμŒ)
01:49
(Laughter)
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01:51
As far as I know, psychophysics is about measuring things.
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μ œκ°€ μ•ŒκΈ°λ‘ , 정신물리학이 λŒ€μƒμ„ μΈ‘μ •ν•˜λŠ” 학문이고,
01:55
And Howard is very interested in measuring things.
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ν•˜μ›Œλ“œλ„ μΈ‘μ •ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ•„μ£Ό 관심이 λ§Žμ•˜μ–΄μš”.
01:57
And he graduated with his doctorate from Harvard,
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ν•˜λ²„λ“œ λŒ€ν•™ 박사 μΆœμ‹ μ΄ κ·ΈλŠ”
λ‰΄μš• ν™”μ΄νŠΈ ν”Œλ ˆμΈμ¦ˆ 지역에 μž‘μ€ μ»¨μ„€νŒ… νšŒμ‚¬λ₯Ό μ„Έμ›λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:00
and he set up a little consulting shop in White Plains, New York.
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μˆ˜μ‹­ λ…„ μ „μœΌλ‘œ 거슬러 μ˜¬λΌκ°€ 70λ…„λŒ€ 초반,
02:04
And one of his first clients was Pepsi.
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02:06
This is many years ago, back in the early 70s.
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그의 초창기 고객사 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ νŽ©μ‹œμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:10
And Pepsi came to Howard and they said,
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νŽ©μ‹œλŠ” ν•˜μ›Œλ“œμ—κ²Œ 찾아와 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ¬Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
"You know, there's this new thing called aspartame,
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"μ•„μŠ€νŒŒνƒ"μ΄λΌλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 물질이 μžˆλŠ”λ°
02:14
and we would like to make Diet Pepsi.
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이걸둜 λ‹€μ΄μ–΄νŠΈ νŽ©μ‹œλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κΉŒ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
We'd like you to figure out
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μ•„μŠ€νŒŒνƒμ„ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ„£μ–΄μ•Ό 할지 κ³ λ―Ό 쀑인데
02:18
how much aspartame we should put in each can of Diet Pepsi
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄ 졜적의 λΉ„μœ¨μ„ 찾을 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?"
02:22
in order to have the perfect drink."
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02:24
Now that sounds like an incredibly straightforward question to answer,
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ꡉμž₯히 직섀적인 질문이죠. ν•˜μ›Œλ“œλ„ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:29
and that's what Howard thought.
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νŽ©μ‹œλŠ” μ•„μ˜ˆ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ¬Όμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
02:30
Because Pepsi told him,
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02:31
"We're working with a band between eight and 12 percent.
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"8~12% μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œ κ³ λ―Όν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
Anything below eight percent sweetness is not sweet enough;
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8% μ΄ν•˜λŠ” 싱겁고,
02:37
anything above 12 percent sweetness is too sweet.
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12% 이상은 λ„ˆλ¬΄ 달기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
02:40
We want to know: what's the sweet spot between 8 and 12?"
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8~12% 사이에 μ μ •ν•œ λ‹Ήλ„λŠ” μ–Όλ§ˆμΌκΉŒμš”?"
02:44
Now, if I gave you this problem to do, you would all say, it's very simple.
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λ§Œμ•½ 이걸 μ œκ°€ μ§€κΈˆ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ λ¬»λŠ”λ‹€λ©΄, λͺ¨λ‘λ“€ κ°„λ‹¨ν•˜λ‹€κ³  λŒ€λ‹΅ν•˜μ‹€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
What we do is you make up a big experimental batch of Pepsi,
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νŽ©μ‹œλ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ λŒ€κ·œλͺ¨ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ κΈ°νšν•˜λ©΄ 되겠죠.
02:52
at every degree of sweetness -- eight percent, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3,
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μ•„μŠ€νƒ€νŒœμ˜ ν•¨λŸ‰μ„ 8%λΆ€ν„°, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3~12% λ“±κΈ‰μœΌλ‘œ μ„ΈλΆ„ν™”ν•˜μ—¬
02:56
all the way up to 12 --
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수천 λͺ…이 λ§›λ³΄κ²Œ ν•œ ν›„, κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ„ ν˜Έλ„λ₯Ό μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ—¬
02:57
and we try this out with thousands of people,
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03:00
and we plot the results on a curve,
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κ·Έλž˜ν”„λ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
and we take the most popular concentration, right?
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κ·Έ 쀑 κ°€μž₯ μΈκΈ°μžˆλŠ” ν•¨λŸ‰μ„ κ³ λ₯΄λŠ” κ±°μ—μš”. 정말 κ°„λ‹¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
Really simple.
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03:06
Howard does the experiment, and he gets the data back,
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ν•˜μ›Œλ“œλ„ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ μ§„ν–‰ν•˜κ³ , κ·Έ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό κ·Έλž˜ν”„λ‘œ κ·Έλ €λ΄€μ§€λ§Œ,
03:09
and he plots it on a curve,
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03:10
and all of a sudden he realizes it's not a nice bell curve.
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μ’…ν˜•κ³‘μ„ (Bell Curve)이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλŠ” 것이 λ¬Έμ œμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
In fact, the data doesn't make any sense.
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κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” 일관성이 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
It's a mess. It's all over the place.
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λ’€μ£½λ°•μ£½μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
03:18
Now, most people in that business, in the world of testing food and such,
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆμ—…κ³„ κ΄€κ³„μžλ“€λ„
03:22
are not dismayed when the data comes back a mess.
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이 데이터λ₯Ό 보고 λ‹Ήν™©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
They think, "Well, you know,
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03:26
figuring out what people think about cola's not that easy."
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μ μ •ν•œ 콜라 맛을 μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄λŠ” 것은 μ–΄λ ΅λ‹€κ³  결둠을 λ‚΄λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
"You know, maybe we made an error somewhere along the way."
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μ‹€ν—˜ 진행 쀑에 였λ₯˜κ°€ λ°œμƒν–ˆμ„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆκ³ μš”.
03:32
"You know, let's just make an educated guess,"
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 그듀은 직업적 κ²½ν—˜μ— 미루어
03:34
and they simply point and they go for 10 percent,
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쀑간 10%λ₯Ό μ„ νƒν•˜κΈΈ μ›ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
right in the middle.
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03:39
Howard is not so easily placated.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν•˜μ›Œλ“œλŠ” κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 호락호락 λ„˜μ–΄κ°ˆ 수 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:41
Howard is a man of a certain degree of intellectual standards.
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κ·ΈλŠ” μΌμ •ν•œ 지적 기쀀을 가진 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
03:43
And this was not good enough for him,
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이 결과에 λ§Œμ‘±ν•  수 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
and this question bedeviled him for years.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이 μ˜λ¬Έμ€ κ·Έλ₯Ό μˆ˜λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ 괴둭히기 μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:48
And he would think it through and say, "What was wrong?
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μ² μ €ν•˜κ²Œ κ³ λ―Όν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ„λŒ€μ²΄ 뭐가 잘λͺ»λœ 걸까?
03:51
Why could we not make sense of this experiment with Diet Pepsi?"
