The surprising decline in violence | Steven Pinker

スティーブン・ピンカー： 暴力にまつわる社会的通念

翻訳: Takako Sato 校正: Natsuhiko Mizutani

Images like this, from the Auschwitz concentration camp,

アウシュビッツ強制収容所のようなイメージが

have been seared into our consciousness during the 20th century

20世紀を通して 我々の意識に焼きついて

and have given us a new understanding of who we are,

我々という人間の正体や 我々のたどった道 我々が生きる時代の

where we've come from and the times we live in.

新しい解釈をもたらしました

During the 20th century, we witnessed the atrocities

20世紀には数々の残虐行為が見られました

of Stalin, Hitler, Mao, Pol Pot, Rwanda and other genocides,

スターリン ヒトラー 毛沢東 ポルポト ルワンダやその他の集団虐殺

and even though the 21st century is only seven years old,

21世紀に突入して まだ７年しか経過していませんが

we have already witnessed an ongoing genocide in Darfur

既に ダルフール紛争やイラクの日常となった

and the daily horrors of Iraq.

酷い状況を目にしてきました

This has led to a common understanding of our situation,

こうしてある共通の理解に至りました

namely, that modernity has brought us terrible violence,

現代社会は 暴力にあふれ

and perhaps that native peoples lived in a state of harmony

調和のとれた原始の時代から離れてしまったから今の危難があるのです

that we have departed from, to our peril.

例えば 数年前の感謝祭のときの

Here is an example from an op-ed on Thanksgiving,

ボストングローブ紙の論評です

in the "Boston Globe" a couple of years ago,

“インディアンの生活は苦しいものであったが

where the writer wrote, "The Indian life was a difficult one,

雇用問題は無く 仲間意識が強く

but there were no employment problems,

community harmony was strong, substance abuse unknown,

薬物乱用など存在せず

crime nearly nonexistent.

犯罪は ほぼ皆無で 部族間の争いは

What warfare there was between tribes was largely ritualistic

主に儀式的で 無差別虐殺や

and seldom resulted in indiscriminate or wholesale slaughter."

大量虐殺につながることは滅多になかった”　よく聞くお話です

Now you're all familiar with this treacle.

We teach it to our children.

子どもに教え テレビや絵本でも耳にします

We hear it on television and in storybooks.

このセッションのテーマは“常識を疑う” ですが

Now, the original title of this session was, "Everything You Know is Wrong,"

今述べた常識的な理解の誤りについて

and I'm going to present evidence

that this particular part of our common understanding is wrong,

論証したいと思います

that, in fact, our ancestors were far more violent than we are,

実際に我々の祖先は非常に残虐で

that violence has been in decline for long stretches of time,

暴力は長い事 減少してきており

and that today, we are probably living in the most peaceful time

我々は おそらく人類史上 もっとも平和な時を生きています

in our species's existence.

ダルフールやイラクでの紛争が起きている時代に

Now in the decade of Darfur and Iraq,

a statement like that might seem somewhere between hallucinatory and obscene,

このような陳述は 幻覚か不当にすら感じますが

これが正しい理解であると説明していきます

but I'm going to try to convince you that that is the correct picture.

暴力の減少はフラクタル現象です

The decline of violence is a fractal phenomenon.

これは数千年 数百年 数十年

You can see it over millennia, over centuries, over decades

そして数年のスケールで観測できます

and over years,

although there seems to have been a tipping point

16世紀の理性の時代の始まりが

at the onset of the Age of Reason in the 16th century.

転換点だったようです

One sees it all over the world, although not homogeneously.

一様ではなくとも世界中に見られます

It's especially evident in the West,

啓蒙運動の時代 英国やオランダで始まり

beginning with England and Holland around the time of the Enlightenment.

特に西洋では顕著です

Let me take you on a journey of several powers of 10 --

では数千年から数年のスケールで

from the millennium scale to the year scale --

説明していきましょう

to try to persuade you of this.

一万年前まで人間は狩猟採集型の生活をして

Until 10,000 years ago, all humans lived as hunter-gatherers,

永住地や政府はありませんでした

without permanent settlements or government.

