Martin Rees: Can we prevent the end of the world?

151,821 views ・ 2014-08-25

TED


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Prevoditelj: Ivan Stamenković Recezent: Mladen Barešić
00:12
Ten years ago, I wrote a book which I entitled
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Prije deset godina napisao sam knjigu koju sam nazvao
00:14
"Our Final Century?" Question mark.
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"Naše posljednje stoljeće?" Upitnik.
00:17
My publishers cut out the question mark. (Laughter)
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Moji izdavači izbacili su upitnik. (Smijeh)
00:21
The American publishers changed our title
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Američki izdavači promijenili su naslov
00:23
to "Our Final Hour."
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u "Naš posljednji sat."
00:27
Americans like instant gratification and the reverse.
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Amerikanci žele trenutno zadovoljenje i obrnuto.
00:30
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:32
And my theme was this:
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Moja tema je bila:
00:34
Our Earth has existed for 45 million centuries,
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Naša Zemlja postoji 45 milijuna stoljeća,
00:38
but this one is special —
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ali ovo stoljeće je posebno.
00:40
it's the first where one species, ours,
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Ono je prvo u kojemu jedna vrsta, naša,
00:43
has the planet's future in its hands.
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drži budućnost planeta u svojim rukama.
00:46
Over nearly all of Earth's history,
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Kroz čitavu Zemljinu povijest,
00:48
threats have come from nature —
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prijetnje su dolazile iz prirode.
00:50
disease, earthquakes, asteroids and so forth —
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Bolesti, potresi, asteroidi i tako dalje...
00:53
but from now on, the worst dangers come from us.
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Ali odsad nadalje, najveće opasnosti dolaze od nas.
00:59
And it's now not just the nuclear threat;
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I više to nije samo nuklearna prijetnja.
01:02
in our interconnected world,
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U našem međupovezanom svijetu
01:04
network breakdowns can cascade globally;
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mrežni se kvarovi mogu širiti globalno:
01:07
air travel can spread pandemics worldwide within days;
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zračni promet može proširiti pandemije cijelim svijetom u nekoliko dana,
01:11
and social media can spread panic and rumor
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a društvenim se mrežama panika i glasine mogu proširiti
01:14
literally at the speed of light.
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doslovno brzinom svjetlosti.
01:17
We fret too much about minor hazards —
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Previše se brinemo zbog malih opasnosti -
01:21
improbable air crashes, carcinogens in food,
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malo vjerojatnih zrakoplovnih udesa, kancerogenih tvari u hrani,
01:25
low radiation doses, and so forth —
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niskih doza radijacije, i tako dalje...
01:27
but we and our political masters
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Ali, mi i naši politički gospodari
01:30
are in denial about catastrophic scenarios.
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u zabludi smo u vezi s katastrofičnim scenarijima.
01:34
The worst have thankfully not yet happened.
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Najgori se, srećom, još nisu dogodili.
01:37
Indeed, they probably won't.
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I vjerojatno se neće ni dogoditi.
01:39
But if an event is potentially devastating,
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Ali, ako je događaj potencijalno razoran,
01:42
it's worth paying a substantial premium
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vrijedi platiti značajnu premiju
01:45
to safeguard against it, even if it's unlikely,
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kako bismo se osigurali od njega, čak i ako nije izgledan,
01:49
just as we take out fire insurance on our house.
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baš kako se osiguravamo protiv požara u kući.
01:54
And as science offers greater power and promise,
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Kako znanost nudi sve više moći i obećanja,
01:59
the downside gets scarier too.
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i naličje postaje sve strašnije.
02:02
We get ever more vulnerable.
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Postajemo sve ranjiviji.
02:05
Within a few decades,
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Unutar nekoliko desetljeća,
02:06
millions will have the capability
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milijuni će imati mogućnost
02:09
to misuse rapidly advancing biotech,
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zlorabiti brzo napredujuću biotehnologiju,
02:12
just as they misuse cybertech today.
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kao što danas zlorabe cyber-tehnologiju.
02:15
Freeman Dyson, in a TED Talk,
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Freeman Dyson, u svom govoru na TED-u,
02:19
foresaw that children will design and create new organisms
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predvidio je da će djeca rutinski dizajnirati i kreirati nove organizme
02:22
just as routinely as his generation played with chemistry sets.
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kao što se njegova generacija igrala s priborom za kemiju.