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λ‹€μ΄μ–΄νŠΈ νŽ©μ‹œ μ‹€ν—˜μ—μ„œ 이해할 수 μ—†λŠ” κ²°κ³Όκ°€ λ‚˜μ˜¨ μ΄μœ κ°€ 뭐지?
03:55
And one day, he was sitting in a diner in White Plains,
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그러던 μ–΄λŠ λ‚  ν™”μ΄νŠΈ ν”Œλ ˆμΈμ¦ˆμ˜ ν•œ μ‹λ‹Ήμ—μ„œ
03:58
about to go trying to dream up some work for NescafΓ©.
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λ„€μŠ€μΉ΄νŽ˜κ°€ μ˜λ’°ν•œ 일을 μƒκ°ν•˜κ³  있던
04:01
And suddenly, like a bolt of lightning, the answer came to him.
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ν•˜μ›Œλ“œμ—κ²Œ 번뜩 해닡이 λ– μ˜¬λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
And that is, that when they analyzed the Diet Pepsi data,
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λ‹€μ΄μ–΄νŠΈ νŽ©μ‹œ μ‹€ν—˜μ˜ λ¬Έμ œλŠ” λ°”λ‘œ
04:07
they were asking the wrong question.
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잘λͺ»λœ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:09
They were looking for the perfect Pepsi,
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그듀은 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μ™„λ²½ν•œ νŽ©μ‹œλ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•˜μ—ˆλŠ”λ°,
04:11
and they should have been looking for the perfect Pepsis.
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μ™„λ²½ν•œ νŽ©μ‹œ μ—¬λŸ¬ 개λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ˜€μ–΄μš”! μ •λ§λ‘œμš”.
04:15
Trust me.
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04:16
This was an enormous revelation.
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이것은 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ λ°œκ²¬μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:19
This was one of the most brilliant breakthroughs in all of food science.
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μ‹ν’ˆκ³Όν•™κ³„κ°€ ν•œ 단계 λ„μ•½ν•œ μˆœκ°„μ΄μ—ˆμ§€μš”.
04:22
Howard immediately went on the road,
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ν•˜μ›Œλ“œλŠ” μ¦‰μ‹œ 사무싀을 λ°•μ°¨κ³  λ‚˜μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:24
and he would go to conferences around the country,
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그리고 λ‚˜λΌ 곳곳의 μ»¨νΌλŸ°μŠ€λ§ˆλ‹€ λ‹¬λ €κ°€μ„œ
04:26
and he would stand up and say,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ™ΈμΉ˜κ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
"You had been looking for the perfect Pepsi.
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"당신듀은 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μ™„λ²½ν•œ νŽ©μ‹œλ₯Ό 찾으렀 ν–ˆμ£ . ν‹€λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
You're wrong.
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04:31
You should be looking for the perfect Pepsis."
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μ™„λ²½ν•œ νŽ©μ‹œλŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬ κ°œμΌμˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ–΄μš”!"
04:34
And people would look at him blankly and say,
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관쀑은 λ©ν•˜λ‹ˆ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 묻겠죠.
04:37
"What are you talking about? Craziness."
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"λ­λΌλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆκΉŒ? 미친 κ±΄κ°€μš”?
04:39
And they would say, "Move! Next!"
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자, λ‹€μŒ λΆ„!"
04:41
Tried to get business, nobody would hire him --
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κ·ΈλŠ” 이 생각에 μ‚¬λ‘œμž‘ν˜€ 일을 κ΅¬ν•˜λ € ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ, 아무도 써주지 μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:43
he was obsessed, though,
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04:44
and he talked about it and talked about it.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·ΈλŠ” μ’Œμ ˆν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  μžμ‹ μ˜ λ°œκ²¬μ„ λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ μ£Όμž₯ν•˜κ³  λ‹€λ…”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:46
Howard loves the Yiddish expression
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ν•˜μ›Œλ“œλŠ” 이 μœ νƒœ 속담을 μ’‹μ•„ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
04:48
"To a worm in horseradish, the world is horseradish."
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"고좔냉이에 λΆ™μ–΄μ‚¬λŠ” λ²Œλ ˆμ—κ², 고좔냉이가 μ„Έμƒμ˜ μ „λΆ€λ‹€."
04:51
This was his horseradish.
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이게 ν•˜μ›Œλ“œμ˜ κ³ μΆ”λƒ‰μ΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. (μ›ƒμŒ) κ·Έ 생각이 떨어지지 μ•Šμ•˜κ±°λ“ μš”!
04:53
(Laughter)
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04:54
He was obsessed with it!
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04:57
And finally, he had a breakthrough.
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λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ 그와 이야기가 ν†΅ν•œ 것은 λΈ”λž˜μ‹ ν”Όν΄μ΄λž€ νšŒμ‚¬μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:59
Vlasic Pickles came to him,
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05:02
and they said, "Doctor Moskowitz, we want to make the perfect pickle."
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그듀이 λ¬Όμ—ˆμ£  "λͺ¨μŠ€μ½”μœ„μΈ  씨, λͺ¨μŠ€μ½”μœ„μΈ  λ°•μ‚¬λ‹˜--
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ™„λ²½ν•œ 피클을 λ§Œλ“€κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€."
05:06
And he said,
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05:07
"There is no perfect pickle; there are only perfect pickles."
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κ·Έκ°€ λŒ€λ‹΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. "μ™„λ²½ν•œ 피클은 ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ—¬λŸ¬ κ°œμ—μš”.
05:11
And he came back to them and he said,
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μ§€κΈˆ μƒμ‚°λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” ν”Όν΄μ˜ 맛을 κ°œμ„ ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒλ§ŒμœΌλ‘œλŠ” λΆ€μ‘±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:13
"You don't just need to improve your regular;
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05:15
you need to create zesty."
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ '톑 μ˜λŠ” 맛 피클'을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ•Ό ν•΄μš”."
05:16
And that's where we got zesty pickles.
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이것이 톑 μ˜λŠ” 맛 ν”Όν΄μ˜ μœ λž˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:19
Then the next person came to him: Campbell's Soup.
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λ‹€μŒ 고객은 캠벨 μˆ˜ν”„ νšŒμ‚¬μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:22
And this was even more important.
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캠벨 μˆ˜ν”„ νšŒμ‚¬λŠ” 훨씬 더 μ€‘μš”ν•œ κ³ κ°μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:24
In fact, Campbell's Soup is where Howard made his reputation.
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사싀, μ§€κΈˆμ˜ 그의 λͺ…성도 이 λ•Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ‘ŒμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
05:27
Campbell's made Prego,
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05:28
and Prego, in the early 80s, was struggling next to RagΓΉ,
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80λ…„λŒ€ 초반, 캠벨 μ‚¬λŠ” 라ꡬ에 λŒ€ν•­ν•  ν”„λ ˆκ³ λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:32
which was the dominant spaghetti sauce of the 70s and 80s.
