Niall Ferguson: The 6 killer apps of prosperity

355,264 views ใƒป 2011-09-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Nitai Gat ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
Let's talk about billions.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื
00:18
Let's talk about
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ
00:21
past and future billions.
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ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื•ืฉื™ื”ื™ื•.
00:24
We know
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
00:26
that about 106 billion people
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ืฉื‘ืขืจืš 106 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื™ืฉ
00:29
have ever lived.
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ื—ื™ื• ืžืื– ื•ืžืขื•ืœื.
00:31
And we know that most of them are dead.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื™ื.
00:34
And we also know
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
00:36
that most of them live or lived in Asia.
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ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืื• ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืืกื™ื”.
00:38
And we also know
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
00:40
that most of them were or are very poor --
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ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื”ื™ื• ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ --
00:44
did not live for very long.
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ืœื ื—ื™ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
00:47
Let's talk about billions.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื.
00:50
Let's talk about
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ
00:52
the 195,000 billion dollars of wealth
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ืขืœ 195,000 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฉืจ
00:56
in the world today.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื.
00:59
We know that most of that wealth
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื”
01:02
was made after the year 1800.
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ื ื•ืฆืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืช 1800
01:05
And we know that most of it
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ื•
01:08
is currently owned
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ื›ืจื’ืข ืฉื™ื™ืš
01:10
by people we might call Westerners:
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื•ืชื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื:
01:14
Europeans, North Americans, Australasians.
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ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื.
01:18
19 percent of the world's population today,
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19 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื,
01:21
Westerners own two-thirds of its wealth.
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ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื.
01:25
Economic historians
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ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”
01:27
call this "The Great Divergence."
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ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” "ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”"
01:30
And this slide here
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ื•ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช
01:32
is the best simplification
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื™ืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:34
of the Great Divergence story
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ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ "ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”"
01:36
I can offer you.
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ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื›ื.
01:38
It's basically two ratios
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ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืืœื• ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ื
01:40
of per capita GDP,
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ืฉืœ ืชืž"ื’ ืœื ืคืฉ,
01:42
per capita gross domestic product,
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ืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ืœื ืคืฉ,
01:45
so average income.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช.
01:47
One, the red line,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืงื• ื”ืื“ื•ื,
01:49
is the ratio of British to Indian
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœื ืคืฉ
01:51
per capita income.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.
01:53
And the blue line
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ื•ื”ืงื• ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ
01:55
is the ratio of American to Chinese.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœืกื™ื ื™ื.
01:58
And this chart goes back to 1500.
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ื•ื”ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1500.
02:00
And you can see here
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ
02:02
that there's an exponential Great Divergence.
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ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™.
02:05
They start off pretty close together.
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ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
02:07
In fact, in 1500,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1500,
02:09
the average Chinese was richer than the average North American.
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ืกื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฉื™ืจ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
02:13
When you get to the 1970s,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”70
02:16
which is where this chart ends,
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ืฉื ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื”ื’ืจืฃ,
02:18
the average Briton is more than 10 times richer
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืขืฉื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ 10
02:20
than the average Indian.
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ืžื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
02:22
And that's allowing
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ
02:24
for differences in the cost of living.
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ืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื”.
02:26
It's based on purchasing power parity.
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ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื”.
02:29
The average American
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ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข
02:31
is nearly 20 times richer
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ืขืฉื™ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืคื™ 20
02:33
than the average Chinese
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ืžื”ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข
02:35
by the 1970s.
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”70.
02:37
So why?
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ืžื“ื•ืข?
02:40
This wasn't just an economic story.
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ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“
02:43
If you take the 10 countries
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ืื ืชื™ืงื—ื• ืืช 10 ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
02:45
that went on to become
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ืฉื™ื”ืคื›ื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“
02:48
the Western empires,
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ืœืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช,
02:50
in 1500 they were really quite tiny --
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1500 ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื“ื™ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช --
02:53
five percent of the world's land surface,
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ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืฉื˜ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
02:55
16 percent of its population,
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16 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืชื•,
02:57
maybe 20 percent of its income.
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ืื•ืœื™ 20 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ื”ื›ื ืกื”.
03:00
By 1913,
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ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1913,
03:02
these 10 countries, plus the United States,
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10 ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
03:05
controlled vast global empires --
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ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื --
03:08
58 percent of the world's territory,
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58 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืขื•ืœื,
03:10
about the same percentage of its population,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื”ื” ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”,
03:13
and a really huge, nearly three-quarters share
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืขืฆื•ื, ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”-ืจื‘ืขื™ื,
03:16
of global economic output.
