Martin Rees: Can we prevent the end of the world?

151,934 views ใƒป 2014-08-25

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
Ten years ago, I wrote a book which I entitled
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ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช:
00:14
"Our Final Century?" Question mark.
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"ื”ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•?" ืขื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืืœื”.
00:17
My publishers cut out the question mark. (Laughter)
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ื”ืžื•"ืœื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืžื—ืงื• ืืช ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื”. [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
00:21
The American publishers changed our title
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ื”ืžื•"ืœื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœื ื•
00:23
to "Our Final Hour."
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ืœ"ืฉืขืชื ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”".
00:27
Americans like instant gratification and the reverse.
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ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืžื™ื™ื“ื™, ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš.
00:30
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
00:32
And my theme was this:
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื ื–ื”:
00:34
Our Earth has existed for 45 million centuries,
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื• ืงื™ื™ื ืžื–ื” 45 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ืช,
00:38
but this one is special โ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช --
00:40
it's the first where one species, ours,
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ื–ืืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
00:43
has the planet's future in its hands.
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ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืืช ืขืชื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช.
00:46
Over nearly all of Earth's history,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
00:48
threats have come from nature โ€”
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ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข -
00:50
disease, earthquakes, asteroids and so forth โ€”
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ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื”, ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื” -
00:53
but from now on, the worst dangers come from us.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขืชื” ื•ื”ืœืื”, ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ื ื•.
00:59
And it's now not just the nuclear threat;
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื, ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืื™ื•ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™;
01:02
in our interconnected world,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ืจื‘ ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื,
01:04
network breakdowns can cascade globally;
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ืงืจื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื;
01:07
air travel can spread pandemics worldwide within days;
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ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืžื’ืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื;
01:11
and social media can spread panic and rumor
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ื•ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ื‘ื”ืœื” ื•ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช
01:14
literally at the speed of light.
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ, ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•.
01:17
We fret too much about minor hazards โ€”
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ืื ื• ืžืชืขืกืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืกื›ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช -
01:21
improbable air crashes, carcinogens in food,
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ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™-ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžื—ื•ืœืœื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
01:25
low radiation doses, and so forth โ€”
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ืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืงืจื™ื ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื” -
01:27
but we and our political masters
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื•ืื“ื•ื ื™ื ื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื
01:30
are in denial about catastrophic scenarios.
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ื—ืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ ืืกื•ืŸ.
01:34
The worst have thankfully not yet happened.
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ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžื›ืœ, ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืืœ, ื˜ืจื ืื™ืจืขื•.
01:37
Indeed, they probably won't.
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ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื’ื ืœื ื™ืงืจื•.
01:39
But if an event is potentially devastating,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื˜ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื• ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ,
01:42
it's worth paying a substantial premium
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ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉืœื ื‘ื’ื™ื ื• ืื™ื–ื• ืคืจืžื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช
01:45
to safeguard against it, even if it's unlikely,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื•, ืœื-ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”,
01:49
just as we take out fire insurance on our house.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
01:54
And as science offers greater power and promise,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื“ืข ืžืฆื™ืข ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:59
the downside gets scarier too.
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ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื™ื ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:02
We get ever more vulnerable.
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ืื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืื™-ืคืขื.
02:05
Within a few decades,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื
02:06
millions will have the capability
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ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
ืœื ืฆืœ ืœืจืขื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
02:09
to misuse rapidly advancing biotech,
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02:12
just as they misuse cybertech today.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืœืจืขื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืฉืช.
02:15
Freeman Dyson, in a TED Talk,
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ืคืจื™ืžืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืจืฆืืช TED,
02:19
foresaw that children will design and create new organisms
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ื”ืชื ื‘ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื‘ ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
02:22
just as routinely as his generation played with chemistry sets.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™-ื“ื•ืจื• ื”ืฉืชืขืฉืขื• ื‘ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื”.
02:27
Well, this may be on the science fiction fringe,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™,
02:29
but were even part of his scenario to come about,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืชืžืžืฉ ื•ืœื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•,
02:32
our ecology and even our species
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ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืืฃ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
02:35
would surely not survive long unscathed.
