The brain in love | Helen Fisher

ヘレン・フィッシャー: 「恋する脳」

翻訳: Aiko McLean 校正: Takako Sato

I and my colleagues Art Aron and Lucy Brown and others,

同僚のアート アロンとルーシー ブラウンと共に

have put 37 people who are madly in love into a functional MRI brain scanner.

MRIスキャナで

熱愛中の37人を検査しました

17 who were happily in love, 15 who had just been dumped,

17人はラブラブ 15人は振られたばかり

また 3度目の実験を始めたばかりですが

and we're just starting our third experiment:

studying people who report that they're still in love

結婚生活を10年から25年経て

今も恋をしている人の研究も行っています

after 10 to 25 years of marriage.

So, this is the short story of that research.

今日は そのリサーチの話をします

グァテマラのジャングル ティカルに寺院があります

In the jungles of Guatemala, in Tikal, stands a temple.

It was built by the grandest Sun King, of the grandest city-state,

建設したのは 偉大な太陽の王

壮大な国家都市

of the grandest civilization of the Americas, the Mayas.

北南米で最も偉大な文明 マヤの王

王の名はハサウ チャン カウィール

His name was Jasaw Chan K'awiil.

He stood over six feet tall.

180センチ以上の長身で

80代まで生き―

He lived into his 80s,

紀元720年 この遺跡に葬られました

and he was buried beneath this monument in 720 AD.

And Mayan inscriptions proclaim that he was deeply in love with his wife.

マヤ碑文によると

王は妻にベタ惚れで 彼の神殿に面して 妻の神殿を建設

王は妻にベタ惚れで 彼の神殿に面して 妻の神殿を建設

So, he built a temple in her honor, facing his.

And every spring and autumn, exactly at the equinox,

毎年 ちょうど春分と秋分の日

王の神殿側に日が昇ると

the sun rises behind his temple,

and perfectly bathes her temple with his shadow.

彼の影が 妻の神殿を優しく撫で

And as the sun sets behind her temple in the afternoon,

妻の神殿側に日が沈むと

it perfectly bathes his temple with her shadow.

妻の影が 王の神殿を優しく撫でる

1300年の時を越えた今も 2人は石碑越しに

After 1,300 years, these two lovers still touch and kiss from their tomb.

抱擁し くちづけを交わしています

世界中で 人々は恋をし

Around the world, people love.

恋に歌い 恋に踊ります

They sing for love, they dance for love,

they compose poems and stories about love.

愛の詩や物語を書き

They tell myths and legends about love.

恋の神話や伝説を語る

恋に恋焦がれ 恋の為に生きます

They pine for love, they live for love, they kill for love, and they die for love.

人を殺め 死まで選びます

ウォルト・ホイットマンの言葉

As Walt Whitman once said, "O I would stake all for you."

“君のためなら全てを賭けてもいい”

人類学者は 170ヶ国にて 恋愛の存在を確認

Anthropologists have found evidence of romantic love in 170 societies.

They've never found a society that did not have it.

どの社会にも 例外なく存在します

でも 恋は常に幸せなものではありません

But love isn't always a happy experience.

ある大学生が 研究で

In one study of college students, they asked a lot of questions about love,

恋に関する質問を沢山しました

その中で印象に残った2つが

but the two that stood out to me the most were:

“愛する人に振られた事がありますか”

"Have you ever been rejected by somebody who you really loved?"

And the second question was:

もう１つが

“自分を愛する人を振った事がありますか”

"Have you ever dumped somebody who really loved you?"

And almost 95 percent of both men and women said yes to both.

ほぼ95%の男女が両方に Yesと答えています

つまり 恋はほぼ実らないものだと....

Almost nobody gets out of love alive.

So, before I start telling you about the brain,

脳について話す前に

少し朗読します

I want to read for you

what I think is the most powerful love poem on Earth.

地球上で最もパワフルな愛の詩です

There's other love poems that are, of course, just as good,

優れた詩は沢山ありますが

勝る詩はないと思います

but I don't think this one can be surpassed.

南アラスカの クワキウトル族インディアンが

It was told by an anonymous Kwakiutl Indian of southern Alaska

to a missionary in 1896.

1896年 伝道者に聞かせました

And here it is.

公の場で初めて読みます

I've never had the opportunity to say it before.

"Fire runs through my body with the pain of loving you.

“炎のような愛の痛み

愛の炎が痛みとなって体中を駆け巡る

Pain runs through my body with the fires of my love for you.

Pain like a boil about to burst with my love for you,

貴方への愛で 心は張り裂け

貴方への愛で 火傷する

consumed by fire with my love for you.

