David Brooks: The social animal

212,699 views ใƒป 2011-03-14

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shahar Kaiser
00:15
When I got my current job, I was given a good piece of advice,
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ื›ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืจื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœื™, ื ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืขืฆื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
00:18
which was to interview three politicians every day.
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ื•ื”ื™ื, ืœืจืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื 3 ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื.
00:21
And from that much contact with politicians,
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ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ืข ื”ืžืžื•ืฉืš ืขื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื,
00:23
I can tell you they're all emotional freaks of one sort or another.
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ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœื›ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืกื•ื˜ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ.
00:27
They have what I called "logorrhea dementia,"
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ื”ื ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” "ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจืช",
00:29
which is they talk so much they drive themselves insane.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ืžืฉื’ืขื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื.
00:32
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
00:34
But what they do have is incredible social skills.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
00:37
When you meet them, they lock into you,
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ืคื•ื’ืฉ ืื•ืชื, ื”ื ื ื ืขืœื™ื ืขืœื™ืš,
00:39
they look you in the eye,
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ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืš ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื,
00:41
they invade your personal space,
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ื”ื ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœืš,
00:43
they massage the back of your head.
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ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœืš ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืจืฃ.
00:45
I had dinner with a Republican senator several months ago
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืกืขื“ืชื™ ืขื ืกื ื˜ื•ืจ ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™
00:47
who kept his hand on my inner thigh
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ื•ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื ื”ื™ืจืš ืฉืœื™
00:49
throughout the whole meal -- squeezing it.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ืืจื•ื—ื”-- ืžื•ืขื›ืช ืื•ืชื”.
00:52
I once -- this was years ago --
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ืคืขื-- ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื--
00:54
I saw Ted Kennedy and Dan Quayle meet in the well of the Senate.
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื˜ื“ ืงื ื“ื™ ื•ืืช ื“ืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืกื ืื˜.
00:56
And they were friends, and they hugged each other
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ืชื—ื‘ืงื•
00:58
and they were laughing, and their faces were like this far apart.
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ื•ื”ื ืฆื—ืงื•, ื•ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื–ื”.
01:01
And they were moving and grinding
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ื•ื”ื ื–ื–ื• ื•ื”ืชื—ื›ื›ื• ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”
01:03
and moving their arms up and down each other.
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ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžืขืœื”-ืžื˜ื” ืื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื–ื•ืœืชื•.
01:05
And I was like, "Get a room. I don't want to see this."
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื™, "ืงื—ื• ื—ื“ืจ. ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”."
01:08
But they have those social skills.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
01:10
Another case:
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ืžืงืจื” ื ื•ืกืฃ:
01:12
Last election cycle,
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ื‘ืขื•ื ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
01:14
I was following Mitt Romney around New Hampshire,
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ื”ืชืœื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืœืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ืžื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื”ืžืคืฉื™ื™ืจ.
01:16
and he was campaigning with his five perfect sons:
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ืžืกืข ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื 5 ื‘ื ื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื:
01:19
Bip, Chip, Rip, Zip, Lip and Dip.
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ื‘ื™ืค, ืฆ'ื™ืค, ืจื™ืค, ื–ื™ืค, ืœื™ืค ื•ื“ื™ืค.
01:21
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
01:23
And he's going into a diner.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืื™ื–ื• ืžืกืขื“ื”.
01:25
And he goes into the diner, introduces himself to a family
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืขื“ื”, ืžืฆื™ื’ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืคื ื™ ืื™ื–ื• ืžืฉืคื—ื”
01:28
and says, "What village are you from in New Hampshire?"
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ื•ืื•ืžืจ, "ืžืื™ื–ื” ื›ืคืจ ืืชื ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื”ืžืคืฉื™ื™ืจ?"
01:30
And then he describes the home he owned in their village.
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ื•ืื– ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืฉืœื”ื.
01:34
And so he goes around the room,
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ื•ื›ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืœื,
01:37
and then as he's leaving the diner,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื”,
01:39
he first-names almost everybody he's just met.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉื-ืคืจื˜ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขื ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืคื’ืฉ.
01:42
I was like, "Okay, that's social skill."
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื™, "ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื• ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช."
01:44
But the paradox is,
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ืืš ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ื•ื
01:46
when a lot of these people slip into the policy-making mode,
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ืฉื›ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื” ืžื—ืœื™ืงื™ื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™-ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช,
01:50
that social awareness vanishes
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื ืขืœืžืช
01:52
and they start talking like accountants.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ืจื•ืื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
01:54
So in the course of my career,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™
01:56
I have covered a series of failures.
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ืกื™ืงืจืชื™ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช.
01:58
We sent economists in the Soviet Union
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ืฉืœื—ื ื• ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™
02:00
with privatization plans when it broke up,
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ืขื ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจื˜ื”, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜,
02:02
and what they really lacked was social trust.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื—ืกืจ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
02:05
We invaded Iraq with a military
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ืคืœืฉื ื• ืœืขื™ืจืง ืขื ืฆื‘ื
02:07
oblivious to the cultural and psychological realities.
