Kary Mullis' next-gen cure for killer infection

132,959 views ・ 2009-07-09

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Park jungbin κ²€ν† : Seah Kang
00:18
So it was about four years ago, five years ago,
0
18330
3000
4,5λ…„ μ „ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:21
I was sitting on a stage in Philadelphia, I think it was,
1
21330
2000
ν•„λΌλΈν”Όμ•„μ˜ μ–΄λŠ λ¬΄λŒ€μ— μ°Έμ„ν–ˆλŠ”λ°,
00:23
with a bag similar to this.
2
23330
3000
μ•„λ§ˆ 이런 κ°€λ°©μ΄μ—ˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
And I was pulling a molecule out of this bag.
3
26330
3000
μ €λŠ” λΆ„μžλͺ¨ν˜•μ„ κ°€λ°©μ—μ„œ κΊΌλ‚΄μ„œ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
And I was saying, you don't know this molecule really well,
4
29330
3000
"이 λΆ„μžκ°€ λ­ν•˜λŠ” 건지 잘 λͺ¨λ₯΄μ‹€ ν…Œμ§€λ§Œ,
00:32
but your body knows it extremely well.
5
32330
3000
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λͺΈμ€ μ•„μ£Ό 잘 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€."
00:35
And I was thinking that your body hated it, at the time,
6
35330
4000
κ·Έλ•ŒκΉŒμ§€λ§Œ 해도 μ €λŠ”,우리λͺΈμ΄ 이걸 μ‹«μ–΄ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
because we are very immune to this. This is called alpha-gal epitope.
7
39330
3000
λͺΈμ΄ 이것에 μ‹¬ν•œ λ©΄μ—­ λ°˜μ‘μ„ λ³΄μ΄κ±°λ“ μš”. 이 녀석은 μ•ŒνŒŒ-갈 항원이라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:42
And the fact that pig heart valves have lots of these on them
8
42330
4000
λΌμ§€μ˜ 심μž₯ νŒλ§‰μ—λŠ” 이것듀이 μ•„μ£Ό λ§Žμ€λ°,
00:46
is the reason that you can't transplant a pig heart valve into a person easily.
9
46330
4000
덕뢄에 λΌμ§€μ˜ νŒλ§‰μ„ μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ μ΄μ‹ν•˜κΈ°κ°€ 쉽지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
Actually our body doesn't hate these.
10
50330
2000
사싀, 우리 λͺΈμ€ 이녀석을 μ‹«μ–΄ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
Our body loves these. It eats them.
11
52330
3000
λͺΉμ‹œ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜μ£ . μž‘μ•„λ¨Ήμ„ μ •λ„λ‘œμš”.
00:55
I mean, the cells in our immune system are always hungry.
12
55330
3000
우리 λ©΄μ—­ μ²΄κ³„μ˜ 세포듀은 항상 κ΅Άμ£Όλ € μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:58
And if an antibody is stuck to one of these things
13
58330
4000
항체 ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ 세포 μœ„μ— 이것에 λ‹¬λΌλΆ™κ²Œ 되면,
01:02
on the cell, it means "that's food."
14
62330
3000
그게 λ°”λ‘œ '식사 μ‹œκ°„' μ΄λž€ λœ»μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:05
Now, I was thinking about that and I said, you know, we've got this
15
65330
2000
μ €λŠ” 이에 λŒ€ν•΄ 생각해보닀 μž…μ„ μ—΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
immune response to this ridiculous molecule
16
67330
3000
"λ³΄μ„Έμš”, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©° λ‹€λ₯Έ λ™λ¬Όλ“±μ—μ„œλ„ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ”
01:10
that we don't make, and we see it a lot in other animals and stuff.
17
70330
4000
이 μ΄μƒν•œ λΆ„μž λ…€μ„μ—κ²Œ λ©΄μ—­ λ°˜μ‘μ„ μΌμœΌν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
But I said we can't get rid of it,
18
74330
3000
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 λ…€μ„μ—κ²Œμ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚  μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
because all the people who tried to transplant heart valves
19
77330
2000
심μž₯ νŒλ§‰μ„ μ΄μ‹ν•˜λ €κ³  μ‹œλ„ν–ˆλ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
01:19
found out you can't get rid of that immunity.
