Kary Mullis' next-gen cure for killer infection

Translator: Mailis Laos Reviewer: Aari Lemmik

So it was about four years ago, five years ago,

(Aplaus)

4-5 aasta eest Philadelphias oli mul laval kaasas sarnane kott.

I was sitting on a stage in Philadelphia, I think it was,

with a bag similar to this.

And I was pulling a molecule out of this bag.

Võtsin seal selle molekuli kotist välja

And I was saying, you don't know this molecule really well,

öeldes, et ega te seda molekuli eriti ju ei tunne,

but your body knows it extremely well.

aga teie keha tunneb seda väga hästi.

And I was thinking that your body hated it, at the time,

Arvasin, et keha ei salli seda molekuli,

sest selle vastu on kõrge immuunsus.

because we are very immune to this. This is called alpha-gal epitope.

See molekul on galaktoos-alfa epitoop.

And the fact that pig heart valves have lots of these on them

Sea südameklappidel on neid palju,

is the reason that you can't transplant a pig heart valve into a person easily.

seetõttu ei ole just lihtne inimesele sea südameklappi siirdada.

Actually our body doesn't hate these.

Tegelikult me keha neid ei vihkagi.

Our body loves these. It eats them.

Me keha armastab neid,

ta sööb neid.

I mean, the cells in our immune system are always hungry.

Meie immuunsüsteemi rakud on alati näljas

And if an antibody is stuck to one of these things

ja kui antikeha haakub rakus ühe sellise külge,

on the cell, it means "that's food."

antakse sõnum: "See on toit".

Now, I was thinking about that and I said, you know, we've got this

Mõtlesin selle üle, et meie immuunsüsteem

immune response to this ridiculous molecule

reageerib sellele tühisele molekulile,

that we don't make, and we see it a lot in other animals and stuff.

mida keha ise ei tooda,

aga mis on olemas teistel loomadel.

But I said we can't get rid of it,

Aga lahti me sellest ka ei saa,

because all the people who tried to transplant heart valves

sest kõik, kes on proovinud südameklappe siirdada,

found out you can't get rid of that immunity.

teavad, et immuunreaksioon on vältimatu.

And I said, why don't you use that?

Mul tuli mõte, et seda võiks kuidagi ära kasutada.

What if I could stick this molecule,

Mis oleks, kui ma võtaksin selle molekuli,

slap it onto a bacteria

haagiksin selle patogeense bakteri külge,

that was pathogenic to me, that had just invaded my lungs?

mis on just mu kopsudesse tunginud?

I mean I could immediately tap into

Saaksin kohe ära kasutada automaatset immuunvastust,

an immune response that was already there,

where it was not going to take five or six days to develop it --

mis ei vaja tekkimiseks 5-6 päeva aega,

it was going to immediately attack whatever this thing was on.

vaid ründaks koheselt seda, mille külge too molekul on haagitud.

It was kind of like the same thing that happens when you,

Umbes sama loogika alusel,

like when you're getting stopped for a traffic ticket in L.A.,

kui liikluspolitsei, kes su Los Angeleses kinni peab

and the cop drops a bag of marijuana in the back of your car,

ja poetab auto tagaistmele kotikese marihuaanaga

and then charges you for possession of marijuana.

ja arreteerib su marihuaana omamise eest.

It's like this very fast, very efficient way to get people off the street.

Igatahes väga kiire ja efektiivne moodus inimeste liiklusest kõrvaldamiseks.

(Laughter)

(Naer)

So you can take a bacteria

Samuti saab võtta bakteri, kes ise midagi sellist ei tooda,

that really doesn't make these things at all,

and if you could clamp these on it really well

aga kui see õnnestub talle külge pookida,

you have it taken off the street.

siis on see liiklusest eemaldatud.

And for certain bacteria

Ja on baktereid, mille puhul olemasolevad võtted enam ei toimi.

we don't have really efficient ways to do that anymore.

Our antibiotics are running out.

Tõhusad antibiootikumid hakkavad ammenduma.