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λΌκ΅¬λŠ” 70~80λ…„λŒ€λ₯Ό μ£Όλ¦„μž‘μ€ μŠ€νŒŒκ²Œν‹° μ†ŒμŠ€ λΈŒλžœλ“œμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:36
In the industry -- I don't know whether you care about this,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 이 λ¬Έμ œμ— 관심이 μžˆμœΌμ‹€μ§€
05:39
or how much time I have to go into this.
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잘 λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ–΄μ¨Œλ“  μ—¬λ‹΄μ΄μ§€λ§Œ, ν’ˆμ§ˆλ‘œλ§Œ λ”°μ§€μžλ©΄
05:41
But it was, technically speaking -- this is an aside --
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ν”„λ ˆκ³ κ°€ 라ꡬ보닀 쒋은 ν† λ§ˆν†  μ†ŒμŠ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:44
Prego is a better tomato sauce than RagΓΉ.
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05:46
The quality of the tomato paste is much better;
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μ‚¬μš©ν•œ ν† λ§ˆν†  λ°˜μ£½λ„ 훨씬 μ’‹κ³ , μ–‘λ…μ˜ ν˜Όν•©λ₯ λ„ λ›°μ–΄λ‚˜μ„œ,
05:48
the spice mix is far superior;
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05:50
it adheres to the pasta in a much more pleasing way.
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νŒŒμŠ€νƒ€μ™€ 훨씬 잘 μ–΄μšΈλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:52
In fact, they would do the famous bowl test
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라ꡬ와 ν”„λ ˆλ„κ°€ 겨뀘던 μ ‘μ‹œ ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈλŠ” 70λ…„λŒ€μ˜ 유λͺ…ν•œ μΌν™”μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:54
back in the 70s with RagΓΉ and Prego.
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05:57
You'd have a plate of spaghetti, and you would pour it on, right?
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μŠ€νŒŒκ²Œν‹°κ°€ λ‹΄κΈ΄ 그릇에 μ†ŒμŠ€λ₯Ό λΆ€μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ
06:01
And the RagΓΉ would all go to the bottom, and the Prego would sit on top.
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라ꡬ μ†ŒμŠ€λŠ” 그릇 λ°”λ‹₯ μͺ½μ— κ³ μ˜€κ³ , ν”„λ ˆκ³  μ†ŒμŠ€λŠ” μŠ€νŒŒκ²Œν‹° μœ„μ— 남아 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:06
That's called "adherence."
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이런 νŠΉμ„±μ„ "점성"이라고 ν•˜μ£ .
06:07
And, anyway, despite the fact that they were far superior in adherence,
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μ—¬ν•˜νŠΌ, μ μ„±μ΄λ‚˜ ν’ˆμ§ˆμ΄ 훨씬 λ›°μ–΄λ‚œλ°λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
06:12
and the quality of their tomato paste,
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ν”„λ ˆκ³ λŠ” 고전을 면치 λͺ»ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:15
Prego was struggling.
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06:16
So they came to Howard, and they said, fix us.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ ν•˜μ›Œλ“œμ—κ²Œ 도움을 μ²­ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:19
And Howard looked at their product line, and he said,
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ν•˜μ›Œλ“œλŠ” μ œν’ˆ λͺ©λ‘μ„ μ­‰ λ³΄λ”λ‹ˆ
06:22
what you have is a dead tomato society.
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이λ₯Ό "죽은 ν† λ§ˆν† μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒ"라고 λ§ν•˜κ³ λŠ”
06:26
So he said, this is what I want to do.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ œμ•ˆμ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:28
And he got together with the Campbell's soup kitchen,
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μš°μ„  캠벨 μˆ˜ν”„ μš”λ¦¬μ‚¬λ“€κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜
06:30
and he made 45 varieties of spaghetti sauce.
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45개 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ μŠ€νŒŒκ²Œν‹° μ†ŒμŠ€λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:34
And he varied them according to every conceivable way
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상상할 수 μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  방법을 λ™μ›ν•˜μ—¬ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ†ŒμŠ€λ₯Ό μ°½μ‘°ν•΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:37
that you can vary tomato sauce:
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06:39
by sweetness, by level of garlic,
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단 맛, 마늘 맛, ν†‘μ˜λŠ” 맛, μ‹  λ§›μ˜ 정도, ν† λ§ˆν† λ‹€μš΄ 정도에 λ”°λΌμ„œ,
06:40
by tomatoey-ness, by tartness, by sourness,
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그리고 덩어리진 정도에 λ”°λΌμ„œ λ‚˜λˆ΄μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. "덩어리"λŠ” μŠ€νŒŒκ²Œν‹° μ†ŒμŠ€ λΉ„μ¦ˆλ‹ˆμŠ€μ—μ„œ μ œκ°€ κ°€μž₯ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” μš©μ–΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. (μ›ƒμŒ)
06:44
by visible solids --
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06:45
my favorite term in the spaghetti sauce business.
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06:48
(Laughter)
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06:49
Every conceivable way you can vary spaghetti sauce,
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상상할 수 μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μŠ€νŒŒκ²Œν‹° μ†ŒμŠ€λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:53
he varied spaghetti sauce.
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06:55
And then he took this whole raft of 45 spaghetti sauces,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§Œλ“  45개의 μ†ŒμŠ€λ₯Ό μ „λΆ€ λ“€κ³  길을 λ‚˜μ„°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:58
and he went on the road.
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07:00
He went to New York, to Chicago,
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λ‰΄μš•μœΌλ‘œ, μ‹œμΉ΄κ³ λ‘œ, 잭슨빌둜,
07:02
he went to Jacksonville, to Los Angeles.
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그리고 λ‘œμŠ€μ•€μ €λ ˆμŠ€λ‘œ κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν•œ 트럭 λΆ„μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μ»€λ‹€λž€ 강당에 λͺ¨μ€ ν›„,
07:03
And he brought in people by the truckload into big halls.
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07:07
And he sat them down for two hours,
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2μ‹œκ°„ λ™μ•ˆ 10가지 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ μŒμ‹μ„
07:09
and over the course of that two hours, he gave them ten bowls.
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λ§›λ³΄κ²Œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:12
Ten small bowls of pasta,
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μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ†ŒμŠ€λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ§Œλ“  νŒŒμŠ€νƒ€λ“€μ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
07:14
with a different spaghetti sauce on each one.
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07:17
And after they ate each bowl, they had to rate, from 0 to 100,
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각각의 νŒŒμŠ€νƒ€λ₯Ό 먹은 후에 μ„ ν˜Έλ„μ— 따라
07:21
how good they thought the spaghetti sauce was.
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0~100κΉŒμ§€ 점수λ₯Ό 맀기도둝 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:24
At the end of that process, after doing it for months and months,
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μ—¬λŸ¬ 달에 걸쳐 λ˜‘κ°™μ€ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ λ°˜λ³΅ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό
07:27
he had a mountain of data
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λ―Έκ΅­μΈλ“€μ˜ μŠ€νŒŒκ²Œν‹° μ†ŒμŠ€ μ„ ν˜Έλ„μ— λŒ€ν•œ 데이터λ₯Ό
07:29
about how the American people feel about spaghetti sauce.