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ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื™ืฉืจื“ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื™ืžื™ื ืœืœื ืคื’ืข.
02:39
For instance, there are some eco-extremists
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื™ืฉื ื ืงื ืื™ื ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
02:43
who think that it would be better for the planet,
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ืฉืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœืžื ื•, ืœื’ืื™ื”,
02:45
for Gaia, if there were far fewer humans.
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ืื™ืœื• ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื.
02:49
What happens when such people have mastered
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ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื”
02:52
synthetic biology techniques
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ื™ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช
02:54
that will be widespread by 2050?
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ืฉืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2050?
02:57
And by then, other science fiction nightmares
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ื•ืขื“ ืื–, ืกื™ื•ื˜ื™ ืžื“ืข-ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
03:00
may transition to reality:
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ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช:
03:01
dumb robots going rogue,
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ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื˜ืคืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืชืžืจื“ื•,
03:03
or a network that develops a mind of its own
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ืื• ืจืฉืช ืฉืชืคืชื— ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืฉืœื”
03:06
threatens us all.
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ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
03:08
Well, can we guard against such risks by regulation?
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืจ ืžืกื›ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืชืงื ื•ืช?
03:12
We must surely try, but these enterprises
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื ืกื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
03:14
are so competitive, so globalized,
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ื”ืŸ ื›ื” ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื›ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช,
03:18
and so driven by commercial pressure,
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ื•ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
03:20
that anything that can be done will be done somewhere,
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ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืื›ืŸ ื™ื‘ื•ืฆืข, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ,
03:23
whatever the regulations say.
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ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื”.
03:25
It's like the drug laws โ€” we try to regulate, but can't.
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ื›ืžื• ืขื ื”ืกืžื™ื: ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื–ื”, ืืš ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื.
03:28
And the global village will have its village idiots,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื˜ื™-ื›ืคืจ,
03:31
and they'll have a global range.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
03:35
So as I said in my book,
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ืื– ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื™,
03:37
we'll have a bumpy ride through this century.
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ืื ื• ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœื“ืจืš ื—ืชื—ืชื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.
03:40
There may be setbacks to our society โ€”
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžื ืกื™ื’ื•ืช -
ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 50% ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”.
03:44
indeed, a 50 percent chance of a severe setback.
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03:48
But are there conceivable events
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ืืš ื”ืื ื™ื™ืชื›ื ื• ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื
03:51
that could be even worse,
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ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:53
events that could snuff out all life?
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ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื?
03:56
When a new particle accelerator came online,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ืคืขืœ ืžืื™ืฅ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืกื•ื™ื,
03:59
some people anxiously asked,
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ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉืืœื• ื‘ื—ืจื“ื”
04:01
could it destroy the Earth or, even worse,
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ืื ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืื•, ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:03
rip apart the fabric of space?
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ืœืงืจื•ืข ืœื’ื–ืจื™ื ืืช ืžืจืงื ื”ืžืจื—ื‘.
04:06
Well luckily, reassurance could be offered.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช.
04:09
I and others pointed out that nature
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ืื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข
04:11
has done the same experiments
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ืขืจืš ืื•ืชื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื
04:13
zillions of times already,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืคืขืžื™ื
04:16
via cosmic ray collisions.
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ื‘ืชื”ื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ืงื•ืกืžื™ื•ืช.
04:17
But scientists should surely be precautionary
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ืื‘ืœ ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช
04:20
about experiments that generate conditions
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ืœืœื™ื ืชื ืื™ื
04:23
without precedent in the natural world.
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืชืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
04:25
Biologists should avoid release of potentially devastating
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ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœืฉื—ืจืจ
ืžื—ื•ืœืœื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื-ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืจืกื ื™ื™ื.
04:29
genetically modified pathogens.
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04:32
And by the way, our special aversion
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืกืœื™ื“ืชื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช
04:35
to the risk of truly existential disasters
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ืžืคื ื™ ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ
04:39
depends on a philosophical and ethical question,
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ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช,
04:42
and it's this:
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ื•ื”ื™ื:
04:44
Consider two scenarios.
