Kary Mullis' next-gen cure for killer infection

132,959 views ใƒป 2009-07-09

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Royi Noiman ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:18
So it was about four years ago, five years ago,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื, ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื,
00:21
I was sitting on a stage in Philadelphia, I think it was,
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ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืžื” ื‘ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื”
00:23
with a bag similar to this.
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ืขื ืชื™ืง ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื”,
00:26
And I was pulling a molecule out of this bag.
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ื•ืฉืœืคืชื™ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชื™ืง ื”ื–ื”.
00:29
And I was saying, you don't know this molecule really well,
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™, ืืชื ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘,
00:32
but your body knows it extremely well.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืžื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“.
00:35
And I was thinking that your body hated it, at the time,
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืฉื•ื ื ืื•ืชื”, ื‘ื–ืžื ื•.
00:39
because we are very immune to this. This is called alpha-gal epitope.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื ืœื–ื”. ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืื ื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ืืœืคื-ื’ืœ.
00:42
And the fact that pig heart valves have lots of these on them
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ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืืœื• ืขืœ ืฉืกืชื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื
00:46
is the reason that you can't transplant a pig heart valve into a person easily.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื”ืฉืชืœืช ืฉืกืชื•ื ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื‘ืื“ื.
00:50
Actually our body doesn't hate these.
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืฉื•ื ื ืืช ืืœื•.
00:52
Our body loves these. It eats them.
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืชืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืื•ื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ.
00:55
I mean, the cells in our immune system are always hungry.
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ื›ืœืืžืจ, ื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืจืขื‘ื™ื.
00:58
And if an antibody is stuck to one of these things
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ื•ืื ื ื•ื’ื“ืŸ ื“ื‘ื•ืง ืœืื—ืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
01:02
on the cell, it means "that's food."
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ืขืœ ื”ืชื, ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื "ื–ื” ืื•ื›ืœ."
01:05
Now, I was thinking about that and I said, you know, we've got this
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื•ืืžืจืชื™: ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
01:07
immune response to this ridiculous molecule
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ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ืžื’ื•ื—ื›ืช ื”ื–ืืช
01:10
that we don't make, and we see it a lot in other animals and stuff.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
01:14
But I said we can't get rid of it,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืืžืจืชื™, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคืชืจ ืžืžื ื”.
01:17
because all the people who tried to transplant heart valves
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ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืœ ืฉืกืชื•ืžื™ ืœื‘
01:19
found out you can't get rid of that immunity.
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ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ืคืชืจ ืžื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
01:21
And I said, why don't you use that?
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™, ืœืžื” ืืชื” ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื”?
01:23
What if I could stick this molecule,
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ืžื” ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช,
01:26
slap it onto a bacteria
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ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื” ืœื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืืœื™ืžื”,
01:28
that was pathogenic to me, that had just invaded my lungs?
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืฆืœื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืคืœืฉื” ืœืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื™?
01:32
I mean I could immediately tap into
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžื™ื“ ืœื ืฆืœ
01:34
an immune response that was already there,
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ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื.
01:36
where it was not going to take five or six days to develop it --
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ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ืชืงื— ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื• ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—.
01:39
it was going to immediately attack whatever this thing was on.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืชืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”.
01:42
It was kind of like the same thing that happens when you,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœื›ื,
01:44
like when you're getting stopped for a traffic ticket in L.A.,
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขืฆืจื• ืืชื›ื ืœื“ื•"ื— ืขืœ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืจื–ืช ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก,
01:48
and the cop drops a bag of marijuana in the back of your car,
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ื•ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ื–ื•ืจืง ืฉืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
01:51
and then charges you for possession of marijuana.
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ื•ืื– ืขื•ืฆืจ ืืชื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื”.
01:54
It's like this very fast, very efficient way to get people off the street.
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ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ื™ืจื”, ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืขื™ืœื”, ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.
01:58
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:00
So you can take a bacteria
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื”
02:02
that really doesn't make these things at all,
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ืฉืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื™ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
02:04
and if you could clamp these on it really well
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื ืืœื™ื”
02:06
you have it taken off the street.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.
02:08
And for certain bacteria
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ื•ืœื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช
02:10
we don't have really efficient ways to do that anymore.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื“ืจืš ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
02:12
Our antibiotics are running out.