20
79330
2000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ·Έ λ©΄μ—­ λ°˜μ‘μ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚  수 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ ."
01:21
And I said, why don't you use that?
21
81330
2000
그리고 λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. "이걸 μ΄μš©ν•˜λ©΄ μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?"
01:23
What if I could stick this molecule,
22
83330
3000
λ§Œμ•½ 이 λΆ„μžλ₯Ό,
01:26
slap it onto a bacteria
23
86330
2000
제 폐에 막 μΉ¨μž…ν•œ 병원균에닀
01:28
that was pathogenic to me, that had just invaded my lungs?
24
88330
4000
뢙여놓을 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄?
01:32
I mean I could immediately tap into
25
92330
2000
즉, μ€€λΉ„ν•˜λŠ” 데 5,6일이 채 걸리지 μ•Šκ³ λ„,
01:34
an immune response that was already there,
26
94330
2000
즉, μ€€λΉ„ν•˜λŠ” 데 5,6일이 채 걸리지 μ•Šκ³ λ„,
01:36
where it was not going to take five or six days to develop it --
27
96330
3000
이미 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λ˜ λ©΄μ—­ λ°˜μ‘μ„ λ°”λ‘œ 써먹을 수 있게 되죠.
01:39
it was going to immediately attack whatever this thing was on.
28
99330
3000
뭐든간에 μ΄λ†ˆκ³Ό λΆ™μ–΄μžˆλ˜ 것을 즉각 κ³΅κ²©ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
01:42
It was kind of like the same thing that happens when you,
29
102330
2000
이건 마치,
01:44
like when you're getting stopped for a traffic ticket in L.A.,
30
104330
4000
둜슀 μ—”μ €λ ˆμŠ€μ—μ„œ ꡐ톡 딱지λ₯Ό 떼이고 μžˆλŠ”λ°
01:48
and the cop drops a bag of marijuana in the back of your car,
31
108330
3000
경찰이 μ°¨ νŠΈλ ν¬μ—λ‹€ λ§ˆλ¦¬ν™”λ‚˜κ°€ λ“  가방을 μ§‘μ–΄λ„£κ³ λŠ”
01:51
and then charges you for possession of marijuana.
32
111330
3000
λ§ˆλ¦¬ν™”λ‚˜ μ†Œμ§€ 혐의둜 κΈ°μ†Œν•˜λŠ” κ±°λ‚˜ λ‹€λ¦„μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
It's like this very fast, very efficient way to get people off the street.
33
114330
4000
μ‚¬λžŒμ„ λ„λ‘œμ—μ„œ λ„μ§‘μ–΄λ‚΄λŠ” μ•„μ£Ό μ‹ μ†ν•˜λ©΄μ„œλ„ 효과적인 방법인 μ…ˆμ΄μ£ .
01:58
(Laughter)
34
118330
2000
(μ›ƒμŒ)
02:00
So you can take a bacteria
35
120330
2000
이 항원을 μ „ν˜€ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”
02:02
that really doesn't make these things at all,
36
122330
2000
λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„μ—λ‹€ 잘 이어뢙여-
02:04
and if you could clamp these on it really well
37
124330
2000
단속 ν•˜λ©΄, μ†μ‰½κ²Œ
02:06
you have it taken off the street.
38
126330
2000
λ†ˆλ“€μ„ λ„λ‘œμ—μ„œ 끄집어낼 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
And for certain bacteria
39
128330
2000
그리고 νŠΉμ •ν•œ μ„Έκ· μ—λŠ”,
02:10
we don't have really efficient ways to do that anymore.
40
130330
2000
이런 효과적인 방법이 더 이상 μ „ν˜€ ν†΅ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
Our antibiotics are running out.
41
132330
2000
ν•­μƒμ œκ°€ 점점 μ†Œμš©μ΄ 없어지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
And, I mean, the world apparently is running out too.