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ื”ืฉื•ื• ืฉื ื™ ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื.
04:46
Scenario A wipes out 90 percent of humanity.
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ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื' ืžื•ื—ืง 90% ืžื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
04:51
Scenario B wipes out 100 percent.
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ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื‘' ืžื•ื—ืง 100%.
04:55
How much worse is B than A?
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘' ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื'?
04:58
Some would say 10 percent worse.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืืžืจื•, ื‘-10%,
05:01
The body count is 10 percent higher.
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ื›ื™ ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘-10%.
05:04
But I claim that B is incomparably worse.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื‘' ื’ืจื•ืข ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”.
05:07
As an astronomer, I can't believe
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ื›ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื, ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
05:10
that humans are the end of the story.
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ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
05:12
It is five billion years before the sun flares up,
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ 5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจื ืชื›ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
05:15
and the universe may go on forever,
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ื•ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืœื ืฆื—,
05:18
so post-human evolution,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ืื“ื,
05:20
here on Earth and far beyond,
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ื›ืืŸ, ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื•,
05:23
could be as prolonged as the Darwinian process
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช
ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ ืฉืื ื• ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•,
05:25
that's led to us, and even more wonderful.
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ื•ืืฃ ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืžืžื ื•.
05:29
And indeed, future evolution will happen much faster,
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ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืชืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ,
05:31
on a technological timescale,
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ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
05:33
not a natural selection timescale.
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ื•ืœื ื‘ืขืจื›ื™-ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
05:36
So we surely, in view of those immense stakes,
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื ื›ืŸ, ืœืื•ืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืืœื”,
05:40
shouldn't accept even a one in a billion risk
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ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ื•ืœื• ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“
05:43
that human extinction would foreclose
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ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืชืกื›ืœ
05:46
this immense potential.
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ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
05:48
Some scenarios that have been envisaged
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ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืขืœื•
05:50
may indeed be science fiction,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™,
05:51
but others may be disquietingly real.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื ืœื”ื“ืื™ื’.
05:55
It's an important maxim that the unfamiliar
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ืื™ืžืจื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืฉ"ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ื›ึผืจ"
05:58
is not the same as the improbable,
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื–ื”ื” ืœ"ื‘ืœืชื™-ืกื‘ื™ืจ",
06:00
and in fact, that's why we at Cambridge University
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื•, ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’',
06:03
are setting up a center to study how to mitigate
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ืžืงื™ืžื™ื ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืชืŸ
06:06
these existential risks.
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ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืืœื”.
06:08
It seems it's worthwhile just for a few people
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ื›ื“ืื™ ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ื’ื ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืžืฅ ืื ืฉื™ื,
06:11
to think about these potential disasters.
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ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืขืช ืœืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
06:14
And we need all the help we can get from others,
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ื•ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืขื–ืจื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืžืื—ืจื™ื,
06:17
because we are stewards of a precious
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ื›ื™ ืื ื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื™ืงืจืช-ืขืจืš, ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจืช
06:19
pale blue dot in a vast cosmos,
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ืื™-ืฉื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
06:23
a planet with 50 million centuries ahead of it.
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ 50 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
06:26
And so let's not jeopardize that future.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื ื ืกื›ืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ ื–ื”.
06:29
And I'd like to finish with a quote
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ื”
06:30
from a great scientist called Peter Medawar.
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ืžืืช ืžื“ืขืŸ ื“ื’ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืžื“ื•ื•ืืจ.
06:34
I quote, "The bells that toll for mankind
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ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ื˜: "ื”ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืชืจื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
06:37
are like the bells of Alpine cattle.
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"ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืฆืืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื”ืืœืคื™ื.
06:40
They are attached to our own necks,
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"ื”ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฆื•ื•ืืจื™ื ื•,
06:42
and it must be our fault if they do not make
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"ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ืืฉืžืชื ื•
"ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžืฉืžื™ืขื™ื ืฆืœื™ืœ ื ืื” ื•ืžืชื ื’ืŸ."
06:45
a tuneful and melodious sound."
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06:47
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
06:49
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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