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ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืข ื›ืœื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
02:10
We had a financial regulatory regime
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ื”ืงืžื ื• ืžืžืฉืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื
02:12
based on the assumptions
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ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื”ื ื—ื”
02:14
that traders were rational creatures
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ืฉืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื
02:16
who wouldn't do anything stupid.
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ืฉืœื ื™ืขืฉื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉ.
02:18
For 30 years, I've been covering school reform
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ืžื–ื” 30 ืฉื ื” ืื ื™ ืžืกืงืจ ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ
02:21
and we've basically reorganized the bureaucratic boxes --
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ื•ืื ื• ืกืชื ืžืืจื’ื ื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื--
02:24
charters, private schools, vouchers --
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ื–ื›ื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ืชืœื•ืฉื™ื--
02:27
but we've had disappointing results year after year.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืื›ื–ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื”.
02:31
And the fact is, people learn from people they love.
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ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืืœื” ืฉื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื.
02:34
And if you're not talking about the individual relationship
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ื•ืื ืœื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื
02:36
between a teacher and a student,
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ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“,
02:38
you're not talking about that reality.
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉืœื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช,
02:40
But that reality is expunged
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ืืš ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื ืžื—ืงื”
02:42
from our policy-making process.
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ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื‘ื™ืขืช-ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
02:44
And so that's led to a question for me:
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขืœื” ืืฆืœื™ ืฉืืœื”:
02:47
Why are the most socially-attuned people on earth
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืขืœื™-ืื“ืžื•ืช
02:50
completely dehumanized
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ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฆืœื-ืื ื•ืฉ
02:52
when they think about policy?
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช?
02:55
And I came to the conclusion,
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ื•ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืกืงื ื”
02:57
this is a symptom of a larger problem.
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ืฉื–ื”ื• ืชืกืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:00
That, for centuries, we've inherited a view of human nature
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ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื™ืจืฉื ื• ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
03:03
based on the notion
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ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื”
03:05
that we're divided selves,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืฆืœืช,
03:07
that reason is separated from the emotions
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ืฉื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืคืจื“ ืžื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช
03:10
and that society progresses
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ื•ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช
03:12
to the extent that reason can suppress the passions.
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื“ื›ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช.
03:15
And it's led to a view of human nature
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืงืคื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
03:18
that we're rational individuals
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ืœืคื™ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื
03:20
who respond in straightforward ways to incentives,
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ื”ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื.
03:23
and it's led to ways of seeing the world
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื•
03:26
where people try to use the assumptions of physics
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืงื”
03:29
to measure how human behavior is.
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ืœืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
03:34
And it's produced a great amputation,
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ืฆืจ ื ื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
03:36
a shallow view of human nature.
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ื•ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืจื“ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
03:39
We're really good at talking about material things,
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ืื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื,
03:41
but we're really bad at talking about emotions.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
03:44
We're really good at talking about skills
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ืื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื
03:46
and safety and health;
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ื•ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
03:48
we're really bad at talking about character.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™.
03:51
Alasdair MacIntyre, the famous philosopher,
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ืืœืกื“ื™ื™ืจ ืžืงื™ื ื˜ืื™ื™ืจ, ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข,
03:54
said that, "We have the concepts of the ancient morality
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ืืžืจ, "ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช
03:57
of virtue, honor, goodness,
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ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื, ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื˜ื•ื‘,
03:59
but we no longer have a system
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ืืš ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช
04:01
by which to connect them."
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ืฉื‘ื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื."
04:03
And so this has led to a shallow path in politics,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืจื“ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”,
04:06
but also in a whole range of human endeavors.
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ืืš ื’ื ื‘ืงืฉืช ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
04:10
You can see it in the way we raise our young kids.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืืช ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•.
04:13
You go to an elementary school at three in the afternoon
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ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื‘ื™"ืก ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘-3 ืื—ื”"ืฆ
04:16
and you watch the kids come out,
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ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื,
04:18
and they're wearing these 80-pound backpacks.
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ื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืชืจืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ 40 ืงื™ืœื•.
04:21
If the wind blows them over, they're like beetles stuck there on the ground.
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ืื ืชื ืฉื•ื‘ ืจื•ื—, ื”ื ื™ืคืœื• ื•ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
04:25
You see these cars that drive up --
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ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื•ืช ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื--
04:27
usually it's Saabs and Audis and Volvos,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ "ืกืืื‘", "ืื•ื“ื™", ื•ื•ืœื‘ื•",
04:30
because in certain neighborhoods it's socially acceptable to have a luxury car,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืงืจื”,
04:33
so long as it comes from a country hostile to U.S. foreign policy --
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ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืžืืจืฅ ืฉืขื•ื™ื ืช ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘--
04:36
that's fine.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ.
04:38
They get picked up by these creatures I've called uber-moms,
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ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” ืกื•ืคืจ-ืืžื,
04:41
who are highly successful career women
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ื ืฉื•ืช ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:43
who have taken time off to make sure all their kids get into Harvard.
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ืฉืœืงื—ื• ืคืกืง-ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ืืจื•ื•ืจื“.