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산더미 같이 좕적할 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:33
And then he analyzed the data.
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그리고 데이터λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
07:34
Did he look for the most popular variety of spaghetti sauce?
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κ°€μž₯ μΈκΈ°μžˆλŠ” μŠ€νŒŒκ²Œν‹° μ†ŒμŠ€λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•˜λƒκ³ μš”? μ•„λ‹ˆμ£ !
07:38
No! Howard doesn't believe that there is such a thing.
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ν•˜μ›Œλ“œλŠ” 그런 게 μžˆμ„κ±°λΌκ³  믿지 μ•Šμ•˜μœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
07:41
Instead, he looked at the data, and he said,
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κ·ΈλŠ” 데이터λ₯Ό λ³΄λ”λ‹ˆ, κ·Έ λŒ€μ‹ μ—
07:43
let's see if we can group all these different data points into clusters.
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νŠΉμ§•μ— 따라 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ μ„ ν˜Έλ„ 데이터λ₯Ό
07:49
Let's see if they congregate around certain ideas.
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κ·Έλ£Ή 지어 보자고 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:52
And sure enough, if you sit down,
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μŠ€νŒŒκ²Œν‹° μ†ŒμŠ€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 데이터λ₯Ό 꼼꼼히 λΆ„μ„ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό
07:54
and you analyze all this data on spaghetti sauce,
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07:57
you realize that all Americans fall into one of three groups.
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미ꡭ인이 μ„Έ 그룹으둜 λ‚˜λˆ μ§„λ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:01
There are people who like their spaghetti sauce plain;
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λ‹¨μ‘°λ‘œμš΄ 맛을 μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” κ·Έλ£Ή,
08:04
there are people who like their spaghetti sauce spicy;
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κ°•ν•œ 양념 맛을 μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” κ·Έλ£Ή,
08:07
and there are people who like it extra chunky.
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그리고 과윑 덩어리가 λ§Žμ€ μƒνƒœλ₯Ό μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” κ·Έλ£Ή.
08:09
And of those three facts, the third one was the most significant,
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이 μ€‘μ—μ„œ μ„Έ 번째 그룹이 κ°€μž₯ 의미 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:14
because at the time, in the early 1980s,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 1980λ…„λŒ€ μ΄ˆμ—λŠ”
08:16
if you went to a supermarket,
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μˆ˜νΌλ§ˆμΌ“μ—
08:18
you would not find extra-chunky spaghetti sauce.
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덩어리가 λ§Žμ€ μŠ€νŒŒκ²Œν‹° μ†ŒμŠ€λŠ” μ—†μ—ˆκ±°λ“ μš”.
08:21
And Prego turned to Howard, and they said,
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ν”„λ ˆκ³ λŠ” ν•˜μ›Œλ“œμ—κ²Œ λ¬Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:24
"You're telling me that one third of Americans
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"덩어리가 많이 λ“  μŠ€νŒŒκ²Œν‹° μ†ŒμŠ€λ₯Ό μ›ν•˜λŠ” 인ꡬ가 미ꡭ인의 μ‚ΌλΆ„μ˜ μΌμ΄λ‚˜ λ˜λŠ”λ°,
08:26
crave extra-chunky spaghetti sauce
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08:30
and yet no one is servicing their needs?"
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이런 μ œν’ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 아직 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” λ§μ΄μ—μš”?" 그의 λŒ€λ‹΅μ€ "예슀!" μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:32
And he said "Yes!"
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08:33
(Laughter)
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08:34
And Prego then went back,
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(μ›ƒμŒ) ν”„λ ˆκ³ λŠ” λŒμ•„κ°€μ„œ
08:36
and completely reformulated their spaghetti sauce,
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μ™„μ „νžˆ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μŠ€νŒŒκ²Œν‹° μ†ŒμŠ€λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:38
and came out with a line of extra chunky that immediately and completely
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덩어리가 λ“  μ œν’ˆ 라인을 μΆœμ‹œν–ˆκ³ 
08:42
took over the spaghetti sauce business in this country.
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이 μ œν’ˆλ“€μ€ μˆœμ‹κ°„μ— κ΅­λ‚΄ μŠ€νŒŒκ²Œν‹° μ†ŒμŠ€ μ‹œμž₯을 ν‰μ •ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:45
And over the next 10 years, they made 600 million dollars
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κ·Έ ν›„ 10λ…„ κ°„ 덩어리 μ†ŒμŠ€λŠ”
08:49
off their line of extra-chunky sauces.
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60μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό λ²Œμ–΄λ“€μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:53
Everyone else in the industry looked at what Howard had done, and they said,
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업계 λͺ¨λ“  이듀은 ν•˜μ›Œλ“œκ°€ ν•΄λ‚Έ 일을 보고 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ™Έμ³€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:56
"Oh my god! We've been thinking all wrong!"
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"λ§™μ†Œμ‚¬! μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ „λΆ€ ν‹€λ Έμ—ˆμ–΄!"
08:58
And that's when you started to get seven different kinds of vinegar,
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이 사건이 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 7μ’…μ˜ μ‹μ΄ˆμ™€ 14μ’…μ˜ λ¨ΈμŠ€ν„°λ“œ
09:02
and 14 different kinds of mustard, and 71 different kinds of olive oil.
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71μ’…μ˜ μ˜¬λ¦¬λΈŒμœ μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ„ νƒκΆŒμ΄ 생긴 λ°œλ‹¨μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:07
And then eventually even RagΓΉ hired Howard,
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λ‚˜μ€‘μ—λŠ” λΌκ΅¬μ—μ„œλ„ ν•˜μ›Œλ“œλ₯Ό κ³ μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:11
and Howard did the exact same thing for RagΓΉ that he did for Prego.
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ν•˜μ›Œλ“œλŠ” ν”„λ ˆκ³ μ— ν–ˆλ˜ 것과 λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 일을 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:14
And today, if you go to a really good supermarket,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  쒋은 μˆ˜νΌλ§ˆμΌ“μ— κ°€λ©΄
μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ§Žμ€ 라ꡬ μ œν’ˆμ΄ μžˆλŠ”μ§€ 보싀 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:16
do you know how many RagΓΉs there are?
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09:18
36!
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λͺ‡ κ°œμΈμ§€ μ•„μ„Έμš”? 36κ°œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€!
09:20
In six varieties:
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총 μ—¬μ„― 개의 그룹으둜 λ‚˜λ‰©λ‹ˆλ‹€: 치즈 맛, κ°€λ²Όμš΄ 맛, 감칠 맛,
09:22
Cheese, Light,
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09:25
Robusto, Rich & Hearty,
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기름진 맛, 전톡적인 맛, 덩어리가 λ§Žμ€ μ œν’ˆκΉŒμ§€! (μ›ƒμŒ)
09:28
Old World Traditional --
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09:32
Extra-Chunky Garden.
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09:34
(Laughter)
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09:36
That's Howard's doing.
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λͺ¨λ‘ ν•˜μ›Œλ“œκ°€ ν•œ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ―Έκ΅­μΈλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ€€ 선물이죠.