I remember what you said to me.

貴方の言葉を覚えてる

貴方の愛を思う

I am thinking of your love for me.

貴方の愛が心を裂く

I am torn by your love for me.

私の愛を連れて 貴方はどこへ

Pain and more pain --

where are you going with my love?

さらなる痛み

貴方が 旅立つと聞いた

I am told you will go from here.

I am told you will leave me here.

私を置いていくと

悲しみで感覚を失う

My body is numb with grief.

私の言葉を忘れないで

Remember what I said, my love.

さよなら 愛しい人 さようなら ”

Goodbye, my love, goodbye."

Emily Dickinson once wrote, "Parting is all we need to know of hell."

エミリー・ディキンソンの言葉

“別れさえ経験すれば 地獄が分かる”

人類が進化してきた中で

How many people have suffered

どれだけの人が苦しんだでしょう？

in all the millions of years of human evolution?

How many people around the world

どれだけの人々が この地球で

たった今 歓喜に踊っているでしょう？

are dancing with elation at this very minute?

Romantic love is one of the most powerful sensations on Earth.

恋愛は 最もパワフルな感覚のひとつ

そこで数年前 研究を始めました

So, several years ago, I decided to look into the brain

脳と恋の狂気についてです

and study this madness.

Our first study of people who were happily in love

幸せな恋愛の研究は公表済みなので

has been widely publicized,

幸せな恋愛の研究は公表済みなので

so I'm only going to say very little about it.

詳細は省いてお話します

We found activity in a tiny, little factory near the base of the brain

脳底付近にある 腹側被蓋野と呼ばれる領域で

called the ventral tegmental area.

A10細胞群が

We found activity in some cells called the A10 cells,

活発になっていることを発見しました

cells that actually make dopamine, a natural stimulant,

体が作る興奮物質ドーパミンを作る細胞で

and spray it to many brain regions.

ドーパミンを脳に放出します

腹側被蓋野は脳の報酬系の一部で

Indeed, this part, the VTA, is part of the brain's reward system.

認知思考処理をする領域のずっと深部

It's way below your cognitive thinking process.

It's below your emotions.

感情を処理する領域よりも 下部にあります

It's part of what we call the reptilian core of the brain,

爬虫類脳と呼ばれる一部で

associated with wanting, with motivation, with focus and with craving.

欲望 やる気 集中力 切望に―

関係する領域です

In fact, the same brain region where we found activity

コカインでハイになると

同じ領域が活発になります

becomes active also when you feel the rush of cocaine.

But romantic love is much more than a cocaine high --

恋愛はコカインのハイ状態を勝ります

at least you come down from cocaine.

コカインだと恍惚感は一時的ですからね

Romantic love is an obsession, it possesses you.

恋愛は執着で 人を支配します

You lose your sense of self.

自分を失い

相手の事を考えずにいられない

You can't stop thinking about another human being.

Somebody is camping in your head.

頭の中に誰かが居座ってます

8世紀 日本の歌人が言いました

As an eighth-century Japanese poet said, "My longing had no time when it ceases."

”我が恋やまめ命死なずは”

恋は狂気

Wild is love.

振られると執着心は悪化します

And the obsession can get worse when you've been rejected.

現在 神経科学者の ルーシー ブラウンと共に

So, right now, Lucy Brown and I, the neuroscientists on our project,

振られて間もない人の

are looking at the data of the people

検査結果を 研究しています

who were put into the machine after they had just been dumped.

It was very difficult actually, putting these people in the machine,

この人達を スキャンにかけるのは

大変でした

because they were in such bad shape.

大変でした

みなさんボロボロですから（笑）

(Laughter)

So anyway, we found activity in three brain regions.

とにかく 脳の3領域に

We found activity in the brain region,

活動が見られました

in exactly the same brain region associated with intense romantic love.

激しい恋愛と関連のある―

脳の領域です

ひどい仕打ちです

What a bad deal.

You know, when you've been dumped,

失恋したときは

the one thing you love to do is just forget about this human being,

相手のことを忘れて

暮らしていきたいもの

and then go on with your life -- but no, you just love them harder.

なのに いっそう愛してしまう

ローマの詩人 テレンスの言葉

As the poet Terence, the Roman poet once said,

he said, "The less my hope, the hotter my love."

“望みが低いほど燃える”

その理由は解明されました

And indeed, we now know why.

Two thousand years later, we can explain this in the brain.

2千年経った今 説明がつきます

欲望 やる気 切望 集中力などの

That brain system -- the reward system

for wanting, for motivation, for craving, for focus --

脳の報酬系は 手に入らないと

becomes more active when you can't get what you want.

