Niall Ferguson: The 6 killer apps of prosperity

340,647 views ใƒป 2011-09-19

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sujin Byeon ๊ฒ€ํ† : Bianca Lee
00:15
Let's talk about billions.
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
00:18
Let's talk about
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ํ˜„์žฌ์™€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต์—
00:21
past and future billions.
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๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
00:24
We know
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
00:26
that about 106 billion people
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๋Œ€๋žต ์ฒœ์œก์‹ญ์–ต๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
00:29
have ever lived.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ด์•„์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
And we know that most of them are dead.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:34
And we also know
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€
00:36
that most of them live or lived in Asia.
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์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ์‚ด์•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
And we also know
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€
00:40
that most of them were or are very poor --
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์˜ค๋ž˜ ์‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ
00:44
did not live for very long.
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ–ˆ์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:47
Let's talk about billions.
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
00:50
Let's talk about
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์ด์ œ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜
00:52
the 195,000 billion dollars of wealth
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19์กฐ 5์ฒœ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
00:56
in the world today.
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๋งํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
00:59
We know that most of that wealth
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ค‘ ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€
01:02
was made after the year 1800.
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1800๋…„ ์ด ํ›„์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
And we know that most of it
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ๋ถ€์˜ ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜๊ฐ€
01:08
is currently owned
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์†Œ์œ„ ์„œ์–‘์ธ์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
01:10
by people we might call Westerners:
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์›จ์Šคํ„ฐ๋„ˆ๋“ค์ด ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
Europeans, North Americans, Australasians.
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ธ, ๋ถ๋ฏธ์ธ, ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
01:18
19 percent of the world's population today,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 19 ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ์„œ์–‘์ธ๋“ค์€
01:21
Westerners own two-thirds of its wealth.
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3๋ถ„์˜ 2์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
Economic historians
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์‚ฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
01:27
call this "The Great Divergence."
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์ด๋ฅผ "๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ"๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
And this slide here
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์ด ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ๋Š”
01:32
is the best simplification
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
01:34
of the Great Divergence story
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
01:36
I can offer you.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
It's basically two ratios
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ
01:40
of per capita GDP,
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1์ธ๋‹น ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ด์ƒ์‚ฐ(GDP)๊ณผ
01:42
per capita gross domestic product,
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๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ด์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋น„์œจ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
01:45
so average income.
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์ฆ‰ ํ‰๊ท ์†Œ๋“์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ฃ .
01:47
One, the red line,
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๋นจ๊ฐ„์„ ์€
01:49
is the ratio of British to Indian
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์˜๊ตญ์ธ๊ณผ ์ธ๋„์ธ๊ณผ์˜
01:51
per capita income.
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1์ธ์†Œ๋“ ๋น„์œจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
And the blue line
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŒŒ๋ž€์„ ์€
01:55
is the ratio of American to Chinese.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด์ฃ .
01:58
And this chart goes back to 1500.
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์ด ์ฐจํŠธ๋Š” 1500๋…„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
And you can see here
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด
02:02
that there's an exponential Great Divergence.
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๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธ‰์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:05
They start off pretty close together.
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์ฒ˜์Œ ์‹œ์ž‘์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋น„์Šทํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
In fact, in 1500,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค 1500๋…„๋Œ€์˜
02:09
the average Chinese was richer than the average North American.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ถ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ถ€์ž์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
When you get to the 1970s,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1980๋…„๋Œ€,
02:16
which is where this chart ends,
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์ด ์ฐจํŠธ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
02:18
the average Briton is more than 10 times richer
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์˜๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ธ๋„์ธ๋“ค์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์—
02:20
than the average Indian.
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10 ๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ ๋ถ€์ž์ด์ฃ .
02:22
And that's allowing
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด
02:24
for differences in the cost of living.
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์ƒ๊ณ„๋น„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
It's based on purchasing power parity.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋งค๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
The average American
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1970๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š”
02:31
is nearly 20 times richer
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ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์€
02:33
than the average Chinese
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ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด 20๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ
02:35
by the 1970s.
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๋ถ€์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
So why?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
02:40
This wasn't just an economic story.
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์ด๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
If you take the 10 countries
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์„œ์–‘์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ
02:45
that went on to become
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๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜ 10 ๊ฐœ๊ตญ์„
02:48
the Western empires,
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์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด,
02:50
in 1500 they were really quite tiny --
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1500๋…„์—๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
five percent of the world's land surface,
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ 5%์˜ ํ† ์ง€์—,
02:55
16 percent of its population,
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์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 16%,
02:57
maybe 20 percent of its income.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ 20% ์˜ ์†Œ๋“์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ์ฃ 
03:00
By 1913,
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1913๋…„์—๋Š”
03:02
these 10 countries, plus the United States,
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์ด 10๊ฐœ๊ตญ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ
03:05
controlled vast global empires --
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ œ๊ตญ์„ ํ†ต์น˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:08
58 percent of the world's territory,
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ 58% ์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ
03:10
about the same percentage of its population,
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์ด์ „๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํผ์„ผํ…Œ์ด์ง€์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ ,
03:13
and a really huge, nearly three-quarters share
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์žฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ,
03:16
of global economic output.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ยพ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:18
And notice, most of that went to the motherland,
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์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€, ๊ทธ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ตญ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
03:22
to the imperial metropoles,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ๊ตญ,
03:24
not to their colonial possessions.