04:46
And you can usually tell the uber-moms
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ื•ื‘ื“"ื› ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื™ ื”ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ-ืืžื”ื•ืช,
04:48
because they actually weigh less than their own children.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ืงืœื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
04:50
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
04:52
So at the moment of conception,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ื”ืชืขื‘ืจื•ืช,
04:54
they're doing little butt exercises.
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ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ ืชื—ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
04:56
Babies flop out,
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ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื ืคืœื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”,
04:58
they're flashing Mandarin flashcards at the things.
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ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืžื•ืœื ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืžื ื“ืจื™ื ื™ืช.
05:01
Driving them home, and they want them to be enlightened,
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ืžืกื™ืขื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื ืื•ืจื™ื,
05:04
so they take them to Ben & Jerry's ice cream company
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ืื– ื”ืŸ ืœื•ืงื—ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื ื“ ื’'ืจื™ืก
05:06
with its own foreign policy.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืฉืœื”.
05:08
In one of my books,
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืกืคืจื™ ื”ืชืœื•ืฆืฆืชื™ ื•ืืžืจืชื™
05:10
I joke that Ben & Jerry's should make a pacifist toothpaste --
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ืฉืขืœ ื‘ืŸ ืื ื“ ื’'ืจื™ืก ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืฉื—ืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืคืฆื™ืคื™ืกื˜ื™ืช--
05:12
doesn't kill germs, just asks them to leave.
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ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืจื’ืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื, ื•ืจืง ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื”ื ืœื”ืกืชืœืง.
05:14
It would be a big seller.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื˜.
05:16
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
05:18
And they go to Whole Foods to get their baby formula,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืœ"ื”ื•ืœ ืคื•ื“ืก" ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ื—ืœื‘-ืื.
05:21
and Whole Foods is one of those progressive grocery stores
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ื•"ื”ื•ืœ ืคื•ื“ืก" ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช
05:23
where all the cashiers look like they're on loan from Amnesty International.
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ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืคืื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื™ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœ "ืืžื ืกื˜ื™".
05:26
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
05:28
They buy these seaweed-based snacks there
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ื”ืŸ ืงื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืืช ื—ื˜ื™ืคื™ ื”ืืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
05:30
called Veggie Booty with Kale,
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ื‘ืฉื "ื•ื’'ื™ ื‘ื•ื˜ื™" ืขื ืงื™ื™ืœ,
05:32
which is for kids who come home and say,
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ืฉืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
05:34
"Mom, mom, I want a snack that'll help prevent colon-rectal cancer."
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"ืืžื, ืืžื, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ื—ื˜ื™ืฃ ื ื’ื“ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก."
05:37
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
05:39
And so the kids are raised in a certain way,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช,
05:41
jumping through achievement hoops of the things we can measure --
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ื•ืžื“ืœื’ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ืฉื•ืงื™ ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืžื“ื•ื“--
05:44
SAT prep, oboe, soccer practice.
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ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืžื˜ืจื™, ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืื‘ื•ื‘, ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ.
05:47
They get into competitive colleges, they get good jobs,
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ื”ื ืžืชืงื‘ืœื™ื ืœืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
05:50
and sometimes they make a success of themselves
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉื˜ื—ื™,
05:52
in a superficial manner, and they make a ton of money.
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ื•ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ.
05:55
And sometimes you can see them at vacation places
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืืชืจื™ ื ื•ืคืฉ
05:57
like Jackson Hole or Aspen.
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ื›ืžื• ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœ ืื• ืืกืคืŸ.
05:59
And they've become elegant and slender --
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ื•ื”ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื—ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืจื–ื™ื--
06:01
they don't really have thighs;
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ื•ื”ืืžืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ืจื›ื™ื™ื;
06:03
they just have one elegant calve on top of another.
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ืืœื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื•ืงื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
06:06
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
06:08
They have kids of their own,
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ื,
06:10
and they've achieved a genetic miracle by marrying beautiful people,
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ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืœืœื• ื ืก ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืข"ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืคื™ื,
06:13
so their grandmoms look like Gertrude Stein,
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ืื– ื”ืกื‘ืชื•ืช ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื’ืจื˜ืจื•ื“ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืŸ,
06:16
their daughters looks like Halle Berry -- I don't know how they've done that.
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ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืืœื™ ื‘ืจื™. ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื™ืš ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช.
06:19
They get there and they realize
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื•ืื– ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
06:22
it's fashionable now to have dogs a third as tall as your ceiling heights.
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ืฉืื•ืคื ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืœื‘ ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืชืงืจื”.
06:26
So they've got these furry 160-pound dogs --
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืฉื•ืงืœื™ื 70 ืงื™ืœื•--
06:29
all look like velociraptors,
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ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ืจืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื,
06:32
all named after Jane Austen characters.
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ื•ื ืงืจืื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ ื’'ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ.
06:35
And then when they get old, they haven't really developed a philosophy of life,
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ื•ื”ื ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ื–ื• ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื,
06:38
but they've decided, "I've been successful at everything;
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื, "ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™,
06:40
I'm just not going to die."
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ื•ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืืžื•ืช."
06:42
And so they hire personal trainers;
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ืื– ื”ื ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžืืžื ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื,
06:45
they're popping Cialis like breath mints.