42
134330
3000
제 생각에, 사싀 μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ μ“Έλͺ¨κ°€ μ—†μ–΄μ§€λŠ” λ“― ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:17
So probably it doesn't matter 50 years from now --
43
137330
3000
μ•„λ§ˆλ„ 50λ…„ ν›„λ©΄, μ—°μ‡„μƒκ΅¬κ· μ΄λ‚˜ κ·Έ λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 것듀이 λ§Œμ—°ν•  것이고,
02:20
streptococcus and stuff like that will be rampant --
44
140330
3000
우린 κ·Έλ•Œλ©΄ 지ꡬλ₯Ό 떠났을 ν…Œλ‹ˆ
02:23
because we won't be here. But if we are --
45
143330
2000
상관 μ—†κ² μ§€λ§Œ, λ§Œμ•½ κ·Έλ•ŒκΉŒμ§€ μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλ‹€λ©΄-
02:25
(Laughter)
46
145330
2000
(μ›ƒμŒ)
02:27
we're going to need something to do with the bacteria.
47
147330
2000
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„ 문제λ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œλ“  ν•΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:29
So I started working with this thing,
48
149330
4000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” λ™λ£Œ 연ꡬ원듀과 ν•¨κ»˜,
02:33
with a bunch of collaborators.
49
153330
2000
이에 λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬλ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν•΄μ„œ,
02:35
And trying to attach this to things that were
50
155330
3000
μ–΄λ–€ νŠΉμ • λΆ€μœ„μ— λΆ™μ–΄μžˆλ˜ 이 λΆ„μžλ₯Ό,
02:38
themselves attached to certain specific target zones,
51
158330
4000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‹«μ–΄ν•˜λŠ” 세균에닀가
02:42
bacteria that we don't like.
52
162330
2000
이어뢙이렀고 λ…Έλ ₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
And I feel now like George Bush.
53
164330
4000
μ§€κΈˆμ€, 마치 μ œκ°€ 쑰지 λΆ€μ‹œλΌλ„ 된 κΈ°λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
It's like "mission accomplished."
54
168330
2000
'μž„λ¬΄ μ™„μˆ˜.'라고 λ§ν•˜λŠ” κΈ°λΆ„μ΄μ—μš”.
02:50
So I might be doing something dumb, just like he was doing at the time.
55
170330
3000
λΆ€μ‹œκ°€ 그랬던 것 처럼 μ’€ 바보같은 짓을 ν•˜λŠ” 것일지도 λͺ¨λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ,
02:53
But basically what I was talking about there we've now gotten to work.
56
173330
4000
μ–΄μ¨Œλ“  μ œκ°€ κ·Έλ•Œ ν–ˆλ˜ 말이, ν˜„μž¬ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ°©μˆ˜ν•œ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:57
And it's killing bacteria. It's eating them.
57
177330
4000
λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λ₯Ό μ£½μ΄λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€. μž‘μ•„λ¨ΉλŠ” κ±°μ—μš”.
03:01
This thing can be stuck, like that little green triangle up there,
58
181330
4000
이 λΆ„μžλ₯Ό 뢙일 방법이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
sort of symbolizing this right now.
59
185330
3000
ν™”λ©΄ μœ„μ˜ 녹색 μ‚Όκ°ν˜•μ΄ 이 λ…€μ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:08
You can stick this to something called a DNA aptamer.
60
188330
3000
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이걸 DNA μ••νƒ€λ¨ΈλΌλŠ” 것에닀 이어뢙일 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:11
And that DNA aptamer will attach specifically
61
191330
2000
그리고 이 DNAμ••νƒ€λ¨ΈλŠ”
03:13
to a target that you have selected for it.
62
193330
2000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ³ λ₯Έ νŠΉμ • λŒ€μƒμ„ μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄ λ‹¬λΌλΆ™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
So you can find a little feature on a bacterium that you don't like,
63
195330
4000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‹«μ–΄ν•˜λŠ” λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λ₯Ό 집쀑쑰λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆμ§€μš”.
03:19
like Staphylococcus -- I don't like it in particular,
64
199330
3000
예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄ ν¬λ„μƒκ΅¬κ· μ΄μš”. μ €λŠ” μ΄λ†ˆμ΄ 특히 μ‹«μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:22
because it killed a professor friend of mine last year.
65
202330
3000
μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 제 ꡐ수 친ꡬ ν•œλͺ…을 μž‘λ…„μ— μ£½μ˜€κ±°λ“ μš”.