09:37
That is Howard's gift to the American people.
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09:40
Now why is that important?
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이것이 μ™œ μ€‘μš”ν• κΉŒμš”?
09:41
(Laughter)
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09:44
It is, in fact, enormously important.
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사싀 이건 μ •λ§λ‘œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ‚¬κ±΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ™œ κ·ΈλŸ°μ§€ μ„€λͺ…ν•΄λ“œλ¦¬μ£ .
09:46
I'll explain to you why.
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09:47
What Howard did is he fundamentally changed the way the food industry thinks
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ν•˜μ›Œλ“œλŠ” μ‹ν’ˆμ—…κ³„κ°€ μ†ŒλΉ„μžλ₯Ό ν–‰λ³΅ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” 방법을
09:51
about making you happy.
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근본적으둜 λ°”κΏ¨κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:54
Assumption number one in the food industry used to be
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μ‹ν’ˆμ—…κ³„λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 무엇을 λ¨ΉκΈ° μ›ν•˜λŠ”μ§€
09:57
that the way to find out what people want to eat,
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무엇이 그듀을 ν–‰λ³΅ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•ŒκΈ° μœ„ν•΄
09:59
what will make people happy, is to ask them.
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κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ λ¬Όμ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:02
And for years and years and years,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬ ν•΄ λ™μ•ˆ 라ꡬ와 ν”„λ ˆκ³ λŠ”
10:04
RagΓΉ and Prego would have focus groups,
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μ†ŒλΉ„μž 그룹을 μ•‰ν˜€ 두고 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ¬Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:06
and they would sit you down, and they would say,
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10:09
"What do you want in a spaghetti sauce?
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"μ–΄λ–€ μŠ€νŒŒκ²Œν‹° μ†ŒμŠ€λ₯Ό μ›ν•˜μ‹œλ‚˜μš”? μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λ°”λΌλŠ” 것을 μ•Œλ €μ£Όμ„Έμš”."
10:10
Tell us what you want in a spaghetti sauce."
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10:13
And for all those years -- 20, 30 years --
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20~30λ…„ κ°„ μžˆμ—ˆλ˜
10:16
through all those focus group sessions,
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μ†ŒλΉ„μž κ·Έλ£Ή λͺ¨μž„ 쀑에
10:18
no one ever said they wanted extra-chunky.
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덩어리가 많으면 μ’‹κ² λ‹€λŠ” 말은 ν•œ λ²ˆλ„ λ‚˜μ˜€μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:21
Even though at least a third of them, deep in their hearts, actually did.
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μ†ŒλΉ„μž μ„Έ λͺ… 쀑 ν•œ λͺ…은 마음 속 깊이 이것을 μ›ν–ˆμŒμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³  말이죠.
10:25
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
10:27
People don't know what they want!
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 사싀 μžκΈ°κ°€ 무엇을 μ›ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ 본인도 λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ” κ±°μ—μš”!
10:29
As Howard loves to say,
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ν•˜μ›Œλ“œλŠ” "λ§ˆμŒμ€ ν˜€κ°€ 무엇을 μ›ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ λͺ¨λ₯Έλ‹€"κ³  즐겨 λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:31
"The mind knows not what the tongue wants."
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10:33
It's a mystery!
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λ―ΈμŠ€ν…Œλ¦¬ν•œ 사싀이죠!
10:35
(Laughter)
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10:36
And a critically important step
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ μžμ‹ μ΄ μ›ν•˜λŠ” 것을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
10:38
in understanding our own desires and tastes
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10:41
is to realize that we cannot always explain what we want, deep down.
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μ›ν•˜λŠ” 것을 항상 μ„€λͺ…ν•  μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 것을 κΉ¨λ‹«λŠ” 것이 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:46
If I asked all of you, for example, in this room, what you want in a coffee,
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μ œκ°€ λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬κΈ° 계신 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€κ»˜ μ–΄λ–€ 컀피λ₯Ό μ›ν•˜μ‹œλŠ”μ§€ λ¬»λŠ”λ‹€λ©΄
10:50
you know what you'd say?
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뭐라고 ν•˜μ‹œκ² μ–΄μš”? λͺ¨λ“  뢄듀이 "깊고 μ§„ν•˜λ©° ν’λΆ€ν•œ 맛을 μ›ν•œλ‹€"κ³  ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:51
Every one of you would say, "I want a dark, rich, hearty roast."
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10:56
It's what people always say when you ask them.
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κ·Έ 닡이 μ–΄λ–€ 컀피λ₯Ό μ›ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ λ¬Όμ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ λ‚˜μ˜€λŠ” 일반적인 λŒ€λ‹΅μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:58
"What do you like?" "Dark, rich, hearty roast!"
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μ–΄λ–€ 게 μ’‹λƒκ³ μš”? 깊고 μ§„ν•˜λ©° ν’λΆ€ν•œ λ§›μ΄μš”!
11:01
What percentage of you actually like a dark, rich, hearty roast?
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ 쀑 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λͺ‡ νΌμ„ΌνŠΈκ°€ κ·Έ 깊고 μ§„ν•˜λ©° ν’λΆ€ν•œ λ§›μ˜ 컀피λ₯Ό μ›ν• κΉŒμš”?
11:04
According to Howard, somewhere between 25 and 27 percent of you.
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ν•˜μ›Œλ“œμ— λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄ 25~27%의 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:08
Most of you like milky, weak coffee.
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μš°μœ κ°€ λ“  μ—°ν•œ 컀피λ₯Ό μ’‹μ•„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:10
(Laughter)
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11:11
But you will never, ever say to someone who asks you what you want
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–΄λ–€ 컀피λ₯Ό μ›ν•˜λƒκ³  λ¬Όμ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ, "μš°μœ κ°€ λ“  μ—°ν•œ 컀피가 μ’‹μ•„μš”"
11:15
that "I want a milky, weak coffee."
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라고 λŒ€λ‹΅ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ€ μ ˆλŒ€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. (μ›ƒμŒ)
11:17
So that's number one thing that Howard did.
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이게 ν•˜μ›Œλ“œκ°€ 이룬 첫번째 μ—…μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:21
Number two thing that Howard did is he made us realize --
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ν•˜μ›Œλ“œμ˜ λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έ 업적은 --
11:25
it's another very critical point --
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이것도 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것인데 --
11:27
he made us realize the importance
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κ·Έκ°€ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ μˆ˜ν‰μ  ꡬ뢄(horizontal segmentation)μ΄λΌλŠ” νŠΉμ„±μ„ μΌκΉ¨μ›Œμ£Όμ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:29
of what he likes to call "horizontal segmentation."
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11:33
Why is this critical?
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이것이 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ΄μœ λŠ”
11:34
Because this is the way the food industry thought before Howard.
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ν•˜μ›Œλ“œ λ“±μž₯ μ΄μ „μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆμ—…κ³„μ˜ 사고 방식과 λ°˜λŒ€λ˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:37
What were they obsessed with in the early 80s?
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80λ…„λŒ€ 초반 μ‹ν’ˆ μ—…κ³„λŠ” λ¨ΈμŠ€ν„°λ“œμ— μ‚¬λ‘œμž‘ν˜€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:40
They were obsessed with mustard.
