Michael Sandel: The lost art of democratic debate

545,812 views ใƒป 2010-06-08

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Oren Szekatch ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:17
One thing the world needs,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš,
00:19
one thing this country desperately needs
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช
00:21
is a better way
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:23
of conducting our political debates.
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ืฉืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
00:25
We need to rediscover
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ
00:27
the lost art of democratic argument.
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ืืช ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™.
00:30
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
00:36
If you think about the arguments we have,
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ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•,
00:39
most of the time it's shouting matches
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืžืกืชื›ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืขืงื•ืช
00:41
on cable television,
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ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”,
00:43
ideological food fights on the floor of Congress.
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ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก.
00:48
I have a suggestion.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ืฆืขื”.
00:50
Look at all the arguments we have these days
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ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื•
00:53
over health care,
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ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจืคื•ืื™,
00:55
over bonuses and bailouts on Wall Street,
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ืขืœ ื‘ื•ื ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืœ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜,
00:58
over the gap between rich and poor,
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ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื,
01:01
over affirmative action and same-sex marriage.
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ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ืคื” ืžืชืงื ืช ื•ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื—ื“-ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื.
01:04
Lying just beneath the surface
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
01:06
of those arguments,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
01:09
with passions raging on all sides,
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ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขื ืœื”ื˜ ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื,
01:12
are big questions
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ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืฉืืœื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
01:15
of moral philosophy,
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ืขืœ ืžื•ืกืจ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™,
01:17
big questions of justice.
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ืฉืืœื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆื“ืง.
01:19
But we too rarely
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ืืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื™
01:21
articulate and defend
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ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ื•ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื
01:24
and argue about
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ื•ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืขืœ
01:26
those big moral questions in our politics.
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ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื ื•.
01:29
So what I would like to do today
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืืจืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื
01:32
is have something of a discussion.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
01:34
First, let me take
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืงื—ืช
01:36
a famous philosopher
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ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืžืคื•ืจืกื
01:38
who wrote about those questions
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ืืฉืจ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
01:40
of justice and morality,
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ืขืœ ืฆื“ืง ื•ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช,
01:42
give you a very short lecture
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ื•ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฆืจื”
01:44
on Aristotle of ancient Athens,
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ืขืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืžืืชื•ื ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”,
01:47
Aristotle's theory of justice,
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ื•ืขืœ ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืฆื“ืง ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•,
01:49
and then have a discussion here
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ื•ืื– ื ื ื”ืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืืŸ
01:52
to see whether Aristotle's ideas
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•
01:54
actually inform
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื™ื™ื“ืขื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื•
01:56
the way we think and argue
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ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื
01:58
about questions today.
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ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:01
So, are you ready for the lecture?
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ืื–, ื”ืื ืืชื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืจืฆืื”?
02:05
According to Aristotle,
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ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•
02:07
justice means giving people what they deserve.
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ืฆื“ืง ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœืชืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื.
02:13
That's it; that's the lecture.
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ื–ื”ื• ื–ื”; ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื”.
02:15
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:18
Now, you may say, well, that's obvious enough.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื•ืžืจ, ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
02:20
The real questions begin
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ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช
02:22
when it comes to arguing about
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ืขืœ
02:24
who deserves what and why.
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ืœืžื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื” ื•ืœืžื”.
02:28
Take the example of flutes.
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื.
02:30
Suppose we're distributing flutes.
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ื ืืžืจ ืฉืื ื• ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื.
02:33
Who should get the best ones?
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ืžื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื?
02:35
Let's see what people --
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื --
02:37
What would you say?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื?
02:39
Who should get the best flute?
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ืžื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ?
02:41
You can just call it out.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื“ืขืชื›ื ื‘ืงื•ืœ.
02:43
(Audience: Random.)
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(ืงื”ืœ: ืจื ื“ื•ืžืœื™.)
02:45
Michael Sandel: At random. You would do it by lottery.
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ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืื ื“ืœ: ืจื ื“ื•ืžืœื™. ืืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื’ืจืœื”.
02:47
Or by the first person to rush into the hall to get them.
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ืื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืจื™ืฆื” ืœืื•ืœื ื•ืœื•ืงื— ืื•ืชื.
02:51
Who else?
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ืžื™ ืขื•ื“?
02:53
(Audience: The best flute players.)
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(ืงื”ืœ: ื ื’ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.)
02:55
MS: The best flute players. (Audience: The worst flute players.)