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ื”ื ืžืงืคื™ืฆื™ื ื’ืœื•ืœื•ืช ืกื™ืืœื™ืก ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื ื˜ื”.
06:47
You see them on the mountains up there.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ืื™-ืฉื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื.
06:49
They're cross-country skiing up the mountain
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ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืกืงื™ ืžื—ื•ืฃ-ืœื—ื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื.
06:51
with these grim expressions
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ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืฆื•ืช
06:53
that make Dick Cheney look like Jerry Lewis.
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ืฉืœืขื•ืžืชืŸ ื“ื™ืง ืฆ'ื™ื™ื ื™ ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื’'ืจื™ ืœื•ืื™ืก.
06:55
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
06:57
And as they whiz by you,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ืœื™ื“ื›ื ื‘ื™ืขืฃ,
06:59
it's like being passed by a little iron Raisinet
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืฆื™ืžื•ืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื–ืœ ืขืงืฃ ืืชื›ื
07:01
going up the hill.
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ื•ื˜ืก ื‘ืขืœื™ื”.
07:03
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
07:05
And so this is part of what life is,
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ืื– ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
07:08
but it's not all of what life is.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
07:11
And over the past few years,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
07:13
I think we've been given a deeper view of human nature
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ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืœืžื‘ื˜ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
07:17
and a deeper view of who we are.
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ื•ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•.
07:19
And it's not based on theology or philosophy,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื“ืช ืื• ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”,
07:21
it's in the study of the mind,
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ืืœื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืชื—ื•ื ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ื—,
07:23
across all these spheres of research,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ,
07:25
from neuroscience to the cognitive scientists,
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ืžืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ืฆื™ื”,
07:27
behavioral economists, psychologists,
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ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื,
07:29
sociology,
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ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื,
07:31
we're developing a revolution in consciousness.
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ืื ื• ืžื—ื•ืœืœื™ื ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
07:34
And when you synthesize it all,
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ื•ื›ืฉืžืฆืจืคื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื“,
07:36
it's giving us a new view of human nature.
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
07:38
And far from being a coldly materialistic view of nature,
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ืฉืจื—ื•ืง ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื—ื•ืžืจื ื™ืช ื•ืงืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
07:41
it's a new humanism, it's a new enchantment.
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ืืœื ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื–ื ื—ื“ืฉ, ืงืกื ื—ื“ืฉ.
07:44
And I think when you synthesize this research,
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื›ืฉืžืื—ื“ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”,
07:46
you start with three key insights.
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ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช.
07:48
The first insight is
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ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื
07:50
that while the conscious mind writes the autobiography of our species,
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ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื“ืข ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืืช ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
07:53
the unconscious mind does most of the work.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืœื-ืžื•ื“ืข ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
07:57
And so one way to formulate that is
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœื ืกื— ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื,
07:59
the human mind can take in millions of pieces of information a minute,
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ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข,
08:02
of which it can be consciously aware of about 40.
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ื•ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืข ืœ-40 ื‘ืขืจืš.
08:05
And this leads to oddities.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื.
08:07
One of my favorite is that people named Dennis
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื“ื ื™ืก
08:09
are disproportionately likely to become dentists,
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื-ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืจื•ืคืื™-ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื,
08:12
people named Lawrence become lawyers,
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉืžื ืœื•ืจื ืก ื™ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืขื•ืจื›ื™-ื“ื™ืŸ,
08:14
because unconsciously we gravitate toward things
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืชืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
08:16
that sound familiar,
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ืฉื ืฉืžืขื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื,
08:18
which is why I named my daughter President of the United States Brooks.
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ืงืจืืชื™ ืœื‘ืชื™ ื ืฉื™ืืช-ืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช-ื‘ืจื•ืงืก.
08:21
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
08:24
Another finding is that the unconscious,
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ืžื™ืžืฆื ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืฉืชืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื”
08:27
far from being dumb and sexualized,
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ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืžื˜ืžืช ื•ืžื™ื ื ื™ืช,
08:29
is actually quite smart.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ืœืžื“ื™.
08:31
So one of the most cognitively demanding things we do is buy furniture.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ื”ื”ื›ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื.
08:34
It's really hard to imagine a sofa, how it's going to look in your house.
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ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืกืคื” ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
08:37
And the way you should do that
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
08:39
is study the furniture,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื”ื™ื˜,
08:41
let it marinate in your mind, distract yourself,
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ืœืชืช ืœื• ืœืฉืงื•ืข ื‘ื ืคืฉืš, ืœืชืช ืœื“ืขืชืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื—ืช,
08:43
and then a few days later, go with your gut,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื”,
08:45
because unconsciously you've figured it out.
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืชืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฆืืช ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ.
08:47
The second insight
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ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”
08:49
is that emotions are at the center of our thinking.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืชื ื•.
08:52
People with strokes and lesions
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืกื‘ืœื• ืžืฉื‘ืฅ ื•ืžืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช
08:54
in the emotion-processing parts of the brain
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื—
08:56
are not super smart,
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ืื™ื ื ืกื•ืคืจ-ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื,
08:58
they're actually sometimes quite helpless.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื“ื™ ื—ืกืจื™-ืื•ื ื™ื.