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์ œ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค๋กœ ํ–ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
Now you can't just blame this on imperialism --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ํƒ“ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
though many people have tried to do so --
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๋น„๋ก ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด
03:33
for two reasons.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
03:36
One, empire was the least original thing
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์ œ๊ตญ์€ ์ ์–ด๋„ 1500๋…„ ๋Œ€
03:39
that the West did after 1500.
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์„œ์–‘์—์„œ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
Everybody did empire.
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
03:45
They beat preexisting Oriental empires
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฌด๊ตด๊ณผ ์˜คํŠธ๋งŒ(์˜ค์Šค๋งŒ) ์ œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
03:48
like the Mughals and the Ottomans.
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๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋™์–‘์ œ๊ตญ๋“ค์„ ๋•Œ๋ ค ๋ถ€์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
So it really doesn't look like empire is a great explanation
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ์—, ์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ
03:53
for the Great Divergence.
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์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
In any case, as you may remember,
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์–ด์จ‹๋“ , ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด
03:57
the Great Divergence reaches its zenith in the 1970s,
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ์˜ ์ •์ ์€ ํƒˆ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ํ™”์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„๋กœ
04:00
some considerable time after decolonization.
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๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜๋Š” 1970๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
04:04
This is not a new question.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
Samuel Johnson,
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์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ „ ํŽธ์ง‘์ž,
04:08
the great lexicographer,
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์ƒˆ๋ฎค์–ผ ์กด์Šจ์€
04:10
[posed] it through his character Rasselas
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1759๋…„ ์ถœ๊ฐ„๋œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์†Œ์„ค
04:13
in his novel "Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia,"
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"์•„๋น„์‹œ๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ์™•์ž ๋ผ์…€๋ผ์Šค" ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋ผ์…€๋ผ์Šค๋ผ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
04:16
published in 1759.
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์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
"By what means are the Europeans thus powerful;
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"์™œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ?
04:22
or why, since they can so easily visit Asia and Africa
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ํ˜น์€ ์™œ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์•„์‹œ์•„์™€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฅผ
04:25
for trade or conquest,
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๋ฌด์—ญ๊ณผ ์ •๋ณต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
04:28
cannot the Asiaticks and Africans
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์•„์‹œ์•„์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ์•„ํ”„์นด์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ,
04:30
invade their coasts,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ์นจ๋žตํ•˜๊ณ ,
04:32
plant colonies in their ports,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์— ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๊ณ ,
04:34
and give laws to their natural princes?
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์™•๊ตญ์— ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์„ ์ „ํŒŒํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ?
04:37
The same wind that carries them back
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ๋“ค์ด
04:40
would bring us thither?"
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋ฏธ์น ๊นŒ?"
04:42
That's a great question.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:44
And you know what,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ,
04:46
it was also being asked at roughly the same time
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ํƒ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ธ๋“ค, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์‚ด์•˜๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค.
04:48
by the Resterners -- by the people in the rest of the world --
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์˜คํŠธ๋งŒ์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ด์ž
04:51
like Ibrahim Muteferrika,
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๋‹ค์†Œ ๋’ค๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‡„์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•œ
04:54
an Ottoman official,
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์•„๋ธŒ๋ผํ•จ ๋ฌดํ„ฐํผ๋ฆฌ์นด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€,
04:56
the man who introduced printing, very belatedly,
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋™์‹œ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„
04:59
to the Ottoman Empire --
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์˜๋ฌธ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
who said in a book published in 1731,
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1731๋…„์— ์ถœ๊ฐ„๋œ ์ €์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด,
05:04
"Why do Christian nations which were so weak in the past
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์™œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฌด์Šฌ๋ฆผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์•ฝํ–ˆ๋˜
05:06
compared with Muslim nations
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๊ธฐ๋…๊ต ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด
05:08
begin to dominate so many lands in modern times
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ํ˜„๋Œ€์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜์˜ ์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ 
05:12
and even defeat the once victorious Ottoman armies?"
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์˜๊ด‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์˜คํŠธ๋งŒ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์™€ ์‹ธ์›Œ ์ด๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:16
Unlike Rasselas,
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๋ผ์…€๋ผ์Šค์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ
05:18
Muteferrika had an answer to that question,
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๋ฌดํ„ฐํผ๋ฆฌ์นด๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฌผ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
05:20
which was correct.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ต์€ ์ •ํ™•ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
He said it was "because they have laws and rules
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๊ทธ๋Š” " ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ
05:27
invented by reason."