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ืžื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
03:18
And notice, most of that went to the motherland,
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื–ืจื ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ืช,
03:22
to the imperial metropoles,
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ืœืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช,
03:24
not to their colonial possessions.
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ื•ืœื ืืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
03:28
Now you can't just blame this on imperialism --
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ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืจืง ืืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื --
03:30
though many people have tried to do so --
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช --
03:33
for two reasons.
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ืžืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
03:36
One, empire was the least original thing
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ื”ืื—ืช, "ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”" ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™
03:39
that the West did after 1500.
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ืฉื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื™ืฆืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืช 1500.
03:42
Everybody did empire.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฆืจื• ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช.
03:45
They beat preexisting Oriental empires
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ื”ื ื ื™ืฆื—ื• ืืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื”ื
03:48
like the Mughals and the Ottomans.
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ื™ื.
03:50
So it really doesn't look like empire is a great explanation
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ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื”"ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”" ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืœื—
03:53
for the Great Divergence.
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ืœ"ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”".
03:55
In any case, as you may remember,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื›ื–ื›ื•ืจ,
03:57
the Great Divergence reaches its zenith in the 1970s,
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ื”"ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”" ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ืื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70,
04:00
some considerable time after decolonization.
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ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช.
04:04
This is not a new question.
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ื–ืืช ืœื ืฉืืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
04:06
Samuel Johnson,
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ืกืžื•ืืœ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ,
04:08
the great lexicographer,
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ืžื™ืœื•ื ืื™ ื“ื’ื•ืœ,
04:10
[posed] it through his character Rasselas
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ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืกืœืืก
04:13
in his novel "Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia,"
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ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉื›ืชื‘ - "ืจืกืœืืก, ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืžืื‘ื™ืกื™ื ื™ื”"
04:16
published in 1759.
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ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘-1759.
04:19
"By what means are the Europeans thus powerful;
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"ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื›ื” ื—ื–ืงื™ื;
04:22
or why, since they can so easily visit Asia and Africa
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ืื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืืกื™ื” ื•ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
04:25
for trade or conquest,
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ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจ ืื• ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ,
04:28
cannot the Asiaticks and Africans
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื•ื”ืืกื™ืืชื™ื
04:30
invade their coasts,
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ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืคื™ื”ื,
04:32
plant colonies in their ports,
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ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
04:34
and give laws to their natural princes?
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ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœื ืกื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
04:37
The same wind that carries them back
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ืื•ืชื” ืจื•ื— ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืฉืืช ืื•ืชื ื—ื–ืจื”
04:40
would bring us thither?"
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ืชื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉื?"
04:42
That's a great question.
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ื–ืืช ืฉืืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
04:44
And you know what,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”,
04:46
it was also being asked at roughly the same time
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ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืฉืืœื• ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ
04:48
by the Resterners -- by the people in the rest of the world --
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื --
04:51
like Ibrahim Muteferrika,
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ื›ืžื• ืื™ื‘ืจื”ื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืคืจื™ืงื”
04:54
an Ottoman official,
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ืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช,
04:56
the man who introduced printing, very belatedly,
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ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก, ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ืจื‘,
04:59
to the Ottoman Empire --
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ืœืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช --
05:01
who said in a book published in 1731,
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ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1731,
05:04
"Why do Christian nations which were so weak in the past
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"ืžื“ื•ืข ืื•ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ื” ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ
05:06
compared with Muslim nations
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช
05:08
begin to dominate so many lands in modern times
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ืื“ืžื•ืช ื›ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืืœื•,
05:12
and even defeat the once victorious Ottoman armies?"
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ื•ืืฃ ืžื‘ื™ืกื•ืช ืืช ืฆื‘ื ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืœื ื ื•ืฆื—?"
05:16
Unlike Rasselas,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจืกืœืืก,
05:18
Muteferrika had an answer to that question,
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ืœืžื•ื˜ืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•,
05:20
which was correct.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
05:23
He said it was "because they have laws and rules
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ: "ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื›ืœืœื™ื
05:27
invented by reason."
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ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉื›ืœืช."
05:31
It's not geography.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”.