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ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืื ื“ืœ: ื ื’ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. (ืงื”ืœ: ื ื’ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ืœ ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.)
02:57
MS: The worst flute players.
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ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืื ื“ืœ: ื ื’ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ืœ ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:00
How many say the best flute players?
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื’ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ?
03:04
Why?
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ืœืžื”?
03:07
Actually, that was Aristotle's answer too.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•.
03:10
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:12
But here's a harder question.
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ืืš ื”ื ื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ืืžืช.
03:14
Why do you think,
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ืœืžื” ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
03:16
those of you who voted this way,
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ืžื™ ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:18
that the best flutes should go to the best flute players?
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ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœื ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ?
03:21
Peter: The greatest benefit to all.
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ืคื™ื˜ืจ: ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ืช ืœืจื•ื‘.
03:23
MS: The greatest benefit to all.
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ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืื ื“ืœ: ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ืช ืœืจื•ื‘.
03:25
We'll hear better music
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฉืžืข ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:27
if the best flutes should go to the best flute players.
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ืื ื”ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ืœื›ื• ืœื ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:30
That's Peter? (Audience: Peter.)
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ื–ื” ืคื™ื˜ืจ? (ืงื”ืœ:ืคื™ื˜ืจ.)
03:32
MS: All right.
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ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืื ื“ืœ: ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ.
03:35
Well, it's a good reason.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
03:37
We'll all be better off if good music is played
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืชื•ืฉืžืข ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
03:39
rather than terrible music.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืฉืชื•ืฉืžืข ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื ื•ืจืื™ืช.
03:43
But Peter,
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ืื‘ืœ ืคื™ื˜ืจ,
03:45
Aristotle doesn't agree with you that that's the reason.
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ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ื ืื™ืชืš ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”.
03:48
That's all right.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ,
03:50
Aristotle had a different reason
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ืœืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื•ื ื”
03:52
for saying the best flutes should go to the best flute players.
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ื‘ื’ื™ื ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœื ื’ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:55
He said,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
03:57
that's what flutes are for --
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื --
03:59
to be played well.
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ืฉื™ื ื’ื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื˜ื•ื‘.
04:02
He says that to reason about
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ
04:04
just distribution of a thing,
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ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฆื•ื“ืงืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”,
04:07
we have to reason about,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
04:10
and sometimes argue about,
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ืขืœ,
04:12
the purpose of the thing,
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ืชื›ืœื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ,
04:14
or the social activity --
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ืื• ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
04:16
in this case, musical performance.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™.
04:18
And the point, the essential nature,
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ื•ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”, ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช,
04:20
of musical performance
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ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™,
04:22
is to produce excellent music.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—ืช.
04:24
It'll be a happy byproduct
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืฆืจ ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืžืฉืžื—
04:26
that we'll all benefit.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžื–ื”.
04:30
But when we think about justice,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื“ืง,
04:33
Aristotle says,
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ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืื•ืžืจ,
04:35
what we really need to think about
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืืžืช
04:37
is the essential nature of the activity in question
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืื ื• ื“ื ื™ื
04:41
and the qualities that are worth
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ื•ื”ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืจืื•ื™ื•ืช
04:44
honoring and admiring and recognizing.
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ืฉื™ื›ื‘ื“ื• ื•ื™ืขืจื™ืฆื• ื•ื™ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ื”ืŸ.
04:47
One of the reasons
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ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช
04:49
that the best flute players should get the best flutes
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ืฉืœืคื™ื” ื ื’ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
04:51
is that musical performance
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™
04:53
is not only to make the rest of us happy,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ืื•ืฉืจ,
04:55
but to honor
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ืืœื ืœื›ื‘ื“
04:57
and recognize
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ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ
04:59
the excellence
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ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืช
05:01
of the best musicians.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:03
Now, flutes may seem ... the distribution of flutes
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช...ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื
05:06
may seem a trivial case.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžืงืจื” ืงืœ ืขืจืš.
05:09
Let's take a contemporary example
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช
05:11
of the dispute about justice.
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ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ื™ ืฆื“ืง.
05:14
It had to do with golf.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื’ื•ืœืฃ.
05:16
Casey Martin -- a few years ago,
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ืงื™ื™ืกื™ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ -- ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื,
05:18
Casey Martin --
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ืงื™ื™ืกื™ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ --
05:20
did any of you hear about him?
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ื”ืื ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœื™ื•?