02:27
Well, this may be on the science fiction fringe,
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Ovo možda graniči sa znanstvenom fantastikom,
02:29
but were even part of his scenario to come about,
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ali obistini li se i djelić njegova scenarija,
02:32
our ecology and even our species
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naš odnos prema okolišu i sama naša vrsta
02:35
would surely not survive long unscathed.
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zasigurno ne bi dugo preživjeli neokrznuti.
02:39
For instance, there are some eco-extremists
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Na primjer, postoje eko-ekstremisti
02:43
who think that it would be better for the planet,
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koji misle da bi za planet, za Geu, bilo bolje,
02:45
for Gaia, if there were far fewer humans.
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kad bi bilo mnogo manje ljudi.
02:49
What happens when such people have mastered
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Što će se dogoditi kad takvi ljudi ovladaju
02:52
synthetic biology techniques
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tehnikama sintetičke biologije
02:54
that will be widespread by 2050?
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koja će se proširiti do 2050.?
02:57
And by then, other science fiction nightmares
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A dotad, druge znanstveno- fantastične noćne more
03:00
may transition to reality:
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mogle bi postati stvarnost:
03:01
dumb robots going rogue,
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pobuna glupih robota,
03:03
or a network that develops a mind of its own
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ili mreža koja se otme našoj kontroli,
03:06
threatens us all.
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svima nam prijete.
03:08
Well, can we guard against such risks by regulation?
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Možemo li se propisima sačuvati od takvih rizika?
03:12
We must surely try, but these enterprises
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Svakako trebamo pokušati, ali ti su pothvati
03:14
are so competitive, so globalized,
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silno natjecateljski, silno globalizirani,
03:18
and so driven by commercial pressure,
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i toliko pokretani komercijalnim pritiskom,
03:20
that anything that can be done will be done somewhere,
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da će što god bude moguće učiniti negdje i biti učinjeno,
03:23
whatever the regulations say.
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neovisno o ikakvim propisima.
03:25
It's like the drug laws — we try to regulate, but can't.
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Poput zakona o drogama - pokušavamo urediti, ali ne uspijevamo.
03:28
And the global village will have its village idiots,
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Globalno selo imat će svoje seoske idiote,
03:31
and they'll have a global range.
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i oni će imati globalni utjecaj.
03:35
So as I said in my book,
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Kao što sam i rekao u svojoj knjizi,
03:37
we'll have a bumpy ride through this century.
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bit će to grbava vožnja kroz ovo stoljeće.
03:40
There may be setbacks to our society —
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Naše će društvo nailaziti na zapreke -
03:44
indeed, a 50 percent chance of a severe setback.
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doista, 50%-tna je vjerojatnost ozbiljnog pogoršanja.
03:48
But are there conceivable events
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No, možemo li zamisliti događaje
03:51
that could be even worse,
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koji bi mogli biti i gori,
03:53
events that could snuff out all life?
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koji bi mogli izbrisati sav život?
03:56
When a new particle accelerator came online,
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Kad je prvi put upotrijebljen novi akcelerator čestica,
03:59
some people anxiously asked,
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neki su se ljudi zabrinuto pitali
04:01
could it destroy the Earth or, even worse,
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može li on uništiti Zemlju ili, još gore,
04:03
rip apart the fabric of space?
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pokidati samo tkivo svemira?
04:06
Well luckily, reassurance could be offered.
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Srećom, mogu vas utješiti.
04:09
I and others pointed out that nature
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Ja i drugi istaknuli smo da je priroda
04:11
has done the same experiments
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iste eksperimente izvela
04:13
zillions of times already,
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bezbroj puta dosad -
04:16
via cosmic ray collisions.
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sudaranjem kozmičkih zraka.
04:17
But scientists should surely be precautionary
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Ali, znanstvenici bi trebali biti oprezni
04:20
about experiments that generate conditions
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s eksperimentima kojima stvaraju uvjete
04:23
without precedent in the natural world.
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kakvi nisu u prirodi viđeni.
04:25
Biologists should avoid release of potentially devastating
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Biolozi bi trebali izbjegavati ispuštanje potencijalno razornih
04:29
genetically modified pathogens.
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genetski modificiranih patogena.