これは一般に原始的な調和の一つとして

And this is the state that's commonly thought to be one of primordial harmony.

考えられる状態ですが

But the archaeologist Lawrence Keeley,

考古学者のローレンス キーリーは

looking at casualty rates among contemporary hunter-gatherers,

現代の狩猟採取者の死亡率を参考にして

which is our best source of evidence about this way of life,

狩猟採取社会の新しい姿を描きました

has shown a rather different conclusion.

Here is a graph that he put together,

キーリーはこんなグラフに

showing the percentage of male deaths due to warfare

数々の狩猟採取社会での

in a number of foraging or hunting and gathering societies.

争いによる男性死者の割合をまとめました

The red bars correspond to the likelihood that a man will die

赤い棒線は 自然死ではなくて

at the hands of another man,

誰かに殺される確率を示しています

as opposed to passing away of natural causes,

ニューギニア高地やアマゾン熱帯雨林の

in a variety of foraging societies in the New Guinea highlands

様々な原住民社会におけるものです

and the Amazon rain forest.

And they range from a rate of almost a 60 percent chance that a man will die

殺される確率が60%の場所もあれば

at the hands of another man

わずか15％の場所もあります

to, in the case of the Gebusi, only a 15 percent chance.

左下に見られる短い青い棒線は

The tiny little blue bar in the lower left-hand corner

20世紀の欧米の統計を表わしたもので

plots the corresponding statistic from the United States and Europe

in the 20th century,

２度の世界大戦の犠牲者を含んでいます

and it includes all the deaths of both World Wars.

もし同じ死亡率のまま20世紀を迎えていたら

If the death rate in tribal warfare had prevailed during the 20th century,

1億人どころか20億人が死んでいたでしょう

there would have been two billion deaths rather than 100 million.

Also on the millennium scale,

千年スケールの話の続きですが 聖書から

we can look at the way of life of early civilizations,

古代文明における社会の風習を見ることができます

such as the ones described in the Bible.

道徳的価値の源泉と考えられる聖書の中に

And in this supposed source of our moral values,

one can read descriptions of what was expected in warfare,

戦争に対する見方がわかる記述があります

such as the following, from Numbers 31:

例えば 31章には“わが主がモーゼに命令すると

"And they warred against the Midianites as the Lord commanded Moses,

彼らはミデヤン人と戦い 彼らは

and they slew all the males.

すべての男どもを殺した　そしてモーゼは言った

And Moses said unto them, 'Have you saved all the women alive?

女は生かしておいたか？ 直ちに 男の子たちを皆 殺せ

Now, therefore, kill every male among the little ones

男と寝て男を知っている女も皆殺せ

and kill every woman that hath known man by lying with him,

ただし 男を知らない娘は あなたたちのために

but all the women children that have not known a man by lying with him,

生かしておくがよい” と書かれています

keep alive for yourselves.'"

In other words: kill the men, kill the children.

これは男や子どもは殺し 処女を見つけた時は生かしておいて

If you see any virgins, then you can keep them alive so that you can rape them.

強姦してもよい という意味です

And you can find four or five passages in the Bible of this ilk.

聖書には このような記述が4~5か所に見られます

Also in the Bible, one sees that the death penalty was the accepted punishment

また聖書によると 死刑が容認される罪は

同性愛　姦通　冒涜

for crimes such as homosexuality,

adultery, blasphemy, idolatry, talking back to your parents --

偶像崇拝　親への口答え

(Laughter)

安息日に枝を拾うことなどが含まれます

and picking up sticks on the Sabbath.

Well, let's click the zoom lens down one order of magnitude

では一桁分ズームインして

世紀のスケールで見てみましょう

and look at the century scale.

Now, although we don't have statistics for warfare

中世から現代に至る期間の 戦争の統計はありませんが

throughout the Middle Ages to modern times,

歴史をたどれば 社会的に

we know just from conventional history

容認された暴力が減少してきたのは

that the evidence was under our nose all along

はっきりとしています

that there has been a reduction in socially sanctioned forms of violence.