05:22
He was a very good golfer,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื’ื•ืœืฃ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ,
05:24
but he had a disability.
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ืืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื ื›ื•ืช.
05:26
He had a bad leg, a circulatory problem,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืจื’ืœ ืคื’ื•ืžื”, ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื,
05:29
that made it very painful
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ืืฉืจ ื’ืจืžื” ืœื• ืœื›ืื‘ื™ื ืขื–ื™ื
05:31
for him to walk the course.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉ.
05:34
In fact, it carried risk of injury.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคืฆื™ืขื”.
05:38
He asked the PGA,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื”- PGA,
05:40
the Professional Golfers' Association,
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ื”ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืœื’ื•ืœืฃ,
05:42
for permission to use a golf cart
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ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื’ืœืช ื’ื•ืœืฃ
05:45
in the PGA tournaments.
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ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจื™ ื”- PGA.
05:47
They said, "No.
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ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืœื•, "ืœื.
05:49
Now that would give you an unfair advantage."
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœืš ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื ืžื•ืฆื“ืง."
05:51
He sued,
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ื”ื•ื ืชื‘ืข,
05:53
and his case went all the way
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ื•ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš
05:55
to the Supreme Court, believe it or not,
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ืขื“ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืื ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืœื–ื” ืื• ืœื,
05:57
the case over the golf cart,
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ื”ืžืงืจื” ืขืœ ืขื’ืœืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืฃ.
06:00
because the law says
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ืื•ืžืจ
06:02
that the disabled
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื›ื™ื
06:04
must be accommodated,
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื–ืจื”
06:07
provided the accommodation does not
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ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื›ื™ ื ืชื™ื ืช ื”ืขื–ืจื” ืœื
06:10
change the essential nature
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ืชืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
06:13
of the activity.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช.
06:15
He says, "I'm a great golfer.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื’ื•ืœืฃ ื ื”ื“ืจ.
06:17
I want to compete.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช.
06:19
But I need a golf cart
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ืืš ืื ื™ ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืขื’ืœืช ื’ื•ืœืฃ
06:21
to get from one hole to the next."
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื•ืข ืžื’ื•ืžื” ืื—ืช ืœืื—ืจืช."
06:23
Suppose you were
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ื ื ื™ื— ื•ืืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื
06:25
on the Supreme Court.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.
06:27
Suppose you were deciding
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜
06:29
the justice of this case.
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ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ืง ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”.
06:32
How many here would say
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื
06:34
that Casey Martin does have a right to use a golf cart?
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ื›ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ืกื™ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื’ืœืช ื’ื•ืœืฃ?
06:37
And how many say, no, he doesn't?
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช?
06:41
All right, let's take a poll, show of hands.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”, ื‘ื”ืจืžืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
06:43
How many would rule in favor of Casey Martin?
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื™ืคืกืงื• ื‘ืขื“ ืงื™ื™ืกื™ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ?
06:47
And how many would not? How many would say he doesn't?
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื™ืคืกืงื• ื›ื ื’ื“ื•? ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื™ืืžืจื• ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช?
06:50
All right, we have a good division of opinion here.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื“ืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืืŸ.
06:54
Someone who would not
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื
06:56
grant Casey Martin the right to a golf cart,
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ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื™ื™ืกื™ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื’ืœืช ื’ื•ืœืฃ,
06:58
what would be your reason?
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ืžื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืกื™ื‘ืชืš?
07:00
Raise your hand, and we'll try to get you a microphone.
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ื”ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื•ืŸ.
07:02
What would be your reason?
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ืžื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืกื™ื‘ืชืš?
07:05
(Audience: It'd be an unfair advantage.)
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(ืงื”ืœ: ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ.)
07:07
MS: It would be an unfair advantage
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ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืื ื“ืœ: ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ
07:10
if he gets to ride in a golf cart.
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ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจื›ื‘ ืขืœ ืขื’ืœืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืฃ.
07:12
All right, those of you,
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืืœื” ืžื›ื,
07:14
I imagine most of you who would not give him the golf cart
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ืื ื™ ืžืฉืขืจ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื• ืืช ืขื’ืœืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืฃ
07:17
worry about an unfair advantage.
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ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืœื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ.
07:19
What about those of you who say
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ื•ืžื” ืขื ืืœื• ืืฉืจ ืืžืจื•
07:21
he should be given a golf cart?
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ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืขื’ืœืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืฃ?