04:32
And by the way, our special aversion
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Usput, naša osobita odbojnost
04:35
to the risk of truly existential disasters
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prema rizičnosti stvarnih egzistencijalnih katastrofa
04:39
depends on a philosophical and ethical question,
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ovisi o filozofskom i etičkom pitanju,
04:42
and it's this:
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a ono je sljedeće...
04:44
Consider two scenarios.
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Sagledajte dva scenarija.
04:46
Scenario A wipes out 90 percent of humanity.
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Scenarij A uništava 90 posto čovječanstva.
04:51
Scenario B wipes out 100 percent.
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Scenarij B uništava 100 posto.
04:55
How much worse is B than A?
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Koliko je B gore od A?
04:58
Some would say 10 percent worse.
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Neki bi rekli da je 10 posto gori.
05:01
The body count is 10 percent higher.
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Broj mrtvih je 10 posto viši.
05:04
But I claim that B is incomparably worse.
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Ja tvrdim da je B neusporedivo gori.
05:07
As an astronomer, I can't believe
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Kao astronom, ne mogu vjerovati
05:10
that humans are the end of the story.
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da su ljudi kraj priče.
05:12
It is five billion years before the sun flares up,
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Imamo pet milijardi godina prije nego sunce izgori,
05:15
and the universe may go on forever,
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i svemir će možda nastaviti zauvijek postojati.
05:18
so post-human evolution,
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Evolucija nakon ljudi,
05:20
here on Earth and far beyond,
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ovdje na Zemlji i daleko izvan nje,
05:23
could be as prolonged as the Darwinian process
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mogla bi biti duga koliko i darvinovski proces
05:25
that's led to us, and even more wonderful.
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koji je doveo do nas, a možda i čudesniji.
05:29
And indeed, future evolution will happen much faster,
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Buduće će se evolucije zaista zbivati puno brže,
05:31
on a technological timescale,
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gledajući tehnološku vremensku crtu,
05:33
not a natural selection timescale.
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ne onu prirodne selekcije.
05:36
So we surely, in view of those immense stakes,
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Tako da zasigurno, gledajući te ogromne uloge,
05:40
shouldn't accept even a one in a billion risk
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ne bismo trebali prihvatiti ni rizik od jedan naprema milijardu
05:43
that human extinction would foreclose
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da će ljudsko izumiranje spriječiti
05:46
this immense potential.
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ovaj ogroman potencijal.
05:48
Some scenarios that have been envisaged
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Neka predviđanja
05:50
may indeed be science fiction,
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doista mogu biti znanstvena fantastika,
05:51
but others may be disquietingly real.
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ali druga mogu biti uznemirujuće realna.
05:55
It's an important maxim that the unfamiliar
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Važna je maksima da nepoznato
05:58
is not the same as the improbable,
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nije isto što i nevjerojatno.
06:00
and in fact, that's why we at Cambridge University
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Upravo zato mi na Sveučilištu Cambridge
06:03
are setting up a center to study how to mitigate
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ustanovljujemo centar u kojemu ćemo proučavati kako ublažiti
06:06
these existential risks.
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ove egzistencijalne rizike.
06:08
It seems it's worthwhile just for a few people
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Čini se da samo nekolicina ljudi smatra vrijednim
06:11
to think about these potential disasters.
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razmišljati o ovim potencijalnim katastrofama,
06:14
And we need all the help we can get from others,
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i trebamo svu pomoć koju možemo dobiti od drugih.
06:17
because we are stewards of a precious
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Mi upravljamo ovom dragocjenom
06:19
pale blue dot in a vast cosmos,
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blijedoplavom točkom u nepreglednom kozmosu,
06:23
a planet with 50 million centuries ahead of it.
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planetom s 50 milijuna stoljeća pred sobom.
06:26
And so let's not jeopardize that future.
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Zato nemojmo ugroziti tu budućnost.
06:29
And I'd like to finish with a quote
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Završio bih s citatom
06:30
from a great scientist called Peter Medawar.
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velikog znanstvenika, Petera Medawara:
06:34
I quote, "The bells that toll for mankind
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"Zvona koja zvone za čovječanstvo
06:37
are like the bells of Alpine cattle.
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poput su zvona alpskih goveda.
06:40
They are attached to our own necks,
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Pričvršćena su za naše vratove,
06:42
and it must be our fault if they do not make
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i naša je krivnja ako ne stvore
06:45
a tuneful and melodious sound."
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pjevan i melodičan zvuk."
06:47
Thank you very much.
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Hvala vam puno.
06:49
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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