さらに活動的になるのです

In this case, life's greatest prize: an appropriate mating partner.

この場合 人生最大のプライズとは―

最適な交配相手です

We found activity in other brain regions also --

他の領域でも活動を発見

損得計算に関連する脳領域です

in a brain region associated with calculating gains and losses.

脳スキャナの中で

You're lying there, you're looking at the picture,

絵を眺めながら

and you're in this machine,

何が悪かったのか 何を失ったのかと

and you're calculating what went wrong.

What have I lost?

あれこれ計算する

As a matter of fact, Lucy and I have a little joke about this.

ルーシーと笑い話をすることがあります

デビット・マメットの演劇の中で

It comes from a David Mamet play,

and there's two con artists in the play,

2人のえせ芸術家がおり

女性が一人をたぶらかします

and the woman is conning the man,

and the man looks at the woman and says,

男は女性に言う

”お前は悪い子馬だ お前には賭けないね”

"Oh, you're a bad pony, I'm not going to bet on you."

And indeed, it's this part of the brain,

損得勘定をするとき

脳の側坐核と呼ばれる部分が

the core of the nucleus accumbens,

that is becoming active as you're measuring your gains and losses.

活動し始めます

大きな損得を賭けて

It's also the brain region that becomes active

危険を冒すときも

when you're willing to take enormous risks for huge gains and huge losses.

同じ脳領域が活動します

Last but not least, we found activity in a brain region

他人への深い愛着と関連する―

脳の領域にも活動を確認しました

associated with deep attachment to another individual.

No wonder people suffer around the world, and we have so many crimes of passion.

世界中で人が苦しむのも 不思議でありません

情熱からくる犯罪も多いわけです

When you've been rejected in love,

失恋すると

恋愛感情に苛まれるだけでなく

not only are you engulfed with feelings of romantic love,

深い愛着心を感じます

but you're feeling deep attachment to this individual.

Moreover, this brain circuit for reward is working,

脳回路は報酬のために活動し

強い活力 集中力 動機

and you're feeling intense energy, intense focus, intense motivation

危険を冒す気力まで込み上げてきます

and the willingness to risk it all, to win life's greatest prize.

人生最大のプライズを得るためです

So, what have I learned from this experiment

この実験から学んだこと

that I would like to tell the world?

世界に伝えたいことはですね

Foremost, I have come to think

まず思いました

that romantic love is a drive, a basic mating drive.

恋愛は欲動であり 交配欲望だと

性欲ではない

Not the sex drive --

the sex drive gets you looking for a whole range of partners.

性交相手の標的は広いが

恋愛だと 標的は一度に一人

Romantic love enables you to focus your mating energy

on just one at a time, conserve your mating energy,

交配精力を他者に浪費せず

and start the mating process with this single individual.

一人の相手と交配行為を始めます

今まで読んだ愛の詩で

I think of all the poetry that I've read about romantic love,

最もうまく要約してるのが2千年前の

what sums it up best is something that is said by Plato

over 2,000 years ago.

プラトンの言葉だと思います

“愛の神は必要性があり存在する

He said, "The god of love lives in a state of need.

要求であり 本能的

It is a need, it is an urge, it is a homeostatic imbalance.

恒久性なアンバランスであり

Like hunger and thirst, it's almost impossible to stamp out."

空腹と口渇のように 根絶は不可能に近い”

また 恋愛は中毒性を伴うと思います

I've also come to believe that romantic love is an addiction:

a perfectly wonderful addiction when it's going well,

順調なときは素敵な中毒

悪くなると 悪夢のような中毒

and a perfectly horrible addiction when it's going poorly.

And indeed, it has all of the characteristics of addiction.

事実 中毒のあらゆる症状が確認できます

You focus on the person, you obsessively think about them,

一人に神経を集中し 執拗にその人を思います

you crave them, you distort reality,

切望し 現実を歪め

your willingness to take enormous risks to win this person.

獲得には危険をも負う

And it's got the three main characteristics of addiction:

中毒の主症状が3つ見られます

忍耐－ もっと会いたい 会わずにはいられない

tolerance, you need to see them more, and more, and more;

withdrawals;

離脱 そして 再発

and last: relapse.

失恋から立ち直ろうとしてる女友達がいます

I've got a girlfriend who's just getting over a terrible love affair.

It's been about eight months, she's beginning to feel better.

かれこれ８ヶ月になります

先日 彼女は車を運転中

And she was driving along in her car the other day,

ある歌をラジオで 聴いて

and suddenly she heard a song on the car radio

突然 彼のことを思い出しました

that reminded her of this man.