09:00
And the "giant" in the field is in the room tonight
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ื•ื”ืขื ืง ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื›ืืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘
09:02
and is speaking tomorrow morning -- Antonio Damasio.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืจืฆื” ื›ืืŸ ืžื—ืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ-- ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ื“ืžืืกื™ื•.
09:05
And one of the things he's really shown us
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืœื ื•
09:07
is that emotions are not separate from reason,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืžื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ,
09:10
but they are the foundation of reason
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ืืœื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ
09:12
because they tell us what to value.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืืช ืžื” ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš.
09:14
And so reading and educating your emotions
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ื”ืฉื›ืœืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช
09:16
is one of the central activities of wisdom.
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ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื”.
09:19
Now I'm a middle-aged guy.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื”;
09:21
I'm not exactly comfortable with emotions.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื—ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ื— ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
09:23
One of my favorite brain stories described these middle-aged guys.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžื•ื— ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื”.
09:26
They put them into a brain scan machine --
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ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืกืจื™ืงืช ืžื•ื—--
09:29
this is apocryphal by the way, but I don't care --
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืงืคืง, ืื’ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืื™ื›ืคืช ืœื™--
09:32
and they had them watch a horror movie,
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ื•ืžืงืจื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื ืกืจื˜ ืื™ืžื”,
09:35
and then they had them describe their feelings toward their wives.
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ื•ืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืชืืจ ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื.
09:39
And the brain scans were identical in both activities.
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ื•ืกืจื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช:
09:42
It was just sheer terror.
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ื–ื• ืื™ืžื” ืฆืจื•ืคื”.
09:44
So me talking about emotion
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ืื– ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช
09:46
is like Gandhi talking about gluttony,
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื’ื ื“ื™ ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื’ืจื’ืจื ื•ืช,
09:48
but it is the central organizing process
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืืจื’ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™
09:50
of the way we think.
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืชื ื•.
09:52
It tells us what to imprint.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื” ืœื ื• ืžื” ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื ื•.
09:54
The brain is the record of the feelings of a life.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
09:56
And the third insight
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ื•ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช
09:58
is that we're not primarily self-contained individuals.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื.
10:02
We're social animals, not rational animals.
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ืื ื• ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื.
10:05
We emerge out of relationships,
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ืื ื• ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื,
10:07
and we are deeply interpenetrated, one with another.
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ื•ืื ื• ื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ืžืื“ ืื™ืฉ ืœืขื•ืžืง ื–ื•ืœืชื•.
10:10
And so when we see another person,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื“ื ืื—ืจ,
10:12
we reenact in our own minds
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ืื ื• ืžืฉื—ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•
10:14
what we see in their minds.
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื•.
10:16
When we watch a car chase in a movie,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืžืจื“ืฃ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜,
10:18
it's almost as if we are subtly having a car chase.
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืื ื• ืงืฆืช ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืžืจื“ืฃ.
10:21
When we watch pornography,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืจื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”,
10:23
it's a little like having sex,
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ,
10:25
though probably not as good.
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ื’ื ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
10:27
And we see this when lovers walk down the street,
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ืฉื–ื•ื’ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืฃ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘,
10:30
when a crowd in Egypt or Tunisia
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื™ืก
10:32
gets caught up in an emotional contagion,
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ื ืœื›ื“ ื‘ืกืขืจืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช,
10:34
the deep interpenetration.
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ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื”.
10:36
And this revolution in who we are
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ื•ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืชื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•
10:39
gives us a different way of seeing, I think, politics,
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ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื ื• ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”,
10:42
a different way, most importantly,
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ื ื”
10:44
of seeing human capital.
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
10:46
We are now children of the French Enlightenment.
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ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืช.
10:50
We believe that reason is the highest of the faculties.
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ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืขืœื” ืฉื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
10:53
But I think this research shows
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ืืš ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ื›ื™ื—
10:55
that the British Enlightenment, or the Scottish Enlightenment,
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ืฉืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืื• ื‘ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“,
10:57
with David Hume, Adam Smith,
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ืขื ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ื™ื•ื, ืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช',
10:59
actually had a better handle on who we are --
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ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•--
11:02
that reason is often weak, our sentiments are strong,
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ืฉื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืœืฉ, ืฉืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื• ื—ื–ืงื™ื,
11:05
and our sentiments are often trustworthy.
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ื•ืฉืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื• ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืืžื•ืŸ.
11:08
And this work corrects that bias in our culture,
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ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื ื•,
11:11
that dehumanizing bias.
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ืืช ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืง-ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื”ื–ื”.
11:13
It gives us a deeper sense
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ื”ื•ื ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:15
of what it actually takes
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื ื—ื•ืฅ
11:17
for us to thrive in this life.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
11:19
When we think about human capital
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™
11:21
we think about the things we can measure easily --
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงืœ ืœื ื• ืœืžื“ื•ื“--
11:24
things like grades, SAT's, degrees,
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ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืžื˜ืจื™, ืชืืจื™ื,
11:27
the number of years in schooling.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”.