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11:41
In particular, they were obsessed with the story of Grey Poupon.
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μ •ν™•νžˆ 말해 그레이 푸폰에 홀렀 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:45
Used to be, there were two mustards: French's and Gulden's.
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기쑴의 λ¨ΈμŠ€ν„°λ“œλŠ” ν”„λž‘μŠ€ν’κ³Ό λ„€λœλž€λ“œν’μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜λ‰˜μ–΄ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:48
What were they? Yellow mustard.
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이게 λ‹€ λ­λƒκ³ μš”? 황색 λ¨ΈμŠ€ν„°λ“œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έ 속에 뭐가 λ“€μ–΄μžˆλƒκ³ μš”?
11:49
What's in it?
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11:50
Yellow mustard seeds, turmeric, and paprika.
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황색 κ²¨μžμ”¨μ™€, 심황, νŒŒν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄κ°€ μ„žμ—¬ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그게 λ¨ΈμŠ€ν„°λ“œμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:52
That was mustard.
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11:53
Grey Poupon came along, with a Dijon.
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이 λ•Œ λ””μ’… μ‚° 그레이 푸폰이 λ“±μž₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:56
Right?
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11:57
Much more volatile brown mustard seed, some white wine, a nose hit,
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μ½”λ₯Ό 톑 μ˜λŠ”, νœ˜λ°œμ„± 높은 κ°ˆμƒ‰ κ²¨μžμ”¨μ— ν™”μ΄νŠΈ 와인을 μ„žμ€
12:03
much more delicate aromatics.
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훨씬 더 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ ν–₯κΈ°λ₯Ό 가진 μ œν’ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이걸둜 무얼 ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
12:05
And what do they do?
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12:06
They put it in a little tiny glass jar, with a wonderful enameled label on it,
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멋진 μ—λ‚˜λ©œ μƒν‘œλ₯Ό 뢙인 μž‘μ€ μœ λ¦¬λ³‘μ— λ‹΄μ•„μ„œ ν”„λž‘μŠ€ν’μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:11
made it look French,
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ” μΊ˜λ¦¬ν¬λ‹ˆμ•„ μ˜₯μŠ€λ‚˜λ“œμ—μ„œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œμš”.
12:12
even though it's made in Oxnard, California.
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12:14
(Laughter)
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12:15
And instead of charging a dollar fifty for the eight-ounce bottle,
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8온슀 병에 1λ‹¬λŸ¬ 50μ„ΌνŠΈλ₯Ό λ°›λŠ” λŒ€μ‹ μ—
12:20
the way that French's and Gulden's did,
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ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ™€ λ„€λœλž€λ“œμ‹μœΌλ‘œ 4λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό λ°›κΈ°λ‘œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:21
they decided to charge four dollars.
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12:23
And they had those ads.
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그리고 광고에 그레이 푸폰을 λ¨Ήκ³  μžˆλŠ” 둀슀둜이슀 주인을 λ‚΄μ„Έμ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:24
With the guy in the Rolls Royce, eating the Grey Poupon.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‘€μŠ€λ‘œμ΄μŠ€λ“€μ΄ λ©ˆμΆ”μž κ·ΈλŠ” 묻죠.
12:27
Another pulls up, and says, "Do you have any Grey Poupon?"
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당신은 그레이 푸폰 λ¨Ήμ–΄λ³Έ 적 μžˆλ‚˜μš”?
12:30
And the whole thing, after they did that, Grey Poupon takes off!
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이런 과정을 거쳐 그레이 푸폰은 λ–΄μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:33
Takes over the mustard business!
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λ¨ΈμŠ€ν„°λ“œ 업계λ₯Ό μž₯μ•…ν–ˆμ–΄μš”!
12:35
And everyone's take-home lesson from that
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ 얻을 수 μžˆλŠ” κ΅ν›ˆμ€
12:37
was that the way to make people happy
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ ν–‰λ³΅ν•˜κ²Œ ν•΄μ£Όλ €λ©΄
12:42
is to give them something that is more expensive,
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μ’€ 더 λΉ„μ‹Έκ³ , μ—΄λ§ν• λ§Œν•œ μ œν’ˆμ„ μ œκ³΅ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:45
something to aspire to.
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12:47
It's to make them turn their back on what they think they like now,
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κ·Έλž˜μ•Ό μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ ν˜„μž¬ λ§Œμ‘±ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μ œν’ˆμ„ λ– λ‚˜
12:51
and reach out for something higher up the mustard hierarchy.
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λ¨ΈμŠ€ν„°λ“œ μœ„κ³„ 상에 더 높이 μžˆλŠ” μ œν’ˆμ„ κ΅¬λ§€ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ…Έλ ₯ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:55
(Laughter)
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12:56
A better mustard! A more expensive mustard!
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더 쒋은 λ¨ΈμŠ€ν„°λ“œ! 더 λΉ„μ‹Ό λ¨ΈμŠ€ν„°λ“œ!
12:58
A mustard of more sophistication and culture and meaning.
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μ’€ 더 μ„Έλ ¨ 되고, ꡐ양 있고, 의미 μžˆλŠ” λ¨ΈμŠ€ν„°λ“œ 말이죠.
13:01
And Howard looked to that and said, "That's wrong!"
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν•˜μ›Œλ“œλŠ” λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λͺ¨λ‘ ν‹€λ Έμ–΄!
13:04
Mustard does not exist on a hierarchy.
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λ¨ΈμŠ€ν„°λ“œλ‚˜ ν† λ§ˆν†  μ†ŒμŠ€ 세계에 μœ„κ³„ μ§ˆμ„œ λ”°μœ„λŠ” μ—†κ³ 
13:07
Mustard exists, just like tomato sauce, on a horizontal plane.
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λͺ¨λ“  μ œν’ˆμ΄ μˆ˜ν‰μ„  상에 λŠ˜μ–΄μ„œ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:11
There is no good mustard or bad mustard.
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μ’‹κ³  λ‚˜μœ λ¨ΈμŠ€ν„°λ“œλ„ μ—†κ³ 
13:14
There is no perfect mustard or imperfect mustard.
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μ™„μ „ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ λΆˆμ™„μ „ν•œ λ¨ΈμŠ€ν„°λ“œλ„ μ—†κ³ 
13:17
There are only different kinds of mustards that suit different kinds of people.
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단지 μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ μž…λ§›μ— λ§žλŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ λ¨ΈμŠ€ν„°λ“œκ°€ μžˆμ„ λΏμ΄λΌλŠ”κ±°μ£ .
13:21
He fundamentally democratized the way we think about taste.
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맛에 λŒ€ν•œ 사고 방식을 근본적으둜 λ―Όμ£Όν™”ν–ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:26
And for that, as well, we owe Howard Moskowitz a huge vote of thanks.
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이것이 두 번째 ν•˜μ›Œλ“œ λͺ¨μŠ€μ½”μœ„μΈ  μ”¨μ—κ²Œ 감사할 일이죠.