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๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ทœ์ •๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
It's not geography.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
You may think we can explain the Great Divergence
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํ˜•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
05:36
in terms of geography.
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์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์…จ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:38
We know that's wrong,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ‹€๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:40
because we conducted two great natural experiments in the 20th century
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 20์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํ˜•๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š”
05:42
to see if geography mattered more than institutions.
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๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:44
We took all the Germans,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋…์ผ์ธ๋“ค์„
05:47
we divided them roughly in two,
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ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด
05:49
and we gave the ones in the East communism,
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๋™์ชฝ์˜ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ 
05:52
and you see the result.
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์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ง€์ผœ ๋ณด์•˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:55
Within an incredibly short period of time,
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ,
05:57
people living in the German Democratic Republic
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๋…์ผ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์‚ด๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
05:59
produced Trabants, the Trabbi,
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์•…์˜ ์ฐจ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
06:02
one of the world's worst ever cars,
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ํŠธ๋ผ๋ฐ˜ํŠธ, ํŠธ๋ž˜๋น„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
while people in the West produced the Mercedes Benz.
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์„œ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์„ธ๋ฐ์ฆˆ ๋ฒค์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:08
If you still don't believe me,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์•„์ง๋„ ์ €๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
06:10
we conducted the experiment also in the Korean Peninsula.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์— ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
And we decided we'd take Koreans
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค,
06:14
in roughly the same geographical place
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๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋“ฏ์ด, ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ „ํ†ต๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์„
06:16
with, notice, the same basic traditional culture,
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์ง€๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋žต ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ
06:20
and we divided them in two, and we gave the Northerners communism.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋‘˜๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด, ๋ถ์ชฝ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
And the result is an even bigger divergence
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์•„์ฃผ ์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ
06:26
in a very short space of time
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๋…์ผ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ณด๋‹ค
06:28
than happened in Germany.
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๋”์šฑ ํฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:30
Not a big divergence in terms of uniform design for border guards admittedly,
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ๋‹ˆํผ ๋””์ž์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
06:34
but in almost every other respect,
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์™”์ฃ .
06:36
it's a huge divergence.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ฐจ์ด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
Which leads me to think
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ €๋ฅผ
06:40
that neither geography nor national character,
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ํ”ํžˆ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š”
06:42
popular explanations for this kind of thing,
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์ง€ํ˜•์ด๋‚˜, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„
06:44
are really significant.
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์ด๋Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
It's the ideas.
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์•„์ด๋””์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
It's the institutions.
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์ œ๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
This must be true
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ผญ ์ง„์‹ค์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
06:53
because a Scotsman said it.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
06:55
And I think I'm the only Scotsman here at the Edinburgh TED.
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ์ €๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด๊ณณ ์—๋”˜๋ฒ„๊ทธ TED์— ํ˜ผ์ž ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ์ธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋„ค์š”.
06:58
So let me just explain to you
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ์—์„œ
07:00
that the smartest man ever was a Scotsman.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ฃ 
07:03
He was Adam Smith --
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ ์ปค๋„๋ฆฌ๋‚˜, ์…˜ ์ฝ”๋„ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ
07:05
not Billy Connolly, not Sean Connery --
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์•„๋‹ด์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
though he is very smart indeed.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฒœ์„ฑ์ด ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
07:11
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:14
Smith -- and I want you to go
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์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค- ์ €๋Š” ๋กœ์–„ ๋งˆ์ผ์— ์žˆ๋Š”
07:16
and bow down before his statue in the Royal Mile;
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋™์ƒ ์•ž์— ์ ˆ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์š”.
07:19
it's a wonderful statue --
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์ฐธ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๋™์ƒ์ด์ฃ -
07:21
Smith, in the "Wealth of Nations"
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์•„๋‹ด์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๊ฐ€ 1776๋…„ ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ•œ
07:23
published in 1776 --
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๊ทธ์˜ ์ €์„œ "๊ตญ๋ถ€๋ก ",
07:25
that's the most important thing that happened that year ...
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๊ทธ ํ•ด์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋˜ ์ผ ์ค‘์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ...
07:28
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:31
You bet.
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์žฅ๋‹ดํ•˜์ฃ .
07:34
There was a little local difficulty in some of our minor colonies, but ...
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์†Œ์ˆ˜ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์— ์ž‘์€ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ , ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ...
07:37
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:39
"China seems to have been long stationary,
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"์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ
07:41
and probably long ago acquired that full complement of riches
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๋ถ„๋ช… ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ œ๋„์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š”
07:44
which is consistent with the nature of its laws and institutions.
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ํ’์กฑํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
07:48
But this complement may be much inferior
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ „์ฒด๋Š”
07:50
to what, with other laws and institutions,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ† ์–‘๊ณผ ๊ธฐํ›„,
07:53
the nature of its soil, climate, and situation
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๊ทธ ์™ธ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋น„ํ•ด
07:55
might admit of."
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ์—ด๋“ฑํ–ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"
07:57
That is so right and so cool.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง„์‹ค์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ฐธ ๋ฉ‹์ง€์ฃ .