05:34
You may think we can explain the Great Divergence
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื“ืžื” ืœื›ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”"ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”"
05:36
in terms of geography.
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ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื.
05:38
We know that's wrong,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ืืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื˜ืขื•ืช,
05:40
because we conducted two great natural experiments in the 20th century
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขืจื›ื ื• ืฉื ื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20
05:42
to see if geography mattered more than institutions.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžืžืกื“.
05:44
We took all the Germans,
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ืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื,
05:47
we divided them roughly in two,
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ื•ื—ื™ืœืงื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื,
05:49
and we gave the ones in the East communism,
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ื ืชื ื• ืœืืœื• ืฉื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื,
05:52
and you see the result.
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”.
05:55
Within an incredibly short period of time,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืžืื•ื“,
05:57
people living in the German Democratic Republic
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื’ืจื• ื‘ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช
05:59
produced Trabants, the Trabbi,
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ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืจืื‘ื ื˜, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื• ื˜ืจืื‘ื™,
06:02
one of the world's worst ever cars,
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื,
06:05
while people in the West produced the Mercedes Benz.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืžื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืžืจืฆื“ืก-ื‘ื ืฅ.
06:08
If you still don't believe me,
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ืื ืืชื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื™,
06:10
we conducted the experiment also in the Korean Peninsula.
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ื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™.
06:12
And we decided we'd take Koreans
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืฉื ืขืจื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื
06:14
in roughly the same geographical place
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ื”ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื–ื•ืจ ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™
06:16
with, notice, the same basic traditional culture,
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ืขื ืื•ืชื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช,
06:20
and we divided them in two, and we gave the Northerners communism.
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ื—ื™ืœืงื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื ืชื ื• ืœืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื.
06:23
And the result is an even bigger divergence
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:26
in a very short space of time
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืžืื•ื“,
06:28
than happened in Germany.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
06:30
Not a big divergence in terms of uniform design for border guards admittedly,
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ,
06:34
but in almost every other respect,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ืื—ืจ,
06:36
it's a huge divergence.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
06:38
Which leads me to think
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื”
06:40
that neither geography nor national character,
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ืฉืœื ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™,
06:42
popular explanations for this kind of thing,
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ืืฉืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื ืคื•ืฅ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืชื•ืคืขื”,
06:44
are really significant.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช.
06:47
It's the ideas.
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ืืœื• ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืช.
06:49
It's the institutions.
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ืืœื• ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช.
06:51
This must be true
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ
06:53
because a Scotsman said it.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื“ื ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ ืืžืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
06:55
And I think I'm the only Scotsman here at the Edinburgh TED.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื›ืืŸ ื‘-TED ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื•.
06:58
So let me just explain to you
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ืื– ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื
07:00
that the smartest man ever was a Scotsman.
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ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ื—ื›ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื™ ืคืขื - ื”ื™ื” ืกืงื•ื˜ื™.
07:03
He was Adam Smith --
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ืฉืžื• ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช' --
07:05
not Billy Connolly, not Sean Connery --
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ืœื ื‘ื™ืœื™ ืงื•ื ื•ืœื™, ืœื ืฉื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืจื™ --
07:08
though he is very smart indeed.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื›ื.
07:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:14
Smith -- and I want you to go
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ืกืžื™ืช' -- ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืœื›ื•
07:16
and bow down before his statue in the Royal Mile;
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ื•ืชืฉืชื—ื•ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืคืกืœื• ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืจื•ื™ืืœ ืžื™ื™ืœ;
07:19
it's a wonderful statue --
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ื–ื” ืคืกืœ ื ืคืœื --
07:21
Smith, in the "Wealth of Nations"
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ืกืžื™ืช', ื‘"ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื"
07:23
published in 1776 --
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ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘1776 --
07:25
that's the most important thing that happened that year ...
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ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”...
07:28
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:31
You bet.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกืคืง.
07:34
There was a little local difficulty in some of our minor colonies, but ...
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ื”ื™ื• ืงืฆืช ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืื‘ืœ...
07:37
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:39
"China seems to have been long stationary,
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"ื ืจืื” ืฉืกื™ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื™ื” ื‘ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘
07:41
and probably long ago acquired that full complement of riches
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ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื” ืžื–ืžืŸ ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ
07:44
which is consistent with the nature of its laws and institutions.
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ื”ื”ื•ืœื ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื” ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืชื™ื”.