13:31
Third thing that Howard did, and perhaps the most important,
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ν•˜μ›Œλ“œκ°€ μ„Έ 번째 일은, μ•„λ§ˆλ„ κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 일이 될텐데,
13:34
is Howard confronted the notion of the Platonic dish.
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"이상적인 μŒμ‹"μ΄λΌλŠ” κ°œλ…μ— λ§žμ„°λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. (μ›ƒμŒ)
13:37
(Laughter)
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13:38
What do I mean by that?
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이 말은 무슨 λœ»μΌκΉŒμš”?
13:39
(Laughter)
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13:41
For the longest time in the food industry,
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μœ μ‚¬ 이래 μ‹ν’ˆμ—…κ³„λŠ” μ•„μ£Ό μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ
13:43
there was a sense that there was one way,
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μ–΄λ–€ μš”λ¦¬μ—λ“  ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μ™„λ²½ν•œ μš”λ¦¬λ²•μ΄ μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 생각을 κ°–κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:46
a perfect way, to make a dish.
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13:49
You go to Chez Panisse,
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쉐 νŒŒλ‹ˆμ¦ˆ λ ˆμŠ€ν† λž‘μ— κ°€λ©΄ μ–΄λ– μ–΄λ– ν•œ 쑰리 λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“ 
13:51
they give you the red-tail sashimi with roasted pumpkin seeds
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볢은 ν˜Έλ°• 씨λ₯Ό 곁듀인 뢉은 꼬리 μƒμ„ νšŒκ°€ λ‚˜μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:56
in a something something reduction.
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13:58
They don't give you five options on the reduction.
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μš”λ¦¬μ‚¬μ˜ 쑰리법에 λŒ€ν•΄ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ„ νƒμ˜ 여지가 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:01
They don't say, "Do you want the extra-chunky reduction, or ...?"
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μ‹λ‹Ήμ—μ„œ "μΆ”κ°€ κ³Όμœ‘μ€ λΉΌκ³  μš”λ¦¬ν•΄ λ“œλ¦΄κΉŒμš”?"라고 λ¬Όμ–΄λ³΄μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμž–μ•„μš”?
14:04
No!
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14:05
You just get the reduction. Why?
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κ·Έλƒ₯ 빠진 μƒνƒœλ‘œ λ‚˜μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ™œ μΌκΉŒμš”? 쉐 νŒŒλ‹ˆμ¦ˆ μ£Όλ°©μž₯은
14:07
Because the chef at Chez Panisse
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14:08
has a Platonic notion about red-tail sashimi.
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뢉은 꼬리 μƒμ„ νšŒ μš”λ¦¬μ— λŒ€ν•œ 이상적 관념을 가지고 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:11
"This is the way it ought to be."
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"λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ μ΄λž˜μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€"λŠ” 방식 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:13
And she serves it that way time and time again,
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μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ 계속 같은 λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ κ·Έ μš”λ¦¬λ₯Ό λŒ€μ ‘ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
14:18
and if you quarrel with her, she will say,
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μ£Όλ°©μž₯κ³Ό λ§λ‹€νˆΌμ΄ λ²Œμ–΄μ§„λ‹€λ©΄, μ£Όλ°©μž₯은 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ–˜κΈ°ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:20
"You know what? You're wrong!
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"당신은 ν‹€λ Έμ–΄! 이게 이 λ ˆμŠ€ν† λž‘μ—μ„œ 따라야 ν•  μ΅œμƒμ˜ 방법이라고!"
14:22
This is the best way it ought to be in this restaurant."
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14:25
Now that same idea fueled the commercial food industry as well.
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μ‹ν’ˆ 곡μž₯μ—μ„œλ„ λ˜‘κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:29
They had a Platonic notion of what tomato sauce was.
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그듀은 ν† λ§ˆν†  μ†ŒμŠ€λŠ” μ΄λŸ¬μ΄λŸ¬ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 이상적인 관념을 κ°–κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:32
And where did that come from? It came from Italy.
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ν† λ§ˆν†  μ†ŒμŠ€μ˜ 기원이 μ–΄λ””μΌκΉŒμš”? μ΄νƒˆλ¦¬μ•„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:35
Italian tomato sauce is what?
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μ΄νƒˆλ¦¬μ•„ ν† λ§ˆν†  μ†ŒμŠ€λŠ” μ–΄λ–»μ£ ? 묽게 ν˜Όν•©λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:37
It's blended; it's thin.
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14:39
The culture of tomato sauce was thin.
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원쑰 ν† λ§ˆν†  μ†ŒμŠ€λŠ” λ¬½μ–΄μš”.
14:41
When we talked about "authentic tomato sauce" in the 1970s,
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1970λ…„λŒ€ 정톡 ν† λ§ˆν†  μ†ŒμŠ€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
14:44
we talked about Italian tomato sauce,
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μ΄νƒˆλ¦¬μ•„ ν† λ§ˆν†  μ†ŒμŠ€λ₯Ό μ–ΈκΈ‰ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 졜초의 라ꡬ μ œν’ˆμ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œμš”.
14:46
we talked about the earliest RagΓΉs,
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14:48
which had no visible solids, right?
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덩어리λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•„λ³Ό 수 μ—†λŠ” μ œν’ˆμ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
14:51
Which were thin, you just put a little bit
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묽기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— νŒŒμŠ€νƒ€μ— λΆ€μœΌλ©΄
14:53
and it sunk down to the bottom of the pasta.
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그릇 λ°”λ‹₯에 가라 앉아 λ²„λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:55
That's what it was.
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κ·Έκ±°λ©΄ 되죠. 여기에 λ­”κ°€ 더할 μ΄μœ κ°€ μžˆλ‚˜μš”?
14:56
And why were we attached to that?
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ κ°€μž₯ 정톡에 κ°€κΉŒμš΄ ν† λ§ˆν†  μ†ŒμŠ€λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜λ©΄
14:58
Because we thought that what it took to make people happy
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15:00
was to provide them with the most culturally authentic tomato sauce, A.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ ν–‰λ³΅ν•΄μ§ˆ 것이라고 μƒκ°ν–ˆμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:05
And B, we thought that if we gave them the culturally authentic tomato sauce,
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κ°€μž₯ 정톡에 κ°€κΉŒμš΄ ν† λ§ˆν†  μ†ŒμŠ€λ§Œ μ œκ³΅ν•˜λ©΄
15:10
then they would embrace it.
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λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ 받아듀일 거라고 μƒκ°ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
15:12
And that's what would please the maximum number of people.
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이것이 μ΅œλŒ€ λ‹€μˆ˜μ˜ μ΅œλŒ€ 행볡을 μ΄λŒμ–΄ λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” 방법이고,
15:15
In other words,
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λ‹€μ‹œ 말해, μš”λ¦¬μ‚¬λ“€μ΄
15:17
people in the cooking world were looking for cooking universals.
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인λ₯˜μ— λ§žλŠ” 보편적인 μš”λ¦¬λ²•μ„ μ°Ύμ•„ ν—€λ§Έλ‹€λŠ” λœ»μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:21
They were looking for one way to treat all of us.