07:59
And he said it such a long time ago.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด ๋ง์„ ์ฐธ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๋ž˜์ „์— ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๊ตฌ์š”.
08:02
But you know, this is a TED audience,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” TED ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์ด๋‹ˆ,
08:05
and if I keep talking about institutions,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ์ œ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:07
you're going to turn off.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด๊ฑธ ๋„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
08:09
So I'm going to translate this into language that you can understand.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•Œ์•„๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
Let's call them the killer apps.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ‚ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ๋ณด์ฃ .
08:17
I want to explain to you that there were six killer apps
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์ €๋Š” ์„œ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
08:20
that set the West apart from the rest.
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์—ฌ์„ฏ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ‚ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์ด ์ •๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
And they're kind of like the apps on your phone,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ์—์„œ์˜ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
08:25
in the sense that they look quite simple.
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๊ฒ‰๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฝค ๋น„์Šทํ•ด ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
08:27
They're just icons; you click on them.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์•„์ด์ฝ˜ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค; ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:29
But behind the icon, there's complex code.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์•„์ด์ฝ˜ ๋’ค์—๋Š”, ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
It's the same with institutions.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๋„์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ฃ .
08:34
There are six
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ
08:36
which I think explain the Great Divergence.
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” 6๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
One, competition.
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์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ
08:41
Two, the scientific revolution.
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๋‘˜์จฐ, ๊ณผํ•™ํ˜๋ช…
08:43
Three, property rights.
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์…‹์งธ, ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ
08:45
Four, modern medicine.
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๋„ท์งธ, ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์˜ํ•™
08:47
Five, the consumer society.
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๋‹ค์„ฏ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์‚ฌํšŒ.
08:49
And six, the work ethic.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ์„ฏ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ๋…ธ๋™ ์œค๋ฆฌ.
08:51
You can play a game and try and think of one I've missed at,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ํ• ์ˆ˜ ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ,์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋†“์นœ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
08:53
or try and boil it down to just four,
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๋˜ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹จ 4์ดˆ๋งŒ์— ๊ฒฉ์–‘๋˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
but you'll lose.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:00
Let me very briefly tell you what I mean by this,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ
09:03
synthesizing the work of many economic historians
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์‚ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ
09:06
in the process.
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๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ค๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
Competition means,
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๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€,
09:10
not only were there a hundred different political units in Europe in 1500,
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๋‹จ์ง€ 1500๋…„๋Œ€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ •์น˜ ๋‹จ์œ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
09:12
but within each of these units,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด
09:14
there was competition between corporations as well as sovereigns.
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์†Œ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค๋„ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ƒํƒœ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:18
The ancestor of the modern corporation, the City of London Corporation,
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์œ ํ•œํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ๊ฒฉ์ธ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ๋ฒ•์ธ์€
09:21
existed in the 12th century.
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12์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
Nothing like this existed in China,
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๋ชจ๋“œ ์ธ๊ถŒ์„ ํš์ผ์ ์ด๊ณ ,
09:25
where there was one monolithic state
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์ž์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š”
09:27
covering a fifth of humanity,
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๋˜ํ•œ ์•ผ๋ง์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„
09:29
and anyone with any ambition
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜
09:31
had to pass one standardized examination,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ •ํ˜•ํ™”๋œ ์‹œํ—˜, 3์ผ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ
09:33
which took three days and was very difficult
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๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ  ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ˆซ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„
09:35
and involved memorizing vast numbers of characters
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์•”๊ธฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์œ ๊ต ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์—์„ธ์ด๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š”
09:38
and very complex Confucian essay writing.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์น˜๋ฃจ์–ด์•ผ๋งŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
The scientific revolution was different
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๊ณผํ•™ํ˜๋ช…์€ ๋™์–‘๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ์—์„œ
09:45
from the science that had been achieved in the Oriental world
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ž”ํ˜นํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„
09:48
in a number of crucial ways,
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๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
the most important being
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
09:52
that, through the experimental method,
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์‹คํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
09:54
it gave men control over nature in a way that had not been possible before.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ž์—ฐ์„ ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:57
Example: Benjamin Robins's extraordinary application
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๊ทธ ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฒค์ž๋ฏผ ๋กœ๋นˆ์Šค์˜
10:01
of Newtonian physics to ballistics.
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ํƒ„๋„ํ•™ ๋‰ดํ„ด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์‘์šฉ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:04
Once you do that,
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด,
10:06
your artillery becomes accurate.
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์ ์ค‘๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
10:09
Think of what that means.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
10:11
That really was a killer application.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง„์งœ ํ‚ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์•ฑ์ด์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
10:13
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:16
Meanwhile, there's no scientific revolution anywhere else.
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์–ด๋””์—์„œ๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™ํ˜๋ช…์€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:19
The Ottoman Empire's not that far from Europe,
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ๋ฉ€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์˜คํŠธ๋งŒ ์ œ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋„
10:21
but there's no scientific revolution there.