11:29
What it really takes to do well, to lead a meaningful life,
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื•ืœื ื”ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
11:32
are things that are deeper,
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ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:34
things we don't really even have words for.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืœื™ื ืœืชืืจื.
11:37
And so let me list just a couple of the things
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืžื ื” ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
11:39
I think this research points us toward trying to understand.
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ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืคื ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ.
11:43
The first gift, or talent, is mindsight --
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ื”ืžืชื ื” ืื• ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจืš ื ืคืฉื™--
11:46
the ability to enter into other people's minds
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœืžื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช
11:50
and learn what they have to offer.
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ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืข.
11:52
Babies come with this ability.
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ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ืืช.
11:54
Meltzoff, who's at the University of Washington,
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ืžืœืฆื•ืฃ, ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ,
11:56
leaned over a baby who was 43 minutes old.
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ื’ื—ืŸ ืžืขืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ื‘ืช 43 ื“ืงื•ืช,
11:59
He wagged his tongue at the baby.
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ื•ื ืขื ืข ืœืขื•ืžืชื” ืืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ.
12:01
The baby wagged her tongue back.
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ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ื ืขื ืขื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืช ืœืฉื•ื ื”.
12:04
Babies are born to interpenetrate into Mom's mind
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ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืืžื
12:07
and to download what they find --
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ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื--
12:09
their models of how to understand reality.
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
12:11
In the United States, 55 percent of babies
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, 55% ืžื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช
12:14
have a deep two-way conversation with Mom
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ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉื™ื—ื” ื“ื•-ืกื˜ืจื™ืช ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ืขื ืืžื
12:16
and they learn models to how to relate to other people.
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ื•ื”ื ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
12:19
And those people who have models of how to relate
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ื•ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื–ื•ืœืช
12:21
have a huge head start in life.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื "ืคื•ืจ" ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
12:23
Scientists at the University of Minnesota did a study
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžื™ื ืกื•ื˜ื” ืขืจื›ื• ืžื—ืงืจ
12:25
in which they could predict
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื ื‘ื
12:27
with 77 percent accuracy, at age 18 months,
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ื‘-77 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื“ื™ื•ืง, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 18 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
12:30
who was going to graduate from high school,
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ืžื™ ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
12:32
based on who had good attachment with mom.
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ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื ืืžื.
12:35
Twenty percent of kids do not have those relationships.
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20% ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื”.
12:38
They are what we call avoidantly attached.
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ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื ืžื ืขืช".
12:40
They have trouble relating to other people.
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ื”ื ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื”ื–ื•ืœืช.
12:42
They go through life
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ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
12:44
like sailboats tacking into the wind --
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ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืžืคืจืฉ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจื•ื—--
12:46
wanting to get close to people,
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ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœืื ืฉื™ื,
12:48
but not really having the models of how to do that.
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ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช.
12:51
And so this is one skill
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ืื– ื–ื• ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืื—ืช
12:53
of how to hoover up knowledge, one from another.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ืžื–ื”.
12:55
A second skill is equipoise,
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ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืžืื•ื–ื ืช.
12:58
the ability to have the serenity
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ื”
13:00
to read the biases and failures in your own mind.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื—ืš ืฉืœืš.
13:03
So for example, we are overconfidence machines.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™.
13:06
Ninety-five percent of our professors report
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95% ืžื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื
13:09
that they are above-average teachers.
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ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
13:11
Ninety-six percent of college students
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96% ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช
13:13
say they have above-average social skills.
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ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžืขืœ ืœืžืžื•ืฆืข.
13:16
Time magazine asked Americans, "Are you in the top one percent of earners?"
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ื”ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ "ื˜ื™ื™ื" ืฉืืœ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื, "ื”ืื ืืช/ื” ืžื”ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชื›ืจื™ื?"
13:19
Nineteen percent of Americans are in the top one percent of earners.
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19% ืžื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชื›ืจื™ื.
13:22
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
13:24
This is a gender-linked trait, by the way.
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ื”ื ื” ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืงืฉื•ืจืช-ืžื’ื“ืจ, ืื’ื‘.
13:26
Men drown at twice the rate of women,
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ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื ืฉื™ื,
13:28
because men think they can swim across that lake.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ืขื“ ืœืงืฆื” ื”ืื’ื.
13:31
But some people have the ability and awareness
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ืืš ืœืื—ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
13:34
of their own biases, their own overconfidence.
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ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื ื˜ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืืช ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื.
13:37
They have epistemological modesty.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืืคื™ืกื˜ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
13:39
They are open-minded in the face of ambiguity.
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ื”ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ืคืชื•ื— ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืื™-ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
13:42
They are able to adjust strength of the conclusions
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ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืฃ ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืžืกืงื ื”
13:44
to the strength of their evidence.
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ืœื›ื•ืจื— ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
13:46
They are curious.
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ื”ื ืกืงืจื ื™ื.
13:48
And these traits are often unrelated and uncorrelated with IQ.
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ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืื• ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืœ.
13:51
The third trait is metis,
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ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื "ืžื“ืก", ืžืžื–ืจื™ื•ืช,
13:53
what we might call street smarts -- it's a Greek word.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ื—ื•ื›ืžืช ืจื—ื•ื‘"-- ื–ื• ืžื™ืœื” ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช.