03:25
It doesn't respond to antibiotics. So I don't like it.
66
205330
3000
ν•­μƒμ œλŠ” μ†Œμš©μ΄ μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ μ œκ°€ μ’‹μ•„ν•  μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†μ£ .
03:28
And I'm making an aptamer that will have this attached to it.
67
208330
3000
이제 μ œκ°€ μ—¬κΈ°λ‹€κ°€ 이어뢙일 압타머λ₯Ό ν•˜λ‚˜ λ§Œλ“€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:31
That will know how to find Staph when it's in your body,
68
211330
3000
포도상ꡬ균이 λͺΈμ— 듀어왔을 λ•Œ, 병균이 μ–΄λ””μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄κ³ 
03:34
and will alert your immune system to go after it.
69
214330
3000
λ©΄μ—­ 체계에닀가 경보λ₯Ό 내릴쀄 μ•„λŠ” λ…€μ„μœΌλ‘œμš”.
03:37
Here's what happened. See that line on the very top
70
217330
3000
μ—¬κΈ° κ²°κ³Όκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 제일 μœ„μ— μž‘μ€ 점듀이 μžˆλŠ” 선이 λ³΄μ΄μ‹­λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
03:40
with the little dots?
71
220330
2000
μ—¬κΈ° κ²°κ³Όκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 제일 μœ„μ— μž‘μ€ 점듀이 μžˆλŠ” 선이 λ³΄μ΄μ‹­λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
03:42
That's a bunch of mice that had been poisoned
72
222330
3000
저건 우리 연ꡬ원 μΉœκ΅¬λ“€μ΄
03:45
by our scientist friends down in Texas,
73
225330
2000
ν…μ‚¬μŠ€μ˜ 브룩슀 항곡 κΈ°μ§€μ—μ„œ
03:47
at Brooks Air Base, with anthrax.
74
227330
3000
탄저균에 κ°μ—Όμ‹œν‚¨ μ₯λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
And they had also been treated with a drug that we made
75
230330
3000
λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ”, λ©΄μ—­ 체계λ₯Ό μ΄λŒμ–΄
03:53
that would attack anthrax in particular,
76
233330
3000
νƒ„μ €κ· λ§Œμ„ κ³΅κ²©ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ” 약을 νˆ¬μ—¬ν•΄μ„œ
03:56
and direct your immune system to it.
77
236330
2000
μ₯λ“€μ„ μΉ˜λ£Œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:58
You'll notice they all lived, the ones on the top line --
78
238330
2000
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ„ λ³΄μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό, μ₯λ“€μ€ λͺ¨λ‘ μ‚΄μ•„λ‚¨μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
that's a 100 percent survival rate.
79
240330
2000
μœ„μͺ½ 선은 100% 생쑴λ₯ μ„ μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:02
And they actually lived another 14 days,
80
242330
3000
μ •ν™•νžˆ μ–˜κΈ°ν•˜λ©΄ μ₯λ“€μ€ 14일을 μΆ”κ°€μ μœΌλ‘œ
04:05
or 28 when we finally killed them,
81
245330
2000
ν˜Ήμ€ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ£½μ΄κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ 총 28일을 μ‚΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:07
and took them apart and figured out what went wrong.
82
247330
3000
우린 μ₯λ₯Ό κ°ˆλΌλ†“κ³  λŒ€μ²΄ 뭐가 잘λͺ» 된 것인지 μ‚΄νˆμ§€μš”.
04:10
Why did they not die?
83
250330
2000
μ™œ μ•ˆ μ£½μ—ˆλ‚˜?
04:12
And they didn't die because they didn't have anthrax anymore.
84
252330
3000
μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, μ₯λ“€μ—κ²Œ 더 이상 탄저균이 λ‚¨μ•„μžˆμ§€ μ•Šμ•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
So we did it. Okay?
85
255330
2000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•΄λ‚Έ κ±°μ£ .
04:17
(Applause)
86
257330
2000
(λ°•μˆ˜)
04:19
Mission accomplished!
87
259330
2000
μž„λ¬΄ μ™„μˆ˜κ΅°μš”!
04:21
(Applause)
88
261330
7000
(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7