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๊ณผํ•™ํ˜๋ช…์€ ์—†์—ˆ์ฃ .
10:23
In fact, they demolish Taqi al-Din's observatory,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ Taqi al-Din์˜ ์ฒœ๋ฌธ๋Œ€(์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ ์˜คํŠธ๋งŒ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฒœ๋ฌธ๋Œ€.1580๋…„๋Œ€ ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ)๋ฅผ ์ฒ ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
10:26
because it's considered blasphemous
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
10:28
to inquire into the mind of God.
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๋ถˆ๊ฒฝ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
Property rights: It's not the democracy, folks;
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์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ. ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:34
it's having the rule of law based on private property rights.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:37
That's what makes the difference
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถ๋ฏธ์™€ ๋‚จ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ
10:39
between North America and South America.
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๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:41
You could turn up in North America
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋…ธ๋™๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ
10:43
having signed a deed of indenture
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์ฆ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ๋ฏธ์—์„œ,
10:45
saying, "I'll work for nothing for five years.
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"๋‚˜๋Š” 5๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
10:47
You just have to feed me."
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์ €๋ฅผ ๋จน์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๋ผ๊ณ  ์”Œ์—ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:49
But at the end of it, you've got a hundred acres of land.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์—”, ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑํ‰์˜ ๋•…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
That's the land grant
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ์˜ ํ•˜๋‹จ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ฏค์— ์ ํ˜€์žˆ๋Š”
10:54
on the bottom half of the slide.
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ํ† ์ง€ ์ฆ์—ฌ์ด์ฃ .
10:56
That's not possible in Latin America
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ผํ‹ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ๋Š”
10:59
where land is held onto
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์•„์ฃผ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ •๋ณต์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ›„์†์ธ
11:01
by a tiny elite descended from the conquistadors.
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์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:03
And you can see here the huge divergence
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ถ๋ฏธ์™€ ๋‚จ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ด์˜์˜ ํ† ์ง€๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๋‘๊ณ 
11:05
that happens in property ownership between North and South.
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๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
Most people in rural North America
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1900๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ถ๋ฏธ์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
11:10
owned some land by 1900.
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๊ทธ๋“ค ์†Œ์œ ์˜ ๋•…์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:13
Hardly anyone in South America did.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚จ๋ฏธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์—ˆ์ฃ .
11:15
That's another killer app.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ‚ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์•ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
Modern medicine in the late 19th century
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19์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์˜ํ•™์€
11:20
began to make major breakthroughs
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์˜
11:22
against the infectious diseases that killed a lot of people.
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๋ŒํŒŒ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
And this was another killer app --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ‚ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์•ฑ์ธ๋ฐ์š”-
11:26
the very opposite of a killer,
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ํ‚ฌ๋Ÿฌ์™€๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ์š”.
11:28
because it doubled, and then more than doubled, human life expectancy.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ๋‘๋ฐฐ๋กœ, ๋˜ ๋‘๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
11:31
It even did that
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด
11:33
in the European empires.
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์™•๊ตญ์—์„œ๋„ ํ–‰ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:35
Even in places like Senegal,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์„ธ๋„ค๊ฐˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋„,
11:37
beginning in the early 20th century,
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20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์—
11:39
there were major breakthroughs in public health,
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๊ณต์ค‘์œ„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
11:41
and life expectancy began to rise.
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๊ธฐ๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:43
It doesn't rise any faster
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋…๋ฆฝํ•œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋Š”
11:45
after these countries become independent.
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์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
The empires weren't all bad.
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์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜๋นด๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:49
The consumer society is what you need
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์†Œ๋น„์ž ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
11:51
for the Industrial Revolution to have a point.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:54
You need people to want to wear tons of clothes.
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์˜ท๋“ค์„ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ฃ .
11:56
You've all bought an article of clothing in the last month;
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ง€๋‚œ๋‹ฌ์—๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ท์„ ์‚ฌ์…จ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:58
I guarantee it.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ๋‹ดํ•˜์ฃ .
12:00
That's the consumer society,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์‚ฌํšŒ์ด๊ณ ,
12:02
and it propels economic growth
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€
12:04
more than even technological change itself.
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
12:07
Japan was the first non-Western society
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์ผ๋ณธ์€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•œ
12:09
to embrace it.
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๋น„์„œ๋ฐฉ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:11
The alternative,
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๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ,
12:13
which was proposed by Mahatma Gandhi,
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๋งˆํ•˜ํŠธ๋งˆ ๊ฐ„๋””๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด,
12:15
was to institutionalize and make poverty permanent.
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๋ณดํ˜ธ์‹œ์„ค์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋นˆ๊ณค์„ ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
12:18
Very few Indians today
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ทน์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธ๋„์ธ๋“ค์ด
12:20
wish that India had gone down
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๋งˆํ•˜ํŠธ๋งˆ ๊ฐ„๋””์˜ ๋…ธ์„ ์„
12:22
Mahatma Gandhi's road.
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๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:25
Finally, the work ethic.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:27
Max Weber thought that was peculiarly Protestant.