And, I mean, the world apparently is running out too.

Ja on näha, et ka maailm hakkab end ammendama.

So probably it doesn't matter 50 years from now --

50 aasta pärast poleks vist enam vahet,

streptococcus and stuff like that will be rampant --

kui kõikjal vohaks streptokokk ja muud sarnane,

because we won't be here. But if we are --

sest meid siis enam pole.

Kui aga siiski oleme...

(Laughter)

(Naer)

we're going to need something to do with the bacteria.

siis on meil bakteritega midagi ette võtta.

So I started working with this thing,

Võtsime selle asja koos mitmete kaastöötajatega ette.

with a bunch of collaborators.

And trying to attach this to things that were

Püüdsime haakida seda teiste asjade külge,

themselves attached to certain specific target zones,

mis ise kinnitusid teatud sihtmärkidele

bacteria that we don't like.

bakteritele, mis meile ei meeldi.

And I feel now like George Bush.

Tunnen end nüüd nagu George Bush,

It's like "mission accomplished."

kui ta ütles: "Ülesanne täidetud!"

So I might be doing something dumb, just like he was doing at the time.

Minu tehtud asi võis olla küll rumal, nii nagu temal omal ajal,

But basically what I was talking about there we've now gotten to work.

aga põhimõtteliselt see asi toimib.

And it's killing bacteria. It's eating them.

Ja see tapab baktereid, see õgib neid.

This thing can be stuck, like that little green triangle up there,

See asjandus kinnitub nagu pildil olev väike roheline kolmnurk.

sort of symbolizing this right now.

You can stick this to something called a DNA aptamer.

Seda saab kinnitada DNA aptameerile

And that DNA aptamer will attach specifically

ja DNA aptameer haakub konkreetse valitud sihtmärgi külge,

to a target that you have selected for it.

So you can find a little feature on a bacterium that you don't like,

Näiteks mõne kurja bakteri külge

like Staphylococcus -- I don't like it in particular,

nagu stafülokoki külge, mis on mulle eriti vastik,

because it killed a professor friend of mine last year.

kuna tappis mullu mu professorist sõbra.

It doesn't respond to antibiotics. So I don't like it.

Ta ei reageeri ühelegi antibiootikumile.

Mulle see ei meeldi.

And I'm making an aptamer that will have this attached to it.

Teen valmis aptameeri, millel on see asjandus küljes,

That will know how to find Staph when it's in your body,

mis oskab stafülokokki organismist üles leida

and will alert your immune system to go after it.

ja annab immuunsüsteemile käsu seda rünnata.

Here's what happened. See that line on the very top

Siin on näha, kuidas asi toimib.

Näete ülemist joon väikeste täppidega?

with the little dots?

That's a bunch of mice that had been poisoned

Need on hiired, keda sõbrad teadlased Texasest Brooksi Õhuväebaasist

by our scientist friends down in Texas,

at Brooks Air Base, with anthrax.

on mürgitanud antraksiga.

And they had also been treated with a drug that we made

Samu hiiri raviti meie tehtud ravimiga,

that would attack anthrax in particular,

mis ründab just antraksit,

and direct your immune system to it.

andes immuunsüsteemile vastava käsu.

You'll notice they all lived, the ones on the top line --

Nagu näete seal ülemisel joonel,

that's a 100 percent survival rate.

jäid need kõik hiired ellu, 100 protsenti.

And they actually lived another 14 days,

Nad elasid veel 14 kuni 28 päeva

or 28 when we finally killed them,

enne kui me nad lõpuks surmasime ja lahkasime

and took them apart and figured out what went wrong.

et saada teada, mis läks valesti,

Why did they not die?

miks nemad ära surnud?

And they didn't die because they didn't have anthrax anymore.

Nad ei surnud sellepärast, et neil antraksit enam polnud.

So we did it. Okay?

Seega, saime hakkama, eks ole?

(Applause)

(Aplaus)

Mission accomplished!

Ülesanne täidetud!

(Applause)

(Aplaus)