例えば どんな社会でも 手足の切断や拷問は

For example, any social history will reveal that mutilation and torture

刑罰として規定された形式でした

were routine forms of criminal punishment.

現在 違反行為に課せられるのは罰金ですが

The kind of infraction today that would give you a fine,

当時は舌や耳を切られたり 目をつぶされたり

in those days, would result in your tongue being cut out,

手を切断されたりしたのです

your ears being cut off, you being blinded,

a hand being chopped off and so on.

死刑も火あぶりや解体刑 車裂きの刑

There were numerous ingenious forms of sadistic capital punishment:

八つ裂きの刑など

burning at the stake, disemboweling, breaking on the wheel,

残酷なものは多々ありました

being pulled apart by horses and so on.

王様の批判や パン泥棒など 暴力とは関係のない罪にも

The death penalty was a sanction for a long list of nonviolent crimes:

死刑は適用され 労働力を確保するために

criticizing the king, stealing a loaf of bread.

奴隷制が多用されていました

Slavery, of course, was the preferred labor-saving device,

娯楽も残酷で 一番強烈なのは

and cruelty was a popular form of entertainment.

猫の火あぶりです　吊るされた猫が

Perhaps the most vivid example was the practice of cat burning,

火の中に入れられ 痛みで鳴き声を上げ

in which a cat was hoisted on a stage and lowered in a sling into a fire,

焼死する姿を見て 観客はギャーッと声をあげながら

and the spectators shrieked in laughter as the cat, howling in pain,

笑っていたのです

was burned to death.

殺人に関しては 多くの行政機関が

What about one-on-one murder?

死因を記録しているので 統計データが出されています

Well, there, there are good statistics,

because many municipalities recorded the cause of death.

犯罪学者のマヌエル アイズナーは

The criminologist Manuel Eisner

ヨーロッパ全域で見つけた

scoured all of the historical records across Europe

殺人の全記録を研究し そのデータを

for homicide rates in any village, hamlet, town, county that he could find,

国家の統計と

継ぎ合わせました

and then he supplemented them with national data

対数スケールでプロットすると 年間に10万人あたり100件の殺人という

when nations started keeping statistics.

He plotted on a logarithmic scale,

中世の代表的な値から始まりますが

going from 100 deaths per 100,000 people per year,

その数字はどんどん低下して

which was approximately the rate of homicide in the Middle Ages,

ヨーロッパ諸国では 年間に 10万人あたり１件以下まで減ります

and the figure plummets down

to less than one homicide per 100,000 people per year

そして 1960年に少し上昇が見られます

in seven or eight European countries.

ロックンロールが道徳的価値観を下げるという指摘は

Then, there is a slight uptick in the 1960s.

あながち間違いとも言えないようです

The people who said that rock and roll would lead to the decline of moral values

ともかく 殺人件数は現代に至るまで

actually had a grain of truth to that.

But there was a decline from at least two orders of magnitude in homicide

16世紀初頭を境に

from the Middle Ages to the present,

少なくとも二桁の減少を遂げました

and the elbow occurred in the early 16th century.

10年単位で見てみましょう

Let's click down now to the decade scale.

非政府組織の統計によれば

According to nongovernmental organizations that keep such statistics,

ヨーロッパと南北アメリカでは1945年以来

戦争や犠牲者を出す民族暴動

since 1945, in Europe and the Americas,

there has been a steep decline in interstate wars,

虐殺や軍事クーデターは減少しています

in deadly ethnic riots or pogroms

世界的にも 戦争による犠牲者は激減しています

and in military coups, even in South America.

黄色の棒線は1950年から現在に至るまでの

Worldwide, there's been a steep decline in deaths in interstate wars.

一つの戦争の年間犠牲者を示しています

The yellow bars here show the number of deaths per war per year

50年代には一つの戦争の年間犠牲者数が ６万５千人でしたが

from 1950 to the present.