07:23
How would you answer the objection?
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ืื™ืš ืืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช?
07:25
Yes, all right.
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ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
07:27
Audience: The cart's not part of the game.
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ืงื”ืœ: ื”ืขื’ืœื” ืื™ื ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฉื—ืง.
07:30
MS: What's your name? (Audience: Charlie.)
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ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืื ื“ืœ: ืžื” ืฉืžืš? (ืงื”ืœ: ืฆ'ืืจืœื™.)
07:33
MS: Charlie says --
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ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืื ื“ืœ: ืฆ'ืืจืœื™ ืื•ืžืจืช --
07:36
We'll get Charlie a microphone in case someone wants to reply.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆ'ืืจืœื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื•ืŸ ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื™ืจืฆื” ืœืขื ื•ืช ืœื”.
07:38
Tell us, Charlie,
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ืชืืžืจื™ ืœื ื•, ืฆ'ืืจืœื™,
07:40
why would you say he should be able to use a golf cart?
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ืœืžื” ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื’ืœืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืฃ?
07:43
Charlie: The cart's not part of the game.
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ืฆ'ืืจืœื™: ื”ืขื’ืœื” ืื™ื ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฉื—ืง.
07:47
MS: But what about walking from hole to hole?
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ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืื ื“ืœ: ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืขื ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืžื’ื•ืžื” ืœื’ื•ืžื”?
07:50
Charlie: It doesn't matter; it's not part of the game.
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ืฆ'ืืจืœื™: ื–ื” ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืœื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฉื—ืง
07:53
MS: Walking the course is not part of the game of golf?
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ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืื ื“ืœ: ื”ืœื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ืื™ื ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื’ื•ืœืฃ?
07:57
Charlie: Not in my book, it isn't.
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ืฆ'ืืจืœื™: ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื™ ืœื, ื–ื” ืœื.
07:59
MS: All right. Stay there, Charlie.
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ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืื ื“ืœ: ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืชืฉืืจื™ ืฉื, ืฆ'ืืจืœื™.
08:01
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:03
Who has an answer for Charlie?
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ืœืžื™ ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆ'ืืจืœื™?
08:06
All right, who has an answer for Charlie?
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืœืžื™ ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆ'ืืจืœื™?
08:08
What would you say?
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ืžื” ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื?
08:10
Audience: The endurance element is a very important part of the game,
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ืงื”ืœ: ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืžื”ืžืฉื—ืง.
08:13
walking all those holes.
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ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื’ื•ืžื•ืช.
08:15
MS: Walking all those holes?
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ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืื ื“ืœ: ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื’ื•ืžื•ืช?
08:17
That's part of the game of golf? (Audience: Absolutely.)
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ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื’ื•ืœืฃ? (ืงื”ืœ: ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.)
08:20
MS: What's your name? (Audience: Warren.)
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ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืื ื“ืœ: ืžื” ืฉืžืš? (ืงื”ืœ: ื•ื•ืจืŸ.)
08:22
MS: Warren.
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ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืื ื“ืœ: ื•ื•ืจืŸ.
08:25
Charlie, what do you say to Warren?
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ืฆ'ืืจืœื™, ืžื” ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื•ื•ืจืŸ?
08:29
Charley: I'll stick to my original thesis.
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ืฆ'ืืจืœื™: ืื ื™ ืืฉืืจ ื ืืžื ื” ืœืชื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื™.
08:31
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:37
MS: Warren, are you a golfer?
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ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืื ื“ืœ: ื•ื•ืจืŸ, ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžืฉื—ืง ื’ื•ืœืฃ?
08:39
Warren: I am not a golfer.
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ื•ื•ืจืŸ: ืœื ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืฉื—ืง.
08:41
Charley: And I am. (MS: Okay.)
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ืฆ'ืืจืœื™: ื•ืื ื™ ื›ืŸ. (ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืื ื“ืœ: ืื•ืงื™ื™.)
08:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:45
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:49
You know,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
08:51
it's interesting.
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ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
08:55
In the case, in the lower court,
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ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื ืžื•ืš,
08:57
they brought in golfing greats
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ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื’ื•ืœืฃ,
09:00
to testify on this very issue.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ.
09:04
Is walking the course essential to the game?
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ื”ืื ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืžืฉื—ืง?
09:07
And they brought in Jack Nicklaus and Arnold Palmer.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื’'ืง ื ื™ืงื•ืœืืก ื•ืืช ืืจื ื•ืœื“ ืคืืœืžืจ.