07:48
But this complement may be much inferior
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ืืš ื“ืจื’ื” ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืจื’ื”
07:50
to what, with other laws and institutions,
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ืฉืขื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
07:53
the nature of its soil, climate, and situation
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ื˜ื™ื‘ ืงืจืงืขื”, ืืงืœื™ืžื”, ื•ืžืฆื‘ื” ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™
07:55
might admit of."
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ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”"
07:57
That is so right and so cool.
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื’ื ื™ื‘.
07:59
And he said it such a long time ago.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ื–ืืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ.
08:02
But you know, this is a TED audience,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืงื”ืœ ืฉืœ TED,
08:05
and if I keep talking about institutions,
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ื•ืื ืืžืฉื™ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช,
08:07
you're going to turn off.
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ืืชื ืชืฉืชืขืžืžื•.
08:09
So I'm going to translate this into language that you can understand.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืืชืจื’ื ืœืฉืคื” ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ.
08:13
Let's call them the killer apps.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงืจื ืœื”ืŸ ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”"ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช".
08:17
I want to explain to you that there were six killer apps
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉืฉ ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช "ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช"
08:20
that set the West apart from the rest.
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ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืœืฉืืจ.
08:23
And they're kind of like the apps on your phone,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคืœืืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื,
08:25
in the sense that they look quite simple.
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ื ืจืื•ืช ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช.
08:27
They're just icons; you click on them.
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ื”ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
08:29
But behind the icon, there's complex code.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื• ืงื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš.
08:32
It's the same with institutions.
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช.
08:34
There are six
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืฉ
08:36
which I think explain the Great Divergence.
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ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”"ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”".
08:39
One, competition.
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ืจืืฉื•ื ื” - ืชื—ืจื•ืช.
08:41
Two, the scientific revolution.
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื” - ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช.
08:43
Three, property rights.
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ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช - ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ.
08:45
Four, modern medicine.
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ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช - ืจืคื•ืื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
08:47
Five, the consumer society.
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ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช - ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื”.
08:49
And six, the work ethic.
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ื•ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช - ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
08:51
You can play a game and try and think of one I've missed at,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื—ืช ืฉืคืกืคืกืชื™,
08:53
or try and boil it down to just four,
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ืื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืฆืžืฆื ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืืจื‘ืข,
08:56
but you'll lose.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืชืคืกื™ื“ื•.
08:58
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:00
Let me very briefly tell you what I mean by this,
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ืื ื™ ืืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ืžื”ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™,
09:03
synthesizing the work of many economic historians
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ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”
09:06
in the process.
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™.
09:08
Competition means,
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ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื”,
09:10
not only were there a hundred different political units in Europe in 1500,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืื” ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘1500,
09:12
but within each of these units,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
09:14
there was competition between corporations as well as sovereigns.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื.
09:18
The ancestor of the modern corporation, the City of London Corporation,
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ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
09:21
existed in the 12th century.
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ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”12.
09:23
Nothing like this existed in China,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ,
09:25
where there was one monolithic state
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ืฉื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช
09:27
covering a fifth of humanity,
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ืฉื”ื›ื™ืœื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
09:29
and anyone with any ambition
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉืื™ืคื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™
09:31
had to pass one standardized examination,
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ื ืืœืฅ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื“ืง ืงื‘ื•ืข,
09:33
which took three days and was very difficult
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ืฉืืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”
09:35
and involved memorizing vast numbers of characters
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ื•ื›ืœืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ-ืคื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
09:38
and very complex Confucian essay writing.
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ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ืื ื™ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืœืžื“ื™.
09:42
The scientific revolution was different
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ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื”
09:45
from the science that had been achieved in the Oriental world
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ืžื”ืžื“ืข ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื—
09:48
in a number of crucial ways,
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ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
09:50
the most important being
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ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื
09:52
that, through the experimental method,
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ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
09:54
it gave men control over nature in a way that had not been possible before.
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ื”ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
09:57
Example: Benjamin Robins's extraordinary application
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ื• ื™ื™ืฉื ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืก
10:01
of Newtonian physics to ballistics.
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ืืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”.
10:04
Once you do that,
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ืžืจื’ืข ืฉืขืฉื™ืช ื–ืืช,
10:06
your artillery becomes accurate.
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ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืฉืœืš ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช.
10:09
Think of what that means.