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๋งฅ์Šค ์›จ๋ฒ„๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ต๋“ค์—๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
He was wrong.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ํ‹€๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:32
Any culture can get the work ethic
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ์ด ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:34
if the institutions are there
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๋…ธ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š”
12:36
to create the incentive to work.
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์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”.
12:38
We know this
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
12:40
because today the work ethic
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ง์—… ์œค๋ฆฌ๋Š”
12:42
is no longer a Protestant, Western phenomenon.
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๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ต, ์„œ๊ตฌ์—๋งŒ ํ•œ์ •๋œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
12:45
In fact, the West has lost its work ethic.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์„œ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žƒ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
12:48
Today, the average Korean
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค ๋ณดํ†ต
12:51
works a thousand hours more a year
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ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ๋…์ผ์ธ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ผ๋…„์— ๋Œ€๋žต
12:55
than the average German --
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์ฒœ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒ ๋” ์ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:57
a thousand.
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์ฒœ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด์š”.
12:59
And this is part
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ
13:01
of a really extraordinary phenomenon,
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋ฌธ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด์ž,
13:04
and that is the end of the Great Divergence.
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ์˜ ๋์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
13:07
Who's got the work ethic now?
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
13:09
Take a look at mathematical attainment
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15์„ธ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ค„๋‚ธ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ
13:12
by 15 year-olds.
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๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
13:14
At the top of the international league table
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PISA์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด,
13:16
according to the latest PISA study,
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๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์„ ๋‘๋Š”
13:19
is the Shanghai district of China.
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์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ƒํ•˜์ด ์ง€์—ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:21
The gap between Shanghai
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์ƒํ•˜์ด์™€
13:23
and the United Kingdom and the United States
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฐ ์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋Š”
13:26
is as big as the gap between the U.K. and the U.S.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์˜๊ตญ,
13:29
and Albania and Tunisia.
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์•Œ๋ฐ”๋‹ˆ์•„์™€ ํŠœ๋‹ˆ์‹œ์•„์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:32
You probably assume
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ
13:34
that because the iPhone was designed in California
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์•„์ดํฐ์€ ๋น„๋ก ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์—์„œ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
13:36
but assembled in China
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์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ์กฐ๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์…จ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:38
that the West still leads in terms of technological innovation.
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์„œ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ์ง„๋ณด๋ฅผ ์„ ๋‘ํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ์š”.
13:41
You're wrong.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ํ‹€๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:43
In terms of patents,
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ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์—์„œ,
13:45
there's no question that the East is ahead.
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๋™์–‘๊ถŒ์ด ์•ž์„ฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—๋Š” ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:47
Not only has Japan been ahead for some time,
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์ผ๋ถ„์ด ๋ช‡๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์„ ๋‘์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
13:50
South Korea has gone into third place,
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ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
13:53
and China is just about to overtake Germany.
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์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋…์ผ์„ ๋ง‰ ์•ž์„œ๋ ค ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
13:56
Why?
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
13:58
Because the killer apps can be downloaded.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ํ‚ฌ๋Ÿฌ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์€ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
14:00
It's open source.
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์˜คํ”ˆ ์†Œ์Šค(์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์˜ ์†Œ์Šค ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ)์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
14:02
Any society can adopt these institutions,
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์–ด๋Š ์‚ฌํšŒ๋‚˜ ์ด ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
14:04
and when they do,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ผ ๋•Œ,
14:06
they achieve what the West achieved after 1500 --
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์„œ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์—์„œ 1500๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ํš๋“ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:10
only faster.
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๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ์š”.
14:12
This is the Great Reconvergence,
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์ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ์žฌ์œตํ•ฉ์ด๋ฉฐ,
14:14
and it's the biggest story of your lifetime.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ํฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:18
Because it's on your watch that this is happening.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
14:21
It's our generation
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋“ค์ด
14:23
that is witnessing the end of Western predominance.
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์„œ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ ์šฐ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:25
The average American used to be more than 20 times richer
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ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์€ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด 20๋ฐฐ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด
14:27
than the average Chinese.
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๋ถ€์ž์˜€์—ˆ์ฃ .
14:29
Now it's just five times,
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ 5๋ฐฐ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:31
and soon it will be 2.5 times.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณง 2.5๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
14:33
So I want to end with three questions
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๋ถ€์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„
14:36
for the future billions,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ตฐ์š”.
14:38
just ahead of 2016,
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2016๋…„๋„๋ฅผ ์•ž์„œ์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
14:41
when the United States will lose its place
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ตœ๊ฐ•๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ
14:43
as number one economy to China.
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์ค‘๊ตญ์—๊ฒŒ ์žƒ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ,
14:46
The first is, can you delete these apps,
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์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ์ง€์šฐ๊ณ ,
14:50
and are we in the process of doing so
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์„œ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ์˜ ์ง„๋ณด๋ฅผ
14:52
in the Western world?
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์ด๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
14:54
The second question is,
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€,
14:56
does the sequencing of the download matter?