09:10
And what do you suppose they all said?
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ื•ืžื” ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืืžืจื• ื›ื•ืœื?
09:12
Yes. They agreed with Warren.
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ื›ืŸ. ื”ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืขื ื•ื•ืจืŸ.
09:15
They said, yes, walking the course
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ื”ื ืืžืจื•, ื›ืŸ, ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ
09:17
is strenuous physical exercise.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืืžืฅ ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ืžืชื™ืฉ.
09:19
The fatigue factor is an important part of golf.
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ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื’ื•ืœืฃ.
09:22
And so it would change
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ื•ื›ืš, ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื”
09:24
the fundamental nature of the game
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ืืช ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง
09:27
to give him the golf cart.
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ืื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื• ืขื’ืœืช ื’ื•ืœืฃ.
09:29
Now, notice,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘,
09:31
something interesting --
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ --
09:33
Well, I should tell you about the Supreme Court first.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.
09:35
The Supreme Court
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ
09:37
decided.
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ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜.
09:39
What do you suppose they said?
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ืžื” ืืชื ืžืฉืขืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžืจ?
09:42
They said yes,
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ื”ื ืืžืจื• ื›ืŸ,
09:44
that Casey Martin must be provided a golf cart.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกืคืง ืœืงื™ื™ืกื™ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืขื’ืœืช ื’ื•ืœืฃ.
09:47
Seven to two, they ruled.
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ื”ื ืคืกืงื• ื–ืืช ืฉื‘ืขื” ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื.
09:50
What was interesting about their ruling
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื™ ืคืกื™ืงืชื
09:54
and about the discussion we've just had
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ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื ื™ื”ืœื ื•
09:58
is that the discussion about
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ
10:00
the right, the justice, of the matter
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ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช, ื”ืฆื“ืง, ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
10:02
depended on
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ืชืœื•ื™
10:04
figuring out what is
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ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ื”ื™ื
10:07
the essential nature of golf.
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ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื’ื•ืœืฃ.
10:10
And the Supreme Court justices
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ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ
10:12
wrestled with that question.
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ื”ืชื—ื‘ื˜ ืขื ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
10:14
And Justice Stevens, writing for the majority,
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ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ื ืก, ืืฉืจ ื›ืชื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื•ื‘,
10:16
said he had read all about the history of golf,
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ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœืฃ,
10:21
and the essential point of the game
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ื•ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง
10:24
is to get very small ball from one place
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“
10:26
into a hole
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ืœืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืžื”
10:28
in as few strokes as possible,
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืืคืฉืจ,
10:31
and that walking was not essential, but incidental.
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ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช, ืืœื ืžืงืจื™ืช.
10:33
Now, there were two dissenters,
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ืžื ื’ื“, ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื,
10:35
one of whom was Justice Scalia.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืกืงืืœื™ื”.
10:40
He wouldn't have granted the cart,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ืขื’ืœื”,
10:43
and he had a very interesting dissent.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช.
10:45
It's interesting because
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ื”ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
10:47
he rejected the Aristotelian premise
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ืช
10:50
underlying the majority's opinion.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื•ื‘.
10:52
He said it's not possible
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืคืฉืจื™
10:55
to determine the essential nature
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ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืžื”ื•ืชื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
10:58
of a game like golf.
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ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื’ื•ืœืฃ.
11:00
Here's how he put it.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ื–ืืช.
11:02
"To say that something is essential
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"ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™
11:04
is ordinarily to say that it is necessary
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™
11:06
to the achievement of a certain object.
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ืœื”ืฉื’ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
11:09
But since it is the very nature of a game
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ืืš ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฆื ืžื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง
11:11
to have no object except amusement,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื ืื”,
11:15
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:19
that is, what distinguishes games
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื
11:21
from productive activity,
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ื•ืคืจื•ื“ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
11:23
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:26
it is quite impossible to say
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ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื•ืžืจ
11:28
that any of a game's arbitrary rules
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ื›ื™ ืฉื•ื ื›ืœืœ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•
11:31
is essential."
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ื”ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื."
11:33
So there you have Justice Scalia
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืœื›ื ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืกืงืืœื™ื”
11:35
taking on the Aristotelian premise
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ืœื•ืงื— ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ืช
11:38
of the majority's opinion.
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ืฉืœ ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื•ื‘.
