Sheryl WuDunn: Our century's greatest injustice

179,311 views ใƒป 2010-08-17

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Nimrod Drori ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:16
The global challenge that I want to talk to you about today
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื•ื
00:19
rarely makes the front pages.
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ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืœื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช.
00:21
It, however, is enormous
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ืขืฆื•ื
00:24
in both scale and importance.
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ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื• ื•ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื•.
00:27
Look, you all are very well traveled;
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•, ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืœื ืžืขื˜;
00:30
this is TEDGlobal after all.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘- TEDGlobal ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ.
00:32
But I do hope to take you to some places
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ืœื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
00:34
you've never been to before.
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ื”ื ืžืขื•ืœื.
00:36
So, let's start off in China.
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ืื–, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
00:38
This photo was taken two weeks ago.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฆื•ืœืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื.
00:41
Actually, one indication is that little boy on my husband's shoulders
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™
00:44
has just graduated from high school.
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ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืกื™ื™ื ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
00:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:48
But this is Tiananmen Square.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื˜ื™ื™ื ืื ืžืŸ.
00:50
Many of you have been there. It's not the real China.
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื. ื–ื• ืœื ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
00:53
Let me take you to the real China.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ืœืกื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
00:55
This is in the Dabian Mountains
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ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืจื™ Dabian.
00:57
in the remote part of Hubei province in central China.
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ื– Hubei ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืกื™ืŸ.
01:01
Dai Manju is 13 years old at the time the story starts.
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ื“ืื™ ืžืื ื’'ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช 13 ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
01:04
She lives with her parents,
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื” ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ื”,
01:06
her two brothers and her great-aunt.
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ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื™ื” ื•ื“ื•ื“ืชื” ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืฉื ื™ื”.
01:09
They have a hut that has no electricity,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ืงืชื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืœื ื—ืฉืžืœ,
01:11
no running water,
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ืœื ืžื™ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื,
01:13
no wristwatch, no bicycle.
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ืœื ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื™ื“, ืœื ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื.
01:15
And they share this great splendor
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ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื–ื”
01:17
with a very large pig.
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ืขื ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“.
01:20
Dai Manju was in sixth grade when her parents said,
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ื“ืื™ ืžืื ื’'ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื•' ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ืืžืจื•:
01:23
"We're going to pull you out of school
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"ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชืš ืžื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ
01:25
because the 13-dollar school fees are too much for us.
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ื›ื™ ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืกืš 13 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•.
01:28
You're going to be spending the rest of your life in the rice paddies.
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ืืช ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ืš ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื–.
01:30
Why would we waste this money on you?"
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ืœืžื” ืฉื ื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœื™ืš?"
01:32
This is what happens to girls in remote areas.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื.
01:35
Turns out that Dai Manju was
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื“ืื™ ืžืื ื’'ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื”
01:37
the best pupil in her grade.
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ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืชืชื”.
01:39
She still made the two-hour trek to the schoolhouse
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ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ
01:42
and tried to catch every little bit of information
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ื•ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืชืคื•ืก ื›ืœ ืคื™ืกืช ืžื™ื“ืข
01:45
that seeped out of the doors.
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ืฉื—ืœื—ืœื” ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœื“ืœืชื•ืช.
01:47
We wrote about her in The New York Times.
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ื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก.
01:49
We got a flood of donations --
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืฉืชืฃ ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช --
01:52
mostly 13-dollar checks
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ืฆ'ืงื™ื ืฉืœ 13 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื,
01:55
because New York Times readers are very generous
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ ื”ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื
01:57
in tiny amounts
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ื‘ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
01:59
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:01
but then, we got a money transfer
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ืื‘ืœ ืื–, ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช
02:04
for $10,000 --
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ืขืœ ืกืš 10,000 $--
02:06
really nice guy.
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ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื ื—ืžื“.
02:08
We turned the money over to that man there, the principal of the school.
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ื ืชื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœืื™ืฉ ื”ื”ื•ื ืฉื, ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ.