And, as you can see, the death rate goes down

2000年以降は酷い状況とは言え

from 65,000 deaths per conflict per year in the 1950s

年間犠牲者数は2千人以下まで減少しています

to less than 2,000 deaths per conflict per year in this decade,

一年スケールで見ても 暴力の減少がわかります

as horrific as it is.

Even in the year scale, one can see a decline of violence.

冷戦終結の後 内戦や集団虐殺は減りました

Since the end of the Cold War, there have been fewer civil wars,

第二次世界大戦後 90%の減少です

fewer genocides -- indeed, a 90 percent reduction since post-World War II highs --

殺人や暴力犯罪における60年代の上昇分も取り返しました

and even a reversal of the 1960s uptick in homicide and violent crime.

これは FBI がまとめた他殺の統計です

This is from the FBI uniform crime statistics.

50年代と60年代は暴力が抑えられていましたが

You can see that there's a fairly low rate of violence in the '50s and the '60s,

その後 何十年か高めの数字を経て

then it soared upward for several decades

1990年代に激減し始め

and began a precipitous decline, starting in the 1990s,

ほぼ60年代のレベルへと戻りました

so that it went back to the level that was last enjoyed in 1960.

クリントン大統領 ありがとう

President Clinton, if you're here: thank you.

（笑）

(Laughter)

さて これだけ大切な事実に対し

So the question is:

誤解が生じる理由は多々あると思います

Why are so many people so wrong about something so important?

報道が充実したということも理由の一つです

I think there are a number of reasons.

One of them is we have better reporting.

AP通信は16世紀の修道士よりも

The Associated Press is a better chronicler of wars

戦争に関して上をいく年代史家です

over the surface of the earth

than 16th-century monks were.

認知的錯覚によって ある具体的な事例を思い出すのが簡単になるほど

(Laughter)

There's a cognitive illusion.

We cognitive psychologists know

先入観が強くなるというのが

that the easier it is to recall specific instances of something,

認知心理学の知見です

the higher the probability that you assign to it.

新聞で目にする残虐な写真やニュースは

Things that we read about in the paper with gory footage

老衰で亡くなるお年寄りよりも 記憶に焼きつきやすいのです

burn into memory more than reports of a lot more people dying

世論や政策提言における力学の問題として

in their beds of old age.

状況は改善し続けていると訴え 注目をあびて

There are dynamics in the opinion and advocacy markets;

支持や支援を集めることはできません

no one ever attracted advocates and donors

（笑）

by saying, "Things just seem to be getting better and better."

先住民に対して罪悪感があるため

(Laughter)

現代の知識人たちは西洋文化の特長を

There's guilt about our treatment of native peoples

素直に認めようとはしません

in modern intellectual life,

道徳の変化が行動の変化を追い抜くこともあるでしょう

and an unwillingness to acknowledge there could be anything good

暴力が減少した理由の一つは

about Western culture.

And, of course, our change in standards can outpace the change in behavior.

人々が当時の大虐殺や残酷な行為に嫌気がさしたからです

One of the reasons violence went down

今もそうですが 道徳が行動を追い越して

is that people got sick of the carnage and cruelty in their time.

変化してしまうと 当時の歴史的な基準に照らした場合以上に

That's a process that seems to be continuing,

野蛮であったと見なされます

but if it outstrips behavior by the standards of the day,

よって 15年の司法手続を経た殺人犯たちが

things always look more barbaric than they would have been

薬殺刑で死刑になることが 気にかかるのも無理はありません

by historic standards.

数百年前であれば王様を批判したことで

So today, we get exercised -- and rightly so --

if a handful of murderers get executed by lethal injection in Texas

10分程度の裁判にかけられ

火あぶりの刑に処せられたかもしれません

after a 15-year appeal process.

We don't consider that a couple of hundred years ago,

むしろ 幾度となく繰り返されたことだったでしょう

they may have been burned at the stake for criticizing the king after a trial

今日 死刑制度は野蛮な行為として

that lasted 10 minutes,

捉えられています

and indeed, that that would have been repeated over and over again.