11:41
Justice Scalia's opinion
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ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืกืงืืœื™ื”
11:44
is questionable
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ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื‘ืกืคืง
11:46
for two reasons.
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ืžืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
11:48
First, no real sports fan would talk that way.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืฉื•ื ืื•ื”ื“ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื›ื”.
11:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:53
If we had thought that the rules
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื›ืœืœื™ื
11:55
of the sports we care about
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ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืื•ืชื• ืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื
11:57
are merely arbitrary,
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ื”ื ื‘ืกืš-ื”ื›ืœ ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื,
11:59
rather than designed to call forth
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ื•ืœื ืžื•ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื
12:02
the virtues and the excellences
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ืืช ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืช
12:05
that we think are worthy of admiring,
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ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื”,
12:07
we wouldn't care about the outcome of the game.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื›ืคืช ืœื ื• ืžืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง.
12:10
It's also objectionable
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช
12:13
on a second ground.
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ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉื ื™.
12:15
On the face of it,
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื•,
12:17
it seemed to be -- this debate about the golf cart --
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ื ื“ืžื” ื›ื™ -- ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ืขื’ืœืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืฃ --
12:20
an argument about fairness,
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ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช,
12:23
what's an unfair advantage.
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ื•ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื•ื’ืŸ.
12:27
But if fairness were the only thing at stake,
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ืืš ืื ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื• ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ,
12:30
there would have been an easy and obvious solution.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ืงืœ ืœื‘ืขื™ื”.
12:33
What would it be? (Audience: Let everyone use the cart.)
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื”? (ืงื”ืœ: ืœืชืช ืœื›ื•ืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื’ืœื”.)
12:35
Let everyone ride in a golf cart
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ืœืชืช ืœื›ื•ืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื’ืœื”
12:38
if they want to.
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ืื ื”ื ืจืฆื•.
12:40
Then the fairness objection goes away.
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ื•ืื– ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื ืขืœื.
12:43
But letting everyone ride in a cart
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ืืš ืœืชืช ืœื›ื•ืœื ืœืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืขื’ืœื”
12:46
would have been, I suspect,
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ื”ื™ื”, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—,
12:48
more anathema
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ืก
12:50
to the golfing greats
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืฃ
12:52
and to the PGA,
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื” PGA,
12:54
even than making an exception for Casey Martin.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื™ื™ืกื™ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ.
12:56
Why?
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ืœืžื”?
12:58
Because what was at stake
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืืŸ
13:00
in the dispute over the golf cart
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืขื’ืœืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืฃ
13:03
was not only the essential nature of golf,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœืฃ,
13:06
but, relatedly, the question:
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ืืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืืœื”,
13:09
What abilities
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ืื™ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช
13:12
are worthy
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ืจืื•ื™ื•ืช
13:14
of honor and recognition
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ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ื›ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช
13:16
as athletic talents?
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ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืืชืœื˜ื™ื•ืช?
13:19
Let me put the point
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”
13:21
as delicately as possible:
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ:
13:24
Golfers are a little sensitive
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ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื’ื•ืœืฃ ืžืขื˜ ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื
13:26
about the athletic status of their game.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ืืชืœื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื.
13:29
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:35
After all, there's no running or jumping,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืฉื•ื ืจื™ืฆื” ืื• ืงืคื™ืฆื”,
13:38
and the ball stands still.
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ื•ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื.
13:41
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:44
So if golfing is the kind of game
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ืื– ืื ื’ื•ืœืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื
13:47
that can be played while riding around in a golf cart,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืื•ืชื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืขื’ืœืช ื’ื•ืœืฃ,
13:50
it would be hard to confer
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง
13:53
on the golfing greats
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ืœืื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืฃ
13:55
the status that we confer,
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ืืช ื”ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืื ื• ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื,
13:57
the honor and recognition
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ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื”ื›ืจื”
13:59
that goes to truly great athletes.
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ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืืชืœื˜ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
14:03
That illustrates
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ื–ื” ืžืžื—ื™ืฉ,
14:06
that with golf,
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ืฉื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื’ื•ืœืฃ,
14:09
as with flutes,
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ื›ืฉื ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ืœื™ืœื™ื,
14:11
it's hard to decide the question
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ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”
14:14
of what justice requires,
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ื”ืฆื“ืง ื“ื•ืจืฉ,
14:17
without grappling with the question,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉืืœื”
14:19
"What is the essential nature
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"ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
14:21
of the activity in question,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื”,
14:23
and what qualities,
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ื•ืžื”ื ื”ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช,
14:26
what excellences
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ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืช
14:28
connected with that activity,
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ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืขื ืื•ืชื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช,
14:30
are worthy of honor and recognition?"