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๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
15:00
And could Africa get that sequencing wrong?
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๋˜ํ•œ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ชป ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
15:05
One obvious implication of modern economic history
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•”์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”,
15:07
is that it's quite hard to transition to democracy
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๊ฐœ์ธ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์žฅ์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋Š”,
15:10
before you've established
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
15:12
secure private property rights.
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๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:15
Warning: that may not work.
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๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:18
And third, can China do without
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์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด 3๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ‚ฌ๋Ÿฌ์•ฑ ์—†์ด
15:20
killer app number three?
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๋ฒˆ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
15:22
That's the one that John Locke systematized
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์กด ๋กœํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ
15:26
when he said that freedom was rooted in private property rights
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์ž์œ ๋ž€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์— ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
15:30
and the protection of law.
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๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:32
That's the basis
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด
15:34
for the Western model
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๋Œ€์˜ ์ •์น˜์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
15:36
of representative government.
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์„œ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด์ฃ .
15:39
Now this picture shows the demolition
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ฌํ•ด ์ดˆ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ
15:41
of the Chinese artist Ai Weiwei's studio
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์•„์ด ์›จ์ด์›จ์ด์˜ ์ƒํ•˜์ด ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค๊ฐ€
15:44
in Shanghai earlier this year.
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์ฒ ๊ฑฐ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:46
He's now free again,
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๊ตฌ๊ธˆ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋˜
15:48
having been detained, as you know, for some time.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์–ป์—ˆ์ฃ .
15:50
But I don't think his studio has been rebuilt.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๊ฑด๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง„ ์•Š์•„์š”.
15:55
Winston Churchill once defined civilization
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์œˆ์Šคํ„ด ์ฒ˜์น ์€ 1938๋…„ ์šด๋ช…์ ์ธ ํ•ด์—
15:59
in a lecture he gave in the fateful year of 1938.
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๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ•์˜์—์„œ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ •์˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์ฃ .
16:03
And I think these words really nail it:
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ์ด ๋ง๋“ค์€ ์ฐธ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:06
"It means a society based upon the opinion of civilians.
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" ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋‹ค."
16:10
It means that violence, the rule of warriors and despotic chiefs,
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์ฆ‰ ๋ฌด์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋…์žฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ฒ•์ธ ํญ๋ ฅ,
16:13
the conditions of camps and warfare, of riot and tyranny,
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์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ์™€ ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€,
16:16
give place to parliaments where laws are made,
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๊ตญํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋žœ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ
16:19
and independent courts of justice
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๋ฒ•์ด ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š”, ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ
16:21
in which over long periods those laws are maintained.
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์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:24
That is civilization --
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌธ๋ช…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:26
and in its soil grow continually
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž์œ ์™€ ํ‰์˜จ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ
16:28
freedom, comfort and culture,"
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์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ† ์–‘์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
16:31
what all TEDsters care about most.
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TED๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์—ผ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”,
16:35
"When civilization reigns in any country,
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"์–ด๋Š ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋‚˜ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์ด ๊ตฐ๋ฆผํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋˜๋ฉด
16:38
a wider and less harassed life
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์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋งŽ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ ์€
16:41
is afforded to the masses of the people."
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๊ดด๋กœ์šด ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค" ๋Š” ์ ์ด์ฃ .
16:44
That's so true.
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์ฐธ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„์‹ค์ด์ฃ .
16:48
I don't think the decline of Western civilization
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์ €๋Š” ์„œ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์˜ ์‡ ํ‡ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ”ผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ
16:51
is inevitable,
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:53
because I don't think history operates
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ธ์ƒ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด
16:56
in this kind of life-cycle model,
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์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
16:58
beautifully illustrated by Thomas Cole's
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"์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
17:00
"Course of Empire" paintings.
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์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ฒŒ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•œ ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ์ฝœ ๋•๋ถ„์ด์ฃ .
17:03
That's not the way history works.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
17:06
That's not the way the West rose,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์„œ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์ด ํฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
17:08
and I don't think it's the way the West will fall.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์„œ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์ด ์‡ ํ‡ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:11
The West may collapse very suddenly.
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์„œ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ธ‰์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ชฐ๋ฝํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
17:14
Complex civilizations do that,
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๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ๋ช…๊ถŒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ํ…๋ฐ์š”,
17:17
because they operate, most of the time,
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€
17:19
on the edge of chaos.
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ํ˜ผ๋ž€์˜ ๋์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
17:21
That's one of the most profound insights
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ฌ์˜คํ•œ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋ฉฐ,
17:24
to come out of the historical study of complex institutions
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๋ฌธ๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ œ๋„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—ญ์‚ฌํ•™์˜
17:27
like civilizations.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:30
No, we may hang on,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ง€์†๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:32
despite the huge burdens of debt that we've accumulated,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์Œ“์•„ ์˜จ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง๋“ค์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ,
17:36
despite the evidence that we've lost our work ethic
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง์žฅ ์œค๋ฆฌ๊ณผ ์—ญ์‚ฌํ•™์˜ ๋งˆ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„
17:39
and other parts of our historical mojo.