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
10:11
That really was a killer application.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” "ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช".
10:13
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:16
Meanwhile, there's no scientific revolution anywhere else.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
10:19
The Ottoman Empire's not that far from Europe,
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ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
10:21
but there's no scientific revolution there.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืฉื.
10:23
In fact, they demolish Taqi al-Din's observatory,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ื”ื•ืจืกื™ื ืืช ืžืฆืคื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืืงื™ ืืœ-ื“ื™ืŸ,
10:26
because it's considered blasphemous
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ
10:28
to inquire into the mind of God.
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ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืžื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื.
10:31
Property rights: It's not the democracy, folks;
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ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ: ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ืจื‘ื•ืชื™;
10:34
it's having the rule of law based on private property rights.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™.
10:37
That's what makes the difference
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ
10:39
between North America and South America.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
10:41
You could turn up in North America
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”
10:43
having signed a deed of indenture
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืชืžืช ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืจ ืžื›ืจ ืื• ื ืืžื ื•ืช
10:45
saying, "I'll work for nothing for five years.
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ืฉืื•ืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ืืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.
10:47
You just have to feed me."
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ืืชื ืจืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืœื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ."
10:49
But at the end of it, you've got a hundred acres of land.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชืš ืžืื” ื“ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืข.
10:52
That's the land grant
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืขื ืง ื”ืงืจืงืข
10:54
on the bottom half of the slide.
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ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช.
10:56
That's not possible in Latin America
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ื–ื” ืœื ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช
10:59
where land is held onto
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ืฉื ื”ืงืจืงืข ื ืฉืœื˜ืช
11:01
by a tiny elite descended from the conquistadors.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื™ื˜ื” ื–ืขื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆืืฆืื™ ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื.
11:03
And you can see here the huge divergence
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
11:05
that happens in property ownership between North and South.
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ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ื.
11:08
Most people in rural North America
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช
11:10
owned some land by 1900.
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงืจืงืข ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1900
11:13
Hardly anyone in South America did.
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ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™-ืงืจืงืขื•ืช.
11:15
That's another killer app.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” "ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช" ื ื•ืกืคืช.
11:18
Modern medicine in the late 19th century
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ืจืคื•ืื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”19
11:20
began to make major breakthroughs
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ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช
11:22
against the infectious diseases that killed a lot of people.
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ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื’ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื.
11:24
And this was another killer app --
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” "ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช" ื ื•ืกืคืช --
11:26
the very opposite of a killer,
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ื”ื”ืคืš ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ ืž"ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช",
11:28
because it doubled, and then more than doubled, human life expectancy.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืคื™ืœื”, ื•ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš, ืืช ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
11:31
It even did that
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ื”ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืฉืชื” ื–ืืช
11:33
in the European empires.
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช.
11:35
Even in places like Senegal,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืžื• ืกื ื’ืœ,
11:37
beginning in the early 20th century,
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”20
11:39
there were major breakthroughs in public health,
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ื”ื™ื• ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช
11:41
and life expectancy began to rise.
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ื•ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืขืœื•ืช.
11:43
It doesn't rise any faster
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:45
after these countries become independent.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช.
11:47
The empires weren't all bad.
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ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืจืขื•ืช.
11:49
The consumer society is what you need
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ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš
11:51
for the Industrial Revolution to have a point.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื˜ืขื.
11:54
You need people to want to wear tons of clothes.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืจืฆื• ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื.
11:56
You've all bought an article of clothing in the last month;
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืงื ื™ืชื ืคืจื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ;
11:58
I guarantee it.
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื›ื.
12:00
That's the consumer society,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื”,
12:02
and it propels economic growth
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื ื™ืขื” ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
12:04
more than even technological change itself.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
12:07
Japan was the first non-Western society
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ื™ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืœื-ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
12:09
to embrace it.
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ืฉืื™ืžืฆื” ื–ืืช.
12:11
The alternative,
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ื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื”,
12:13
which was proposed by Mahatma Gandhi,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ื˜ืžื” ื’ื ื“ื™,
12:15
was to institutionalize and make poverty permanent.
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ื”ื™ื ืœืžืกื“ ื•ืœืงื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™.
12:18
Very few Indians today
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ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื
12:20
wish that India had gone down
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ืžื™ื™ื—ืœื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช
12:22
Mahatma Gandhi's road.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืžื”ื˜ืžื” ื’ื ื“ื™.