基準の向上とは見なされません

Today, we look at capital punishment

as evidence of how low our behavior can sink,

なぜ暴力が減少したのか 誰もわかりませんが

rather than how high our standards have risen.

私が知っている４つの説明は どれも

Well, why has violence declined?

ある程度うなずけるものです

No one really knows, but I have read four explanations,

一つ目はトマスホッブズが正しいというものです

all of which, I think, have some grain of plausibility.

ホッブズによると 人間の自然状態とは “孤独で貧しく

The first is: maybe Thomas Hobbes got it right.

不機嫌で残酷 しかも短命”

He was the one who said

that life in a state of nature was "solitary, poor, nasty,

血の渇望や 攻撃的な本能や

brutish and short."

縄張り争いが原因なのではなく

(Laughter)

Not because, he argued,

humans have some primordial thirst for blood

無政府状態のロジックが原因だと言っています

or aggressive instinct or territorial imperative,

無政府状態では やられる前にやらなければおしまいです

but because of the logic of anarchy.

トーマス シェリングがこれについて

In a state of anarchy,

there's a constant temptation to invade your neighbors preemptively,

自宅の地下で物音がした状況で例示しています

before they invade you.

アメリカ人の常として

More recently, Thomas Schelling gives the analogy

ベッド脇から銃を掴み 階下へ降ります

of a homeowner who hears a rustling in the basement.

Being a good American, he has a pistol in the nightstand,

目に飛び込んだのは 銃を持った侵入者

お互いに考えるのは

pulls out his gun, walks down the stairs.

And what does he see but a burglar with a gun in his hand?

“人殺しはいやだが 撃たれるぐらいなら

Now, each one of them is thinking,

その前に撃った方がよさそうだ

"I don't really want to kill that guy, but he's about to kill me.

奴も殺す気はないかもしれないが

Maybe I had better shoot him before he shoots me,

殺される可能性があることを

especially since, even if he doesn't want to kill me,

恐れているだろう”

he's probably worrying right now that I might kill him before he kills me."

狩猟採集の部族はこの一連の考えをたどり

襲われる恐怖から 相手を襲うのです

And so on.

Hunter-gatherer peoples explicitly go through this train of thought

さて 抑止力がこの問題の解決策の一つです

and will often raid their neighbors out of fear of being raided first.

先制攻撃はしませんが もしも侵略されたら

Now, one way of dealing with this problem is by deterrence.

はげしく報復するという方針を公言しておくのです

You don't strike first, but you have a publicly announced policy

このポリシーは 虚勢と見なされがちですが

that you will retaliate savagely if you are invaded.

本気だと思われたときにだけ効力を発揮します

The only thing is that it's liable to having its bluff called,

本気と知らせるためには 全ての侵入に復讐を果たし

借りは必ず返して やがて血の復讐に至るのです

and therefore can only work if it's credible.

ギャング映画の世界です　ホッブスの解決策である「リヴァイアサン」では

To make it credible, you must avenge all insults and settle all scores,

暴力の公使における正統性を

which leads to the cycles of bloody vendetta.

Life becomes an episode of "The Sopranos."

リヴァイアサンという民主的機関だけに帰属させた状態なら

Hobbes's solution, "Leviathan,"

攻撃の企てが減るというものでした

was that if authority for the legitimate use of violence

なぜなら いかなる攻撃も罰せられ

was vested in a single democratic agency -- a leviathan --

then such a state can reduce the temptation of attack,

そこから得られるものは無いので 自分が襲われる恐怖からの

because any kind of aggression will be punished,

先制攻撃を抑止するのです

leaving its profitability zero.

抑止力では 本気だと示すために一触即発で復讐する必要があったのが

That would remove the temptation to invade preemptively

不要となり こうして平和へと至るのです

out of fear of them attacking you first.

It removes the need for a hair trigger for retaliation

先ほどお見せ出来なかった 殺人件数の割合を

to make your deterrent threat credible,

グラフにしたアイズナーは

and therefore, it would lead to a state of peace.