Not only did the instant craving come back,

彼への切望が戻ってきただけでなく

but she had to pull over from the side of the road and cry.

車を路肩に止め

泣き崩れずにはいれませんでした

So, one thing I would like the medical community,

ですから 医学界や

法曹界や 大学の教育界に

and the legal community, and even the college community,

to see if they can understand, that indeed, romantic love

恋愛が極めて中毒的な物質だと―

理解してほしい

is one of the most addictive substances on Earth.

I would also like to tell the world that animals love.

また 動物にだって愛情はあるのです

There's not an animal on this planet

地球上の動物で

見境なく交配を行う種はいません

that will copulate with anything that comes along.

相手に魅力を感じなければ 交尾はしません

Too old, too young, too scruffy, too stupid, and they won't do it.

Unless you're stuck in a laboratory cage --

実験室に隔離されるなら話は別です

and you know, if you spend your entire life in a little box,

仮に 窮屈な檻の中で一生過ごせば

それほど性交相手を選り好みしないでしょう

you're not going to be as picky about who you have sex with,

but I've looked in a hundred species,

百種以上の生物を観察しましたが

どの動物にも好みがあります

and everywhere in the wild, animals have favorites.

As a matter of fact, ethologists know this.

動物行動学者は知っています

There are over eight words for what they call "animal favoritism:"

“動物の偏愛”には 8項目以上の趣向があり

selective proceptivity, mate choice, female choice, sexual choice.

求愛相手趣向や交尾相手選択 雌選択や性選択

And indeed, there are now three academic articles

事実 この引力に注目した―

in which they've looked at this attraction,

３つの学術論があります

which may only last for a second,

引力は数秒で消えますが 確実に

but it's a definite attraction,

恋の引力です

恐らく 報酬系脳領域に関係するか―

and either this same brain region, this reward system,

or the chemicals of that reward system are involved.

報酬系物質に関わるのでしょう

In fact, I think animal attraction can be instant --

動物の引力は瞬間的だと思います

you can see an elephant instantly go for another elephant.

象が一瞬で別の象に求愛する例もある

And I think that this is really the origin

これが まさに

of what you and I call "love at first sight."

“一目惚れ”の原型だと思うのです

恋愛の研究をしていて

People have often asked me

whether what I know about love has spoiled it for me.

私生活でマイナスがあったかと よく聞かれます

And I just simply say, "Hardly."

ないと答えます

You can know every single ingredient in a piece of chocolate cake,

チョコレートケーキの材料は全部分かります

それでも 座って食べてみると

and then when you sit down and eat that cake,

you can still feel that joy.

ケーキはやっぱり美味しいものです

And certainly, I make all the same mistakes that everybody else does too,

それに 私も他の人と

同じように失敗をします

but it's really deepened my understanding

ただ 人に対する理解と

and compassion, really, for all human life.

思いやりが深まりました

As a matter of fact, in New York, I often catch myself

脳システムの奮闘を考えると

looking in baby carriages and feeling a little sorry for the tot.

ベビーカーの中の幼児を眺め

And in fact, sometimes I feel a little sorry

ときどき 同情を感じます

for the chicken on my dinner plate,

夕食のチキンが 不憫に思えたりもします

夕食のチキンが 不憫に思えたりもします

when I think of how intense this brain system is.

Our newest experiment has been hatched

同僚のアート・アーロンのアイデアで始まった―

by my colleague, Art Aron --

新しい実験も進行中です

putting people who are reporting that they are still in love,

長い付き合いで 今も恋心があると言う人を

MRIスキャナで検査する実験です

in a long-term relationship, into the functional MRI.

We've put five people in so far,

すでに 5名検査しましたが

and indeed, we found exactly the same thing.

結果は同じ 彼らの恋心は偽りではありません

They're not lying.

The brain areas associated with intense romantic love

激しい恋愛と関連する―

脳の領域に

still become active, 25 years later.

25年経った今も 活動がありました

There are still many questions to be answered

恋愛に関しては まだまだ

and asked about romantic love.

明かされていない答えや問いはあります

The question that I'm working on right this minute --

進行中の研究は

簡単に述べるに留めますが

and I'm only going to say it for a second, and then end --

なぜ 多数の中から "その人"に恋するか です

is, why do you fall in love with one person, rather than another?

I never would have even thought to think of this,

考えたことがなかったのですが

but Match.com, the Internet dating site,

3年前 ある出会いサイトが

came to me three years ago and asked me that question.

私に この質問をしてきました

分からないと答えました

And I said, I don't know.

I know what happens in the brain, when you do become in love,

恋に落ちたときの脳の活動は分かりますが

but I don't know why you fall in love with one person rather than another.