12:25
Finally, the work ethic.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
12:27
Max Weber thought that was peculiarly Protestant.
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ืžืงืก ื•ื‘ืจ ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื–ื” "ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื–ืจ"
12:30
He was wrong.
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขื”.
12:32
Any culture can get the work ethic
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ืœื›ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืกืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
12:34
if the institutions are there
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ืื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื
12:36
to create the incentive to work.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
12:38
We know this
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช
12:40
because today the work ethic
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
12:42
is no longer a Protestant, Western phenomenon.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืชื•ืคืขื” ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช, ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช.
12:45
In fact, the West has lost its work ethic.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื•.
12:48
Today, the average Korean
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข
12:51
works a thousand hours more a year
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืœืฃ ืฉืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”
12:55
than the average German --
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข --
12:57
a thousand.
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ืืœืฃ.
12:59
And this is part
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื—ืœืง
13:01
of a really extraordinary phenomenon,
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ืžืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”,
13:04
and that is the end of the Great Divergence.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”"ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”".
13:07
Who's got the work ethic now?
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ืžื™ื”ื• ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?
13:09
Take a look at mathematical attainment
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ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืจืžืช ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
13:12
by 15 year-olds.
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ืฉืœ ื ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 15.
13:14
At the top of the international league table
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ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
13:16
according to the latest PISA study,
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ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื™ื–"ื”,
13:19
is the Shanghai district of China.
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ืขื•ืžื“ ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ืฉื ื’ื—ืื™.
13:21
The gap between Shanghai
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ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื’ื—ืื™
13:23
and the United Kingdom and the United States
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
13:26
is as big as the gap between the U.K. and the U.S.
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ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืืจื”"ื‘
13:29
and Albania and Tunisia.
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื”.
13:32
You probably assume
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ืืชื ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื
13:34
that because the iPhone was designed in California
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ื›ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืขื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”
13:36
but assembled in China
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ืืš ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ
13:38
that the West still leads in terms of technological innovation.
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ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื.
13:41
You're wrong.
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ืืชื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื.
13:43
In terms of patents,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื,
13:45
there's no question that the East is ahead.
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ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื›ื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ.
13:47
Not only has Japan been ahead for some time,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื™ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”,
13:50
South Korea has gone into third place,
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ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื” ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™,
13:53
and China is just about to overtake Germany.
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ื•ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
13:56
Why?
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ืžื“ื•ืข?
13:58
Because the killer apps can be downloaded.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”"ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช" ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื“ื”.
14:00
It's open source.
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ื–ื”ื• ืงื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื—.
14:02
Any society can adopt these institutions,
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ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
14:04
and when they do,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช,
14:06
they achieve what the West achieved after 1500 --
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื’ื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืช 1500 --
14:10
only faster.
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ืจืง ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:12
This is the Great Reconvergence,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ "ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”",
14:14
and it's the biggest story of your lifetime.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
14:18
Because it's on your watch that this is happening.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืžืจืช ืฉืœื›ื.
14:21
It's our generation
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ื–ื” ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•
14:23
that is witnessing the end of Western predominance.
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ืฉื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช.
14:25
The average American used to be more than 20 times richer
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ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ 20
14:27
than the average Chinese.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
14:29
Now it's just five times,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืจืง ืคื™ ื—ืžืฉื”,
14:31
and soon it will be 2.5 times.
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ื•ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ 2.5.
14:33
So I want to end with three questions
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ืื– ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืืœื•ืช
14:36
for the future billions,
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ืœืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื•,
14:38
just ahead of 2016,
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ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ 2016,
14:41
when the United States will lose its place
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืชืื‘ื“ ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื”
14:43
as number one economy to China.
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ื›ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืกื™ืŸ.
14:46
The first is, can you delete these apps,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื, ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
14:50
and are we in the process of doing so
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ื•ื”ืื ืื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
14:52
in the Western world?
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
14:54
The second question is,
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ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื,
14:56
does the sequencing of the download matter?
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ื”ืื ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื“ื” ืžืฉื ื”?
15:00
And could Africa get that sequencing wrong?
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ื•ื”ืื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื˜ืขืชื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœื”ืŸ?
15:05
One obvious implication of modern economic history
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืžืฉืชืžืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช
15:07
is that it's quite hard to transition to democracy
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื• ืงืฉื” ืœืžื“ื™
15:10
before you've established
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืกืกืช
15:12
secure private property rights.