ヨーロッパで殺人が減少した時期は

Eisner -- the man who plotted the homicide rates

that you failed to see in the earlier slide --

中央集権国家の勃興と期を同じくすると指摘しています

argued that the timing of the decline of homicide in Europe

リヴァイアサン理論のちょっとした裏付けです

coincided with the rise of centralized states.

今日 無政府状態の地域で暴力が吹き荒れることも

So that's a bit of a support for the leviathan theory.

理論を裏付けます　破たん国家や崩壊した帝国

Also supporting it is the fact that we today see eruptions of violence

辺境地帯 マフィアやストリートギャング等です

in zones of anarchy, in failed states, collapsed empires,

二つ目の説明は 人生は取るに足らないものと

frontier regions, mafias, street gangs and so on.

見られていた時代と場所が多かったことです

The second explanation is that in many times and places,

苦しみや若死にが普通であった昔

there is a widespread sentiment that life is cheap.

他人に危害を加えることに抵抗は感じませんでした

In earlier times, when suffering and early death were common in one's own life,

テクノロジーや経済効率が人生をより長く楽しくさせるにつれて

人間は一般的に人生への価値を高めるようになります

one has fewer compunctions about inflicting them on others.

これは政治学者のジェームズ ペインの議論です

And as technology and economic efficiency make life longer and more pleasant,

三つ目の説明は“非ゼロ和” の概念を連想させます

one puts a higher value on life in general.

This was an argument from the political scientist James Payne.

ジャーナリストであるロバート ライトは

A third explanation invokes the concept of a nonzero-sum game,

ある種の状況下で 非暴力を含む協力は

and was worked out in the book "Nonzero" by the journalist Robert Wright.

双方に利益があると指摘しています

過剰な物資の貿易を行い 両者が争いをしないこと 又は

Wright points out that, in certain circumstances,

cooperation or nonviolence can benefit both parties in an interaction,

戦時編制を解き いわゆる平和の配当を分配することで

いかなる時でも 戦う必要がなくなることに

such as gains in trade when two parties trade their surpluses

つながると言っています

and both come out ahead,

or when two parties lay down their arms

ライトは 人が関わる

and split the so-called peace dividend

that results in them not having to fight the whole time.

ポジティブサムゲームの件数が増えたと言います

Wright argues that technology has increased the number

テクノロジーが 物資やサービスやアイデアの交換を

of positive-sum games that humans tend to be embroiled in,

より遠方と より大人数で行えるようにしたからです

by allowing the trade of goods, services and ideas

その結果 死者よりも生きている他者の価値が高まり

over longer distances and among larger groups of people.

自己中心的な理由での暴力は減るのです　ライトに言わせると

The result is that other people become more valuable alive than dead,

“日本への爆弾投下はいけない

and violence declines for selfish reasons.

彼らは私のミニバンを作ってくれたのだ”

As Wright put it,

"Among the many reasons that I think that we should not bomb the Japanese

（笑）

四つ目の説明は哲学者であるピーター シンガーが書いた

is that they built my minivan."

(Laughter)

本のタイトルに示されています

The fourth explanation is captured in the title of a book

彼は 進化によって人間は共感できるようになったと論じています

called "The Expanding Circle," by the philosopher Peter Singer,

他人の利害を自らのものとして考える力です

who argues that evolution bequeathed humans with a sense of empathy,

残念ながら 我々がそうするのは基本的に

非常に限られた仲間や身内だけです

an ability to treat other people's interests as comparable to one's own.

それ以外の人は人間以下の扱いを受け

Unfortunately, by default,

we apply it only to a very narrow circle of friends and family.

当然のことのように食い物にされるのです　しかし時間が経つうちに

People outside that circle are treated as subhuman

その範囲は広がり 歴史上の記録には

and can be exploited with impunity.

村から一族へ 部族へ

But, over history, the circle has expanded.

国家へ　他の人種へ　男女へと広がり

One can see, in historical record,

it expanding from the village, to the clan, to the tribe, to the nation,

シンガー自身の議論では 感覚をもつ他の種にも

to other races, to both sexes and, in Singer's own arguments,

広げるべきものだとしています

そこで この広がりの原動力は何かという問いが生じます

something that we should extend to other sentient species.