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ืืฉืจ ืจืื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื›ืจื”?"
14:34
Let's take a final example
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืกื•ืคื™ืช
14:36
that's prominent in contemporary political debate:
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•:
14:39
same-sex marriage.
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ื ื™ืฉืื•ื™ื ื—ื“-ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื.
14:43
There are those who favor state recognition
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ื™ืฉื ื ืืช ืืœื• ื”ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชื›ื™ืจ
14:46
only of traditional marriage
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ืจืง ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช.
14:48
between one man and one woman,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืœืื™ืฉื” ืื—ืช,
14:51
and there are those who favor state recognition
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื• ืืฉืจ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื›ืจื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช
14:53
of same-sex marriage.
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ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื—ื“-ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื.
14:55
How many here
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื›ืืŸ
14:57
favor the first policy:
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ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”:
14:59
the state should recognize traditional marriage only?
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ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชื›ื™ืจ ืจืง ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื?
15:04
And how many favor the second, same-sex marriage?
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ื•ื›ืžื” ื›ืืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื—ื“-ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื?
15:08
Now, put it this way:
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื ืฆื™ื’ ื–ืืช ื›ืš,
15:11
What ways of thinking
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ืื™ืœื• ื“ืจื›ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”
15:13
about justice and morality
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฆื“ืง ื•ืœืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช
15:15
underlie the arguments we have
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ืฉืžื™ื ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
15:17
over marriage?
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื?
15:19
The opponents of same-sex marriage say
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ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื—ื“-ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื
15:22
that the purpose of marriage,
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ื›ื™ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื,
15:24
fundamentally, is procreation,
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ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื™ื”,
15:26
and that's what's worthy of honoring
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื“
15:28
and recognizing and encouraging.
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ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืœืขื•ื“ื“.
15:31
And the defenders of same-sex marriage say no,
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ื•ืžื ื’ื“, ื”ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื”ื—ื“-ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื,
15:34
procreation is not the only purpose of marriage;
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ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื.
15:38
what about a lifelong, mutual, loving commitment?
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ืžื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช, ืืจื•ื›ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืื”ื‘ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช?
15:41
That's really what marriage is about.
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ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
15:45
So with flutes, with golf carts,
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ื›ืš ืฉืขื ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื, ืขื ืขื’ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืฃ,
15:48
and even with a fiercely contested question
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ืฉืืœื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื›ื™ื•ื
15:51
like same-sex marriage,
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ื›ืžื• ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื—ื“-ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื,
15:54
Aristotle has a point.
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ืœืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื™ืฉ ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
15:57
Very hard to argue about justice
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ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ืขืœ ืฆื“ืง
15:59
without first arguing
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื—
16:02
about the purpose of social institutions
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ืขืœ ืชื›ืœื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื
16:05
and about what qualities are worthy
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ื•ืื™ื–ื” ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ื•ืช
16:07
of honor and recognition.
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื›ืจื”.
16:10
So let's step back from these cases
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
16:13
and see how they shed light
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ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ืฉื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืจ
16:16
on the way we might improve, elevate,
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ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืคืจ, ื•ืœืจื•ืžื
16:19
the terms of political discourse
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ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™
16:22
in the United States,
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
16:24
and for that matter, around the world.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•.
16:27
There is a tendency to think
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ื™ืฉื ื” ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
16:29
that if we engage too directly
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ืฉืื ื ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืžื“ื™
16:32
with moral questions in politics,
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ืขื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”,
16:34
that's a recipe for disagreement,
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืกื›ืžื”,
16:36
and for that matter, a recipe for
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ
16:38
intolerance and coercion.
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ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืคื™ื™ื”.
16:40
So better to shy away from,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข,
16:42
to ignore,
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ืœื”ืชืขืœื,
16:44
the moral and the religious convictions
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ืžื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื
16:46
that people bring to civic life.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ืื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
16:48
It seems to me that our discussion
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ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
16:51
reflects the opposite,
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ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื’ื“ื™,
16:53
that a better way
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ืฉื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
16:56
to mutual respect
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ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื“ื“ื™
16:58
is to engage directly
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ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื“ืจืš ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื”
17:00
with the moral convictions
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ืขื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื
17:02
citizens bring to public life,
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ืฉื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื,
17:05
rather than to require
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ื•ืœื ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ
17:07
that people leave their deepest moral convictions
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ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
17:10
outside politics
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”
17:12
before they enter.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื”.