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ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืง.
15:15
Warning: that may not work.
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ืื–ื”ืจื”: ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
15:18
And third, can China do without
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ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืื ืกื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ
15:20
killer app number three?
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ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” "ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช" ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ?
15:22
That's the one that John Locke systematized
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ื–ื• ื”ืื—ืช ืฉื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืง ื ื™ืกื— ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ื•ืช
15:26
when he said that freedom was rooted in private property rights
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื—ื•ืคืฉ ื ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™
15:30
and the protection of law.
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ื•ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง.
15:32
That's the basis
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ื–ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก
15:34
for the Western model
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ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™
15:36
of representative government.
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ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™.
15:39
Now this picture shows the demolition
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ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืจืก
15:41
of the Chinese artist Ai Weiwei's studio
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ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืŸ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ืื™ื™ ื•ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื™
15:44
in Shanghai earlier this year.
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ื‘ืฉื ื’ื—ืื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉื ื”.
15:46
He's now free again,
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ื›ืขืช ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืฉื•ื‘,
15:48
having been detained, as you know, for some time.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืฆื•ืจ ื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”.
15:50
But I don't think his studio has been rebuilt.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœื• ืฉื•ืคืฅ.
15:55
Winston Churchill once defined civilization
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ื•ื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืฆ'ืจืฆื™ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืคืขื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”
15:59
in a lecture he gave in the fateful year of 1938.
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ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืขื ื™ืง ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจืœื™ืช 1938.
16:03
And I think these words really nail it:
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื•ืœ:
16:06
"It means a society based upon the opinion of civilians.
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
16:10
It means that violence, the rule of warriors and despotic chiefs,
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืฉื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืขืจื™ืฆื™ื,
16:13
the conditions of camps and warfare, of riot and tyranny,
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ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื•ื—ืžื”, ื”ืชืคืจืขื•ืช ื•ืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช,
16:16
give place to parliaments where laws are made,
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ืžืคื ื” ืžืงื•ืžื• ืœืคืจืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื,
16:19
and independent courts of justice
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ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื
16:21
in which over long periods those laws are maintained.
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ื‘ื”ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืืœื• ื ืฉืžืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
16:24
That is civilization --
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” --
16:26
and in its soil grow continually
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ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ
16:28
freedom, comfort and culture,"
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ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ, ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช,"
16:31
what all TEDsters care about most.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ TED ืื›ืคืช ืžื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ.
16:35
"When civilization reigns in any country,
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"ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
16:38
a wider and less harassed life
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ืžืชืืคืฉืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
16:41
is afforded to the masses of the people."
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ื•ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื".
16:44
That's so true.
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
16:48
I don't think the decline of Western civilization
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ืื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช
16:51
is inevitable,
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ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืžื ืขืช,
16:53
because I don't think history operates
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืขืœืช
16:56
in this kind of life-cycle model,
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ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ-ื—ื™ื™ื,
16:58
beautifully illustrated by Thomas Cole's
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ืื•ืชื• ืชื•ืžืก ืงื•ืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืคื”
17:00
"Course of Empire" paintings.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื• ื‘ืฉื "ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”".
17:03
That's not the way history works.
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ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืขืœืช.
17:06
That's not the way the West rose,
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ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื–ืจื—,
17:08
and I don't think it's the way the West will fall.
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ื•ืื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื™ืฉืงืข.
17:11
The West may collapse very suddenly.
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ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืก ื‘ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื’ืžื•ืจื”.
17:14
Complex civilizations do that,
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ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื›ืš,
17:17
because they operate, most of the time,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
17:19
on the edge of chaos.
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ืขืœ ืกืฃ ืชื•ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื•ื”ื•.
17:21
That's one of the most profound insights
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื—ืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
17:24
to come out of the historical study of complex institutions
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ืฉื ื‘ืขื• ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
17:27
like civilizations.
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช.
17:30
No, we may hang on,
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ืœื, ืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“,
17:32
despite the huge burdens of debt that we've accumulated,
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ืขืœ ืืฃ ืขื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉืฆื‘ืจื ื•,
17:36
despite the evidence that we've lost our work ethic
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ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ืืช ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•
17:39
and other parts of our historical mojo.