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그듀은 μš°λ¦¬λ“€ λͺ¨λ‘λ₯Ό 즐겁게 ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” ν•œ 가지 방법을 μ—°κ΅¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:23
And it's good reason for them to be obsessed
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λ³΄νŽΈμ„±μ΄λΌλŠ” κ°œλ…μ— μ‚¬λ‘œμž‘νžˆλŠ” 이 ν˜„μƒμ€
15:26
with the idea of universals,
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15:27
because all of science,
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19~20μ„ΈκΈ° λ™μ•ˆ λͺ¨λ“  κ³Όν•™ λΆ„μ•Ό μ „λ°˜μ„
15:29
through the 19th century and much of the 20th,
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15:31
was obsessed with universals.
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νœ©μ“Έμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:33
Psychologists, medical scientists, economists
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μ‹¬λ¦¬ν•™μž, μ˜ν•™μž, κ²½μ œν•™μžλ“€λ„ 인λ₯˜μ˜ 행동을
15:37
were all interested in finding out the rules
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15:39
that govern the way all of us behave.
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λ‹€μŠ€λ¦΄ 수 μžˆλŠ” κ·œμΉ™μ„ μ°ΎλŠ”λ° ν˜ˆμ•ˆμ΄ λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:42
But that changed, right?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄μ œλŠ” λ°”λ€Œμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:43
What is the great revolution in science of the last 10, 15 years?
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μ§€λ‚œ 10~15λ…„ κ°„ 과학계에 μΌμ–΄λ‚œ λŒ€λ³€ν˜μ΄ λ¬΄μ—‡μž…λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
15:47
It is the movement from the search for universals
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λ³΄νŽΈμ„± λ…ΌμŸμ„ 마치고, 닀양성에 λŒ€ν•œ 이해λ₯Ό λ„“ν˜€κ°€λ €λŠ” μš΄λ™μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:50
to the understanding of variability.
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15:53
Now in medical science, we don't want to know, necessarily,
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이제 μ˜ν•™κ³„λŠ” 암이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ³΄λ‹€
15:57
just how cancer works,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μ•”κ³Ό 제 암이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ‹€λ₯Έμ§€λ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:58
we want to know how your cancer is different from my cancer.
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16:02
I guess my cancer different from your cancer.
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κ·Έ λ‘˜μ€ μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
16:04
Genetics has opened the door to the study of human variability.
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μœ μ „ν•™μ€ μΈκ°„μ˜ 닀양성에 λŒ€ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 문을 μ—΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:08
What Howard Moskowitz was doing was saying,
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ν•˜μ›Œλ“œ λͺ¨μŠ€μ½”μœ„μΈ  μ”¨λŠ” 이런 λŒ€λ³€ν˜μ΄
16:11
"This same revolution needs to happen in the world of tomato sauce."
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ν† λ§ˆν†  μ†ŒμŠ€μ˜ 세계에도 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν–ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:16
And for that, we owe him a great vote of thanks.
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이것이 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 그의 κ³΅λ‘œμ— κ°μ‚¬ν•΄μ•Όν•˜λŠ” μ„Έ 번째 μ΄μœ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:20
I'll give you one last illustration of variability,
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닀양성에 λŒ€ν•œ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ 예λ₯Ό ν•˜λ‚˜ λ“€κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. -- μ•„, μ£„μ†‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:23
and that is -- oh, I'm sorry.
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16:24
Howard not only believed that, but he took it a second step,
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ν•˜μ›Œλ“œλŠ” λ‹¨μˆœν•œ λ―ΏμŒμ—μ„œ ν•œ 걸음 더 λ‚˜μ•„κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:28
which was to say that when we pursue universal principles in food,
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μŒμ‹μ˜ λ³΄νŽΈμ„±μ„ μ°Ύμ•„ 헀맨 것은 λ‹¨μˆœν•œ μ‹€μˆ˜κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
16:33
we aren't just making an error;
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우리 μžμ‹ μ„ λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ ν™€λŒ€ν•΄μ˜¨ 것이라고 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:35
we are actually doing ourselves a massive disservice.
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16:39
And the example he used was coffee.
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κ·ΈλŠ” 컀피λ₯Ό 예둜 λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:41
And coffee is something he did a lot of work with, with NescafΓ©.
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λ„€μŠ€μΉ΄νŽ˜μ™€μ˜ μž‘μ—… 쀑에 컀피와 κ΄€λ ¨λœ 일을 많이 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:45
If I were to ask all of you to try and come up with a brand of coffee --
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λ§Œμ•½ μ œκ°€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ μ—¬κΈ° μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒμ„ ν–‰λ³΅ν•˜κ²Œ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
16:49
a type of coffee, a brew -- that made all of you happy,
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λΈŒλžœλ“œλ₯Ό λ”± ν•˜λ‚˜ κ³¨λΌμ˜€μ‹œλΌκ³  ν•œ 후에
16:52
and then I asked you to rate that coffee,
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λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ λΆ„λ“€κ»˜ 0~100점 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 평점을 μš”κ΅¬ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
16:54
the average score in this room for coffee would be about 60 on a scale of 0 to 100.
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μ•„λ§ˆ 평균 60점 μ •λ„μ˜ 점수λ₯Ό 받을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:58
If, however, you allowed me to break you into coffee clusters,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ„
17:02
maybe three or four coffee clusters,
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3~4개 μ •λ„μ˜ 그룹으둜 λ‚˜λˆ„κ³ 
17:04
and I could make coffee just for each of those individual clusters,
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κ°œλ³„ 그룹을 μœ„ν•œ 컀피λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“ λ‹€λ©΄
17:09
your scores would go from 60 to 75 or 78.
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평균 μ μˆ˜κ°€ 60μ μ—μ„œ 75~78μ κΉŒμ§€λ‘œ λ†’μ•„μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:13
The difference between coffee at 60 and coffee at 78
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이 60점과 78점의 μ°¨μ΄λŠ” 컀피λ₯Ό λ§ˆμ‹  ν›„ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 기뢄이
17:18
is a difference between coffee that makes you wince,
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κ·Έμ € κ·ΈλŸ΄μ§€, μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ μ•„μ£Ό 행볡할지λ₯Ό
17:21
and coffee that makes you deliriously happy.
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κ²°μ •ν•  μ •λ„μ˜ 큰 μ°¨μ΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:24
That is the final, and I think most beautiful lesson,
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이것이 ν•˜μ›Œλ“œ λͺ¨μŠ€μ½”μœ„μΈ  씨가 λ² ν‘Ό κ°€μž₯ μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ κ΅ν›ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:27
of Howard Moskowitz:
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17:29
that in embracing the diversity of human beings,
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인λ₯˜μ˜ 닀양성을 ν¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것이
17:33
we will find a surer way to true happiness.
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μ§„μ •ν•œ ν–‰λ³΅μœΌλ‘œ κ°€λŠ” ν‹€λ¦Όμ—†λŠ” κΈΈμ΄λΌλŠ” 것이죠.
17:35
Thank you.
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17:36
(Applause)
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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