13:56
It's a sensitivity to the physical environment,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืช,
13:58
the ability to pick out patterns in an environment --
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื ืชื•ื ื”--
14:00
derive a gist.
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ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื™ืงืจ.
14:02
One of my colleagues at the Times
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ืื—ื“ ืžืขืžื™ืชื™ ื‘"ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก"
14:04
did a great story about soldiers in Iraq
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ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื” ืžืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืง
14:06
who could look down a street and detect somehow
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ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืžื‘ื˜ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•
14:09
whether there was an IED, a landmine, in the street.
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ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืžืื•ืœืชืจ ืื• ืžื•ืงืฉ.
14:11
They couldn't tell you how they did it,
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช,
14:13
but they could feel cold, they felt a coldness,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื—ืฉื• ื‘ืงื•ืจ, ื”ื ื—ืฉื• ืฆื™ื ื”,
14:16
and they were more often right than wrong.
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ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ืฆื“ืงื•.
14:19
The third is what you might call sympathy,
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ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ื•ืช ืื”ื“ื”,
14:21
the ability to work within groups.
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
14:24
And that comes in tremendously handy,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืขื“ ืžืื“,
14:27
because groups are smarter than individuals.
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ื›ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื--
14:29
And face-to-face groups are much smarter
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ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื ืคื’ืฉื•ืช ืคื ื™ื-ืืœ-ืคื ื™ื ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
14:31
than groups that communicate electronically,
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ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืžืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™,
14:34
because 90 percent of our communication is non-verbal.
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ื›ื™ 90% ืžื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืœื-ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช.
14:37
And the effectiveness of a group
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ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”
14:39
is not determined by the IQ of the group;
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ืื™ื ื” ื ืงื‘ืขืช ืœืคื™ ืžื ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”,
14:42
it's determined by how well they communicate,
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ืืœื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
14:45
how often they take turns in conversation.
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ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืžืื™ืฉ ืœืื™ืฉ.
14:48
Then you could talk about a trait like blending.
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ื•ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช.
14:51
Any child can say, "I'm a tiger," pretend to be a tiger.
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ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ื ืžืจ" ื•ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ ื ืžืจ.
14:54
It seems so elementary.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ื” ืืœืžื ื˜ืจื™.
14:56
But in fact, it's phenomenally complicated
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ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื,
14:58
to take a concept "I" and a concept "tiger"
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ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”"ืื ื™" ื•ื”"ื ืžืจ"
15:00
and blend them together.
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ื•ืœืžื–ื’ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.
15:02
But this is the source of innovation.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ืžืงื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช.
15:04
What Picasso did, for example,
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ืžื” ืฉืคื™ืงืกื• ืขืฉื”, ืœืžืฉืœ,
15:06
was take the concept "Western art"
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ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช
15:08
and the concept "African masks"
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ื•ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžืกื›ื” ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช
15:10
and blend them together --
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ื•ืœืžื–ื’ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ--
15:12
not only the geometry,
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ืœื ืจืง ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื”,
15:14
but the moral systems entailed in them.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ.
15:16
And these are skills, again, we can't count and measure.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืืœื• ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ืžืช ืื• ืœืžื“ื•ื“.
15:18
And then the final thing I'll mention
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืืฆื™ื™ืŸ
15:20
is something you might call limerence.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ื•ืช "ื”ื™ืงืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ".
15:22
And this is not an ability;
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ื•ื–ื• ืื™ื ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช,
15:24
it's a drive and a motivation.
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ืืœื ื“ื—ืฃ ื•ื”ื ืขื”.
15:27
The conscious mind hungers for success and prestige.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื“ืข ืจืขื‘ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื•ื™ื•ืงืจื”.
15:30
The unconscious mind hungers
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ื“ืข ืจืขื‘
15:32
for those moments of transcendence,
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ืœืื•ืชื ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช,
15:34
when the skull line disappears
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื ืžื•ื’
15:36
and we are lost in a challenge or a task --
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ื•ืื ื• ืฉื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ืืชื’ืจ ืื• ืžืฉื™ืžื”--
15:39
when a craftsman feels lost in his craft,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืื•ืžืŸ ืื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืœืื›ืชื•,
15:42
when a naturalist feels at one with nature,
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ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืงืจ-ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉื—ืฉ ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
15:45
when a believer feels at one with God's love.
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ื›ืžื• ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื—ืฉ ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืื”ื‘ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื•.
15:48
That is what the unconscious mind hungers for.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ื“ืข ืจืขื‘ ืœื•.
15:51
And many of us feel it in love
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ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืื”ื‘ื™ื
15:53
when lovers feel fused.
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ื›ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืชืžื–ื’ื™ื ืœืื—ื“.
15:55
And one of the most beautiful descriptions
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:57
I've come across in this research
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ืฉื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”
16:00
of how minds interpenetrate
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช
16:02
was written by a great theorist and scientist
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ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื•ืžื“ืขืŸ ื“ื’ื•ืœ
16:04
named Douglas Hofstadter at the University of Indiana.