可能性はたくさんあります

So the question is:

If this has happened, what has powered that expansion?

ロバート ライトが論じる相互依存の輪の増加や黄金律などです

And there are a number of possibilities,

つまり他者のことを考え影響しあうほどに

such as increasing circles of reciprocity

相手に耳を傾けてほしい場合には

in the sense that Robert Wright argues for.

The logic of the Golden Rule --

自分の利益を優先するのは

the more you think about and interact with other people,

良くないことがわかります

the more you realize that it is untenable to privilege your interests over theirs,

自己中心的な態度は不適切です

at least not if you want them to listen to you.

自分が今いる場所が

You can't say that my interests are special compared to yours

宇宙の中で特別な場所だと言えないのと

any more than you can say

同じことです

the particular spot that I'm standing on is a unique part of the universe

世界主義も理由かもしれません

because I happen to be standing on it that very minute.

歴史 報道 記憶 リアルな小説 旅行記 識字―

It may also be powered by cosmopolitanism, by histories

こうして かつて人間以下に見ていた他人の姿に

and journalism and memoirs and realistic fiction and travel and literacy,

自分の姿を重ね合わせることを可能にして

自分の人生の立場が偶然の結果と気づかせます

which allows you to project yourself into the lives of other people

誰にでも起こり得るということです

that formerly you may have treated as subhuman,

and also to realize the accidental contingency of your own station in life,

原因は何にせよ 暴力の減少には

深い意味があるため “なぜ戦争をするのか” と問わずに

the sense that "There but for fortune go I."

Whatever its causes,

“なぜ平和があるのか” と問うべきです

the decline of violence, I think, has profound implications.

“我々の過ち” だけではなく “我々の正しい行い”も問うべきです

It should force us to ask not just, "Why is there war?"

そこを追究するのは

but also, "Why is there peace?"

Not just, "What are we doing wrong?"

価値あることだと思います

but also, "What have we been doing right?"

Because we have been doing something right,

どうもありがとう

and it sure would be good to find out what it is.

（拍手）

Thank you very much.

素晴らしい内容でした　ピーターシンガーが書いた内容ですが

(Applause)

あの広がりとは テクノロジーや

Chris Anderson: I loved that talk.

目に見える他者の増加が 引き起こしたと

I think a lot of people here in the room would say

that that expansion you were talking about,

感じる人も多いと思います　そして それゆえに世界が

that Peter Singer talks about,

小さくなっているという感覚　これも真実なのでしょうか？

is also driven just by technology, by greater visibility of the other

はい どちらもライト氏の理論にあてはまります

and the sense that the world is therefore getting smaller.

ずっと大きな輪の中での協力はメリットが大きいのです

I mean, is that also a grain of truth?

Steven Pinker: Very much.

また 他人の立場に思いを馳せることの

It would fit both in Wright's theory,

that it allows us to enjoy the benefits of cooperation

手助けにもなっています

over larger and larger circles.

中世の恐ろしい拷問の話を読んだら

But also, I think it helps us imagine what it's like to be someone else.

なぜ そんなことが出来たのか

I think when you read of these horrific tortures

犠牲者をかわいそうだと思わなかったのかと

that were common in the Middle Ages,

you think, "How could they possibly have done it,

思うでしょうが 彼らにとっては

how could they not have empathized with the person

自分と似た存在だとは思いようもない―

that they're disemboweling?"

ただのよそ者に過ぎなかったのです

But clearly, as far as they're concerned, this is just an alien being

他人と立場を入れ替える想像を

that does not have feelings akin to their own.

容易にするものは何でも 他人への配慮を

Anything, I think, that makes it easier

高めるのです

to imagine trading places with someone else

means that it increases your moral consideration

大切なことなので 近いうちに報道機関にも聴いてもらいたいですね

to that other person.

どうもありがとう

CA: I'd love every news media owner to hear that talk

どういたしまして

at some point, it's so important.

CA: Thank you. SP: My pleasure.