なぜ "その人" なのか―

理由は分かりません

この3年間それについて研究してきました

And so, I've spent the last three years on this.

And there are many reasons that you fall in love with one person

1人に恋する理由は無数です

心理学者も同意

rather than another, that psychologists can tell you.

傾向としては

And we tend to fall in love with somebody from the same socioeconomic background,

同じ社会経済的背景

同レベルの知性

the same general level of intelligence, of good looks, the same religious values.

同レベルの外見や

宗教的価値などの一致が挙げられます

Your childhood certainly plays a role, but nobody knows how.

子供時代も何らかの形で影響します

And that's about it, that's all they know.

でも分かるのは その程度

No, they've never found

相性が合う性格パターンなどの

the way two personalities fit together to make a good relationship.

確定には辿り着いていません

So, it began to occur to me

そこで思い始めました

that maybe your biology pulls you towards some people rather than another.

恐らく 生物学的に

ある種の人に惹かれるのではないかと

And I have concocted a questionnaire to see to what degree

そこでアンケートを作り 物質の産生度を観察

you express dopamine, serotonin, estrogen and testosterone.

ドーパミン セロトニン エストロゲン テストステロンです

I think we've evolved four very broad personality types

脳内の4物質の比率と関連する

associated with the ratios of these four chemicals in the brain.

4種のおおまかな性格を考案しました

And on this dating site that I have created, called Chemistry.com,

私の作った出会いサイト

Chemistry.comで まずアンケートを取り

I ask you first a series of questions

to see to what degree you express these chemicals,

この4物質の産生度合いや

and I'm watching who chooses who to love.

恋愛相手の選択傾向を観察してます

And 3.7 million people have taken the questionnaire in America.

米国で370万人がアンケートに回答

33カ国で60万人に回答いただきました

About 600,000 people have taken it in 33 other countries.

I'm putting the data together now,

現在 データ集計中

and at some point -- there will always be magic to love,

恋には常に魔法があるでしょうが

確信に近づいてきています

but I think I will come closer to understanding

ある会場を訪れるとします

why it is you can walk into a room and everybody is from your background,

誰もが 同じ社会背景を持ち

your same general level of intelligence, good looks,

同じ知性レベル

外見レベル

なのに全員に魅了されるわけではない

and you don't feel pulled towards all of them.

I think there's biology to that.

生物学的なものがあるでしょう

I think we're going to end up, in the next few years,

なぜ特定の人に魅了されるのか―

to understand all kinds of brain mechanisms

あと数年で あらゆる脳の仕組みが

that pull us to one person rather than another.

理解できると思います

So, I will close with this.

そろそろ締めくくります この写真は年配の協力者

These are my older people.

Faulkner said, "The past is not dead, it's not even past."

フォークナーの言葉 “過去は死んでない

過去ですらない”

事実 人間は脳内に長年の

Indeed, we carry a lot of luggage from our yesteryear in the human brain.

荷物を背負って生きています

And so, there's one thing that makes me pursue my understanding of human nature,

人間の本質を

理解したいと 私を突き動かす理由は

and this reminds me of it.

この写真が表しています

These are two women.

2人の女性

Women tend to get intimacy differently than men do.

女性の親密さは男性とは異なり

Women get intimacy from face-to-face talking.

対面での会話

向かい合わせで親近感を感じます

We swivel towards each other,

we do what we call the "anchoring gaze" and we talk.

目を離さず注視して話します それが

女性にとっての親近感

This is intimacy to women.

I think it comes from millions of years

何百万年も前から

顔の傍で幼児をあやし

of holding that baby in front of your face,

なだめ 叱り 言葉で教育してきたせいでしょう

cajoling it, reprimanding it, educating it with words.

男性は 横並びで親近感を感じます

Men tend to get intimacy from side-by-side doing.

（笑）

As soon as one guy looks up, the other guy will look away.

1人がそっちを向くと もう1人は別方向を見る

（笑）

(Laughter)

I think it comes from millions of years sitting behind the bush,

何百万年も前から

木の茂みで立ったり座ったり

looking straight ahead, trying to hit that buffalo on the head with a rock.

まっすぐ前を向き

石を片手に 水牛を追ってきたからでしょう

（笑）

I think, for millions of years, men faced their enemies,

古代から 男性は敵と直面し

友人とは横並びで座ってきた

they sat side-by-side with friends.

So my final statement is: love is in us.

最後に 愛は人の中に息づいてます

脳内に深く組み込まれてます

It's deeply embedded in the brain.

Our challenge is to understand each other.

私たちの課題は お互いを理解することです ありがとう

Thank you.

（拍手）

(Applause)