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ื•ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžื”"ืงืกื" ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
17:42
But one thing is for sure,
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—,
17:44
the Great Divergence
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ื”"ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”"
17:46
is over, folks.
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ื ื’ืžืจื”, ืจื‘ื•ืชื™.
17:48
Thanks very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
17:50
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
18:15
Bruno Giussani: Niall,
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ื‘ืจื•ื ื• ื’'ื•ืกืื ื™: ื ื™ืœ,
18:17
I am just curious
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ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืกืงืจืŸ
18:19
about your take on the other region of the world that's booming,
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ืžื”ื™ ื“ืขืชืš ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืคื•ืจื—,
18:22
which is Latin America.
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ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช.
18:25
What's your view on that?
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ืžื” ื“ืขืชืš ืขืœ ื–ื”?
18:28
Niall Ferguson: Well I really am not just talking
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ื ื™ืœ ืคืจื’ื•ืกื•ืŸ: ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจืง
18:30
about the rise of the East;
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ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—;
18:32
I'm talking about the rise of the Rest,
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืืจ,
18:34
and that includes South America.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
18:36
I once asked one of my colleagues at Harvard,
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ืคืขื ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื—ื“ ืžืขืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“,
18:38
"Hey, is South America part of the West?"
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"ืชื’ื™ื“, ื”ืื ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืขืจื‘?"
18:40
He was an expert in Latin American history.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช.
18:42
He said, "I don't know; I'll have to think about that."
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืื ื™ ืืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”."
18:44
That tells you something really important.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
18:46
I think if you look at what is happening in Brazil in particular,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ืชืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
18:48
but also Chile,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืฆ'ื™ืœื”,
18:50
which was in many ways the one that led the way
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ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš
18:53
in transforming the institutions of economic life,
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ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื,
18:56
there's a very bright future indeed.
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืขืชื™ื“ ื•ืจื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“.
18:59
So my story really is
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ืื– ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช
19:01
as much about that convergence in the Americas
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ืขืœ ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื•ืช
19:04
as it's a convergence story in Eurasia.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืืกื™ื”.
19:06
BG: And there is this impression
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ื‘.ื’': ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ืจื•ืฉื
19:08
that North America and Europe
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ืฉืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
19:10
are not really paying attention
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ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช
19:12
to these trends.
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ืœืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
19:14
Mostly they're worried about each other.
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื•ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
19:17
The Americans think that the European model is going to crumble tomorrow.
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ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื™ืชืคื•ืจืจ ืžื—ืจ.
19:20
The Europeans think that the American budget is going to explode tomorrow.
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ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื™ืงืจื•ืก ืžื—ืจ.
19:23
And that's all we seem to be caring about recently.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื“ืžื” ืฉืื›ืคืช ืœื ื• ืžืžื ื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
19:26
NF: I think the fiscal crisis
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ื .ืค: ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™
19:28
that we see in the developed World right now -- both sides of the Atlantic --
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ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื— ื›ืจื’ืข -- ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ --
19:31
is essentially the same thing
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ
19:33
taking different forms
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ืจืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
19:35
in terms of political culture.
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
19:37
And it's a crisis that has its structural facet --
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื‘ื ื™ --
19:41
it's partly to do with demographics.
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”.
19:43
But it's also, of course, to do with the massive crisis
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจ ื’ื ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
19:46
that followed excessive leverage,
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ืฉื‘ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืฃ ืžื•ื’ื–ื,
19:48
excessive borrowing in the private sector.
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ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื–ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™.
19:50
That crisis,
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ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
19:52
which has been the focus of so much attention, including by me,
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ืฉืžืฉืš ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืจื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™,
19:55
I think is an epiphenomenon.
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ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืชื•ืคืขืช ืœื•ื•ืื™.
19:57
The financial crisis is really a relatively small historic phenomenon,
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ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ื”ื™ื ื• ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช,
20:00
which has just accelerated
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ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืื™ืฆื”
20:02
this huge shift,
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ืืช ื”ืชื–ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื”ื–ื•,
20:04
which ends half a millennium of Western ascendancy.
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ืฉืฉืžื” ืงืฅ ืœื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช.
20:06
I think that's its real importance.
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ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื•.
20:08
BG: Niall, thank you. (NF: Thank you very much, Bruno.)
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ื‘.ื’': ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš, ื ื™ืœ (ื .ืค: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš, ื‘ืจื•ื ื•.)
20:10
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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