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ื”ื ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืื•ื–ืœื•ืช.
02:14
And, I mean, the world apparently is running out too.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืŸ ืื•ื–ืœื•ืช ืžื”ืขื•ืœื
02:17
So probably it doesn't matter 50 years from now --
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ืื– ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ 50 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื•;
02:20
streptococcus and stuff like that will be rampant --
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ืกื˜ืจืคื˜ื•ืงื•ืงื•ืก ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ื™ืฉืชื•ืœืœื•,
02:23
because we won't be here. But if we are --
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ื›ื™ ืœื ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื›ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื” --
02:25
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:27
we're going to need something to do with the bacteria.
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ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืขื ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
02:29
So I started working with this thing,
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
02:33
with a bunch of collaborators.
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ืขื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื.
02:35
And trying to attach this to things that were
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืฆืžื
02:38
themselves attached to certain specific target zones,
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื,
02:42
bacteria that we don't like.
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ื‘ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
02:44
And I feel now like George Bush.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืžื• ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื‘ื•ืฉ.
02:48
It's like "mission accomplished."
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• "ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื”."
02:50
So I might be doing something dumb, just like he was doing at the time.
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื•.
02:53
But basically what I was talking about there we've now gotten to work.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“.
02:57
And it's killing bacteria. It's eating them.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช. ื–ื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ.
03:01
This thing can be stuck, like that little green triangle up there,
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ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง, ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”,
03:05
sort of symbolizing this right now.
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ืฉืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืจื’ืข.
03:08
You can stick this to something called a DNA aptamer.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืืคื˜ืžืจ ื“ื™-ืืŸ-ืื™ื™.
03:11
And that DNA aptamer will attach specifically
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ืืคื˜ืžืจ ื“ื™-ืืŸ-ืื™ื™ ื™ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืจืง
03:13
to a target that you have selected for it.
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ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืืชื ื‘ื—ืจืชื ืœื•.
03:15
So you can find a little feature on a bacterium that you don't like,
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืืชื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื,
03:19
like Staphylococcus -- I don't like it in particular,
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ื›ืžื• ืกื˜ืคื™ืœื•ืงื•ืงื•ืก. ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
03:22
because it killed a professor friend of mine last year.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”.
03:25
It doesn't respond to antibiotics. So I don't like it.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื” ืœืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”. ืื– ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื”.
03:28
And I'm making an aptamer that will have this attached to it.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืืคื˜ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื•.
03:31
That will know how to find Staph when it's in your body,
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ืฉื™ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ืกื˜ืฃ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื,
03:34
and will alert your immune system to go after it.
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ื•ื™ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืชืฆื ื ื’ื“ื•.
03:37
Here's what happened. See that line on the very top
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ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”: ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื• ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:40
with the little dots?
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ืขื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช?
03:42
That's a bunch of mice that had been poisoned
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื“ื‘ืงื•
03:45
by our scientist friends down in Texas,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืงืกืก,
03:47
at Brooks Air Base, with anthrax.
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ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืงืก, ื‘ืื ื˜ืจืงืก.
03:50
And they had also been treated with a drug that we made
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื ื˜ื•ืคืœื• ืขื ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉื”ื›ื ื•
03:53
that would attack anthrax in particular,
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ืฉืชืชืงื•ืฃ ืื ื˜ืจืงืก ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™.
03:56
and direct your immune system to it.
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ื•ืชื ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื ื’ื“ื•.
03:58
You'll notice they all lived, the ones on the top line --
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ืืชื ืชื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืฉืจื“ื•, ืืœื” ืฉื‘ืงื• ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.
04:00
that's a 100 percent survival rate.
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ 100 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
04:02
And they actually lived another 14 days,
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื—ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ 14 ื™ืžื™ื,
04:05
or 28 when we finally killed them,
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ืื• 28 ื›ืฉืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื• ืื•ืชื,
04:07
and took them apart and figured out what went wrong.
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ื•ื ื™ืชื—ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ.
04:10
Why did they not die?
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ืœืžื” ื”ื ืœื ืžืชื•?
04:12
And they didn't die because they didn't have anthrax anymore.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ืžืชื• ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืขื•ื“ ืื ื˜ืจืงืก.
04:15
So we did it. Okay?
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ืื– ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”. ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
04:17
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
04:19
Mission accomplished!
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ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื”!
04:21
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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