17:14
That, it seems to me, is a way
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ื–ื•ื”ื™, ืœืขื ื™ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื™, ื”ื“ืจืš
17:16
to begin to restore
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ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘
17:18
the art of democratic argument.
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ืืช ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™.
17:20
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
17:22
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:25
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
17:27
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:30
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
17:32
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:34
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
17:36
Thanks. Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
17:39
Chris.
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ื›ืจื™ืก.
17:41
Thanks, Chris.
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ืชื•ื“ื”, ื›ืจื™ืก.
17:44
Chris Anderson: From flutes to golf courses
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืžื—ืœื™ืœื™ื ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจื™ ื’ื•ืœืฃ
17:46
to same-sex marriage --
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ื•ืขื“ ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื—ื“-ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื.
17:48
that was a genius link.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื’ืื•ื ื™.
17:50
Now look, you're a pioneer of open education.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืจืื”, ืืชื” ื—ืœื•ืฅ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืคืชื•ื—.
17:53
Your lecture series was one of the first to do it big.
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ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืจืฆืื•ืชื™ื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
17:55
What's your vision for the next phase of this?
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ืžื” ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ื–ื”?
17:58
MS: Well, I think that it is possible.
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ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืื ื“ืœ: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™.
18:01
In the classroom, we have arguments
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ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื
18:04
on some of the most fiercely held
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ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ื™ืฆืจื™ื
18:07
moral convictions that students have
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ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉ
18:09
about big public questions.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
18:11
And I think we can do that in public life more generally.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื›ืœืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
18:14
And so my real dream would be
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ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื”, ืื ื›ืš
18:16
to take the public television series
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ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช
18:18
that we've created of the course --
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืก --
18:20
it's available now, online,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืจืฉืช,
18:22
free for everyone anywhere in the world --
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ื—ื™ื ื ืœื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื --
18:24
and to see whether we can partner with institutions,
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื‘ื•ืจ ืขื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช,
18:27
at universities in China, in India,
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•,
18:29
in Africa, around the world,
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ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
18:31
to try to promote
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืงื“ื
18:34
civic education
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ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืื–ืจื—ื™
18:36
and also a richer kind
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
18:38
of democratic debate.
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ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™.
18:41
CA: So you picture, at some point,
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืื– ืืชื” ืžื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
18:43
live, in real time,
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ื—ื™, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช,
18:45
you could have this kind of conversation, inviting questions,
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ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื—, ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช,
18:48
but with people from China and India joining in?
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ืืš ืขื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•?
18:51
MS: Right. We did a little bit of it here
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ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืื ื“ืœ: ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืงืฆืช ืžื–ื” ื›ืืŸ
18:53
with 1,500 people in Long Beach,
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ืขื 1,500 ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ื™ืฅ',
18:55
and we do it in a classroom at Harvard
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ืืจื•ื•ืืจื“
18:58
with about 1,000 students.
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ืขื ื‘ืขืจืš 1,000 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื.
19:00
Wouldn't it be interesting
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ื”ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
19:02
to take this way
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ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื•
19:05
of thinking and arguing,
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ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—
19:07
engaging seriously with big moral questions,
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ื•ืœื”ื›ื ืก ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
19:10
exploring cultural differences
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืฉื•ื ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™
19:12
and connect through a live video hookup,
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื—ื™,
19:16
students in Beijing and Mumbai
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ืืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’ ื•ืžืžื•ืžื‘ืื™
19:18
and in Cambridge, Massachusetts
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ื•ืžืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื’', ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก
19:20
and create a global classroom.
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ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื™ืชื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
19:22
That's what I would love to do.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
19:24
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
19:28
CA: So, I would imagine
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืื ื›ืš, ืื ื™ ืžืฉืขืจ
19:30
that there are a lot of people who would love to join you in that endeavor.
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืจืฆื• ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื™ืš ื‘ืžื™ื–ื ื”ื–ื”.
19:33
Michael Sandel. Thank you so much. (MS: Thanks so much.)
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ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืื ื“ืœ. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš (ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืื ื“ืœ: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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