02:11
He was delighted.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ืฉืจ.
02:13
He thought, "Oh, I can renovate the school.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘, " ืื•, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืคืฅ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ.
02:15
I can give scholarships to all the girls,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืžืœื’ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช. "
02:17
you know, if they work hard and stay in school.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื”ืŸ ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ืงืฉื” ื•ื™ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ.
02:19
So Dai Manju basically
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ืื– ื“ืื™ ืžืื ื’'ื• ืœืžืขืฉื”
02:21
finished out middle school.
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ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
02:23
She went to high school.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
02:25
She went to vocational school for accounting.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืœืจืื™ื™ืช-ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
02:27
She scouted for jobs down in Guangdong province in the south.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ืคืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– Guangdong ื‘ื“ืจื•ื.
02:30
She found a job, she scouted for jobs
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฆืื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ืคืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช
02:32
for her classmates and her friends.
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ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ืžื”ื›ื™ืชื” ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”.
02:34
She sent money back to her family.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื—ื” ื›ืกืฃ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื”.
02:37
They built a new house,
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ื”ื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉ,
02:39
this time with running water,
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ื”ืคืขื ืขื ืžื™ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื,
02:41
electricity, a bicycle,
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ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื,
02:43
no pig.
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ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื–ื™ืจ.
02:45
What we saw was a natural experiment.
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ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
02:48
It is rare to get an exogenous investment
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ื–ื” ื ื“ื™ืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช
02:50
in girls' education.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืœืช ื ืฉื™ื.
02:52
And over the years, as we followed Dai Manju, we were able to see
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืฉืขืงื‘ื ื• ืื—ืจ ื“ืื™ ืžืื ื’'ื•, ืจืื™ื ื•
02:55
that she was able to move out of a vicious cycle
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืฆืืช ืžืžืขื’ืœ ืื›ื–ืจื™
02:58
and into a virtuous cycle.
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ืืœ ืžืขื’ืœ ื ืขืœื”.
03:00
She not only changed her own dynamic,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœื”,
03:02
she changed her household, she changed her family, her village.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ืžืฉืง ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื”, ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื”, ื”ื›ืคืจ ืฉืœื”.
03:05
The village became a real standout.
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ื”ื›ืคืจ ื”ืคืš ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช.
03:08
Of course, most of China was flourishing at the time,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉืจื•ื‘ ืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ืฉื’ืฉื’ ื‘ื–ืžื ื•,
03:11
but they were able to get a road built
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ
03:14
to link them up to the rest of China.
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ืฉืงื™ืฉืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืฉืืจ ืกื™ืŸ.
03:16
And that brings me to my first major
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช
03:19
of two tenets of "Half the Sky."
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ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ " Half the Sky. "
03:21
And that is that
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉ
03:23
the central moral challenge
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจืœื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™
03:25
of this century
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ื–ื•
03:27
is gender inequity.
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ื”ื•ื ืืคืœื™ื” ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช.
03:29
In the 19th century, it was slavery.
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช.
03:31
In the 20th century, it was totalitarianism.
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”--20 ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ื•ื˜ืืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
03:34
The cause of our time
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
03:36
is the brutality that so many people
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื
03:38
face around the world because of their gender.
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ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืœื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœื”ื.
03:41
So some of you may be thinking,
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ืื– ื—ืœืงื›ื ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
03:43
"Gosh, that's hyperbole.
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"ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ืงืฆืŸ.
03:45
She's exaggerating."
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ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื–ื™ืžื”."
03:47
Well, let me ask you this question.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืชื›ื ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
03:49
How many of you think there are more males or more females in the world?
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื?
03:52
Let me take a poll. How many of you think there are more males in the world?
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกืงืจ. ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื?
03:55
Hands up, please.
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ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืœืžืขืœื”, ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”.
03:57
How many of you think -- a few -- how many of you there are more females in the world?
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื -- ืžืขื˜ื™ื -- ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื?
04:00
Okay, most of you.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืจื•ื‘ื›ื.
04:02
Well, you know this latter group, you're wrong.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืืชื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื.
04:04
There are, true enough,
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ื”ืืžืช ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”,
04:06
in Europe and the West,
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ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื‘,
04:08
when women and men
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ื›ืฉืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื
04:10
have equal access to food and health care,
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื,
04:12
there are more women, we live longer.
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืฉื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:14
But in most of the rest of the world, that's not the case.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืชืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืžืงืจื”.
04:17
In fact, demographers have shown
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื”ืจืื•
04:19
that there are anywhere between 60 million
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 60 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ
04:21
and 100 million
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ืœ- 100 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ
04:23
missing females in the current population.
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ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืขื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.
04:26
And, you know, it happens for several reasons.
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ื•..., ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
04:29
For instance, in the last half-century,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื—ืฆื™-ื”ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
04:31
more girls were discriminated to death
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืคืœื• ืœืžื•ื•ืช
04:34
than all the people killed on all the battlefields
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ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื‘
04:36
in the 20th century.
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20.
04:39
Sometimes it's also because of the sonogram.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืกื•ื ื•ื’ืจืžื”.
04:41
Girls get aborted before they're even born
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ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื”ืคืœื” ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ื•ืช
04:44
when there are scarce resources.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื.
04:46
This girl here, for instance,
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืœืžืฉืœ,
04:48
is in a feeding center in Ethiopia.
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ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืื›ืœื” ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”.
04:50
The entire center was filled with girls like her.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื”.
04:53
What's remarkable is that her brothers, in the same family,
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ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืื—ื™ื”, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”,
04:56
were totally fine.
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ.
04:58
In India, in the first year of life,
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ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
05:00
from zero to one,
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ืžืืคืก ืœืื—ื“,
05:02
boy and girl babies basically survive at the same rate
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ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช
05:05
because they depend upon the breast,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื“,
05:07
and the breast shows no son preference.
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ื•ื”ืฉื“ ืœื ืžืจืื” ื”ืขื“ืคื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
05:09
From one to five,
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ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ื” ื•ืขื“ ืœื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžืฉ,
05:12
girls die at a 50 percent higher mortality rate
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื›- 50 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
05:15
than boys, in all of India.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•.
05:18
The second tenet of "Half the Sky"
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ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ "Half the Sky"
05:21
is that, let's put aside the morality of all the right and wrong of it all,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืจืข.
05:24
and just on a purely practical level,
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืช,
05:27
we think that
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉ
05:29
one of the best ways to fight poverty and to fight terrorism
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ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ
05:32
is to educate girls
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ื”ื™ื ืœืชืช ืœื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื”
05:34
and to bring women into the formal labor force.
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ื•ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื ืฉื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื›ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™.
05:37
Poverty, for instance.
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ืขื•ื ื™, ืœืžืฉืœ.
05:39
There are three reasons why this is the case.
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื”ืžืงืจื”.
05:41
For one, overpopulation is one of
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ืื—ืช, ืื™ื›ืœื•ืก ื™ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช
05:43
the persistent causes of poverty.
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ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืขื•ื ื™.
05:46
And you know, when you educate a boy,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื›ืฉืืชื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืœื™ืœื“,
05:48
his family tends to have fewer kids,
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ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื• ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
05:50
but only slightly.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืžืขื˜.
05:52
When you educate a girl,
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ืœื“ื” ื”ืฉื›ืœื”,
05:54
she tends to have significantly fewer kids.
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
05:57
The second reason is
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื
06:00
it has to do with spending.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื–ื™ื.
06:02
It's kind of like the dirty, little secret of poverty,
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื•ื“ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืœื•ื›ืœืš ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื™,
06:04
which is that,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื”,
06:06
not only do poor people
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื
06:08
take in very little income,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ืžื•ื›ื”,
06:10
but also, the income that they take in,
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ืืœื ืžื”, ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื,
06:12
they don't spend it very wisely,
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ื”ื ืœื ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืจื‘ื”.
06:15
and unfortunately, most of that spending is done by men