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ื‘ืฉื ื“ืืœื’ืก ื”ื•ืคืฉื˜ื˜ืจ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื™ื ื™ื“ืื ื”.
16:07
He was married to a woman named Carol,
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฉื ืœืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ืงืจื•ืœ,
16:09
and they had a wonderful relationship.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื.
16:11
When their kids were five and two,
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ื›ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืžืฉ ื•ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
16:13
Carol had a stroke and a brain tumor and died suddenly.
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ืงืจื•ืœ ื—ื˜ืคื” ืฉื‘ืฅ ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื•ืžืชื” ืœืคืชืข.
16:17
And Hofstadter wrote a book
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ื•ื”ื•ืคืฉื˜ื˜ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ
16:19
called "I Am a Strange Loop."
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ื‘ืฉื, "ืื ื™ ืœื•ืœืื” ืžืฉื•ื ื”."
16:21
In the course of that book, he describes a moment --
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ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืจื’ืข--
16:23
just months after Carol has died --
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ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืงืจื•ืœ ื ืคื˜ืจื”--
16:26
he comes across her picture on the mantel,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ืชื” ืขืœ ืื“ืŸ ื”ืื—,
16:28
or on a bureau in his bedroom.
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ืื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืฉืœื•.
16:30
And here's what he wrote:
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘:
16:32
"I looked at her face,
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"ื”ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ื”,
16:34
and I looked so deeply
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ื”ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืชืขืžืงื•ืช ื›ื” ืจื‘ื”
16:36
that I felt I was behind her eyes.
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ืฉื—ืฉืชื™ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื™ ื ืžืฆื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื”.
16:38
And all at once I found myself saying
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ื•ืœืคืชืข ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืื•ืžืจ,
16:40
as tears flowed,
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ื›ืฉื”ื“ืžืขื•ืช ื–ื•ืœื’ื•ืช,
16:42
'That's me. That's me.'
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'ื–ื” ืื ื™, ื–ื” ืื ื™.'
16:44
And those simple words
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ื•ื”ืžืœื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
16:46
brought back many thoughts that I had had before,
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ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืœื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
16:48
about the fusion of our souls
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ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช ื ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื ื•
16:50
into one higher-level entity,
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ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ื ืขืœื” ืื—ืช,
16:52
about the fact that at the core of both our souls
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ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืœื‘ ืฉืชื™ ื ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื ื•
16:55
lay our identical hopes and dreams for our children,
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ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ื ืชืงื•ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื–ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•,
16:59
about the notion that those hopes
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ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืงื•ื•ืช ืืœื”
17:01
were not separate or distinct hopes,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืชืงื•ื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช,
17:03
but were just one hope,
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ืืœื ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืื—ืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”,
17:05
one clear thing that defined us both,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื ื™ื ื•,
17:07
that welded us into a unit --
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ืฉื”ืชื™ืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช--
17:09
the kind of unit I had but dimly imagined
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ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉื“ืžื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืืš ื‘ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ
17:12
before being married and having children.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ืฉืื ื• ื•ื™ืœื“ื ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
17:15
I realized that, though Carol had died,
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืงืจื•ืœ ืžืชื”,
17:17
that core piece of her had not died at all,
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ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื” ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžืชื”,
17:20
but had lived on very determinedly in my brain."
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ืืœื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืขื™ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื—ื™."
17:24
The Greeks say we suffer our way to wisdom.
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ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื•ื›ืžื”.
17:27
Through his suffering, Hofstadter understood
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ื“ืจืš ืกื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืฉื˜ื˜ืจ
17:29
how deeply interpenetrated we are.
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช.
17:32
Through the policy failures of the last 30 years,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืฉืœืช ืฉืœ 30 ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
17:35
we have come to acknowledge, I think,
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ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš, ืœื“ืขืชื™,
17:38
how shallow our view of human nature has been.
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ื›ืžื” ืจื“ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืชื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
17:41
And now as we confront that shallowness
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ื•ื›ืขืช, ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืจื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•
17:44
and the failures that derive from our inability
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ื•ื”ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ืขื• ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื•
17:46
to get the depths of who we are,
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ืœืจื“ืช ืœืขื™ืžืงื™ ืžื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•,
17:48
comes this revolution in consciousness --
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ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื–ื•--
17:50
these people in so many fields
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื
17:53
exploring the depth of our nature
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ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ืžืขืžืงื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื ื•
17:55
and coming away with this enchanted,
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ื•ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืกื ื”ื–ื”,
17:57
this new humanism.
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ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื–ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื”.
17:59
And when Freud discovered his sense of the unconscious,
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ื•ื›ืฉืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืชืช-ื”ื”ื›ืจื”,
18:01
it had a vast effect on the climate of the times.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืขืœ ืชืงื•ืคืชื•.
18:04
Now we are discovering a more accurate vision
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ื›ืขืช ืื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ
18:07
of the unconscious, of who we are deep inside,
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ืฉืœ ืชืช-ื”ื›ืจืชื ื•-- ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื•, ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
18:10
and it's going to have a wonderful and profound
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช, ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช
18:12
and humanizing effect on our culture.
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ื•ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื ื•.
18:14
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
18:16
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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