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์žƒ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ๋„์š”.
17:42
But one thing is for sure,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
17:44
the Great Divergence
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„, ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋Š”
17:46
is over, folks.
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์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:48
Thanks very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:50
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
18:15
Bruno Giussani: Niall,
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๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๋…ธ ๊ธฐ์šฐ์‹ธ๋‹ˆ : ๋‹ˆ์•Œ์”จ,
18:17
I am just curious
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์ €๋Š” ๋ผํ‹ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฅผ
18:19
about your take on the other region of the world that's booming,
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์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€ํฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํƒ€๊ถŒ์—ญ์—
18:22
which is Latin America.
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ํฌํ•จ ์‹œํ‚จ ์ ์ด ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด๋ฐ์š”.
18:25
What's your view on that?
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•˜์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
18:28
Niall Ferguson: Well I really am not just talking
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๋‹ˆ์•Œ ํผ๊ฑฐ์Šจ : ์Œ, ์ €๋Š” ๋™์–‘๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ถ€ํฅ๋งŒ์„
18:30
about the rise of the East;
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:32
I'm talking about the rise of the Rest,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ถ€ํฅ์„ ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
18:34
and that includes South America.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋‚จ๋ฏธ๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ฃ .
18:36
I once asked one of my colleagues at Harvard,
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์ €๋Š” ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ์˜ ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์€ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
18:38
"Hey, is South America part of the West?"
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"๋‚จ๋ฏธ๋„ ์„œ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?"
18:40
He was an expert in Latin American history.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์‚ฌ(๋‚จ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธ)์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์ด์ฃ .
18:42
He said, "I don't know; I'll have to think about that."
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ "๋‚˜๋„ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์–ด. ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•ด๋ด์•ผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค." ๋ผ๊ตฌ์š”.
18:44
That tells you something really important.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ ธ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:46
I think if you look at what is happening in Brazil in particular,
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•˜์—ฌ,
18:48
but also Chile,
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ์‚ถ์˜ ์ œ๋„๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
18:50
which was in many ways the one that led the way
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๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์น ๋ ˆ์—์„œ
18:53
in transforming the institutions of economic life,
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์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
18:56
there's a very bright future indeed.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ „๋ง์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:59
So my story really is
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง„์งœ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š”,
19:01
as much about that convergence in the Americas
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์œ ๋ผ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜
19:04
as it's a convergence story in Eurasia.
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์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ๋„ ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:06
BG: And there is this impression
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๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๋…ธ: ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚จ๋ฏธ์™€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ด
19:08
that North America and Europe
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
19:10
are not really paying attention
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๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š”
19:12
to these trends.
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์ธ์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
19:14
Mostly they're worried about each other.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฑฑ์ •์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:17
The Americans think that the European model is going to crumble tomorrow.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋‚ด์ผ์ด๋ฉด ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:20
The Europeans think that the American budget is going to explode tomorrow.
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์ผ์ด๋ฉด ํญ๋ฐœํ• ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ .
19:23
And that's all we seem to be caring about recently.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋‹ค ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:26
NF: I think the fiscal crisis
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๋‹ˆ์•Œ: ์ €๋Š”
19:28
that we see in the developed World right now -- both sides of the Atlantic --
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์ •์น˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
19:31
is essentially the same thing
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์–‘ ๊ถŒ์—ญ์˜ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์˜ ์žฌ์ •์œ„๊ธฐ๋Š”
19:33
taking different forms
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ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋ฟ,
19:35
in terms of political culture.
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๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:37
And it's a crisis that has its structural facet --
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ธ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ,
19:41
it's partly to do with demographics.
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๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ตฌํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ์œ„๊ธฐ์ด์ฃ .
19:43
But it's also, of course, to do with the massive crisis
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๋ฌผ๋ก ,๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
19:46
that followed excessive leverage,
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์นจ๋ฒ”ํ•˜๋Š”
19:48
excessive borrowing in the private sector.
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•˜์ฃ .
19:50
That crisis,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด
19:52
which has been the focus of so much attention, including by me,
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์ €๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ„๊ธฐ์ด์ฃ .
19:55
I think is an epiphenomenon.
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ๋ถ€์ˆ˜ํ˜„์ƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:57
The financial crisis is really a relatively small historic phenomenon,
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๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:00
which has just accelerated
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ
20:02
this huge shift,
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๊ฐ€์†ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค์ฃ .
20:04
which ends half a millennium of Western ascendancy.
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๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ž€ ์„œ์–‘์šฐ์œ„์˜ 500์—ฌ๋…„์˜ ์ข…๋ง์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ฃ .
20:06
I think that's its real importance.
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:08
BG: Niall, thank you. (NF: Thank you very much, Bruno.)
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๋‹ˆ์•Œ์”จ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๋…ธ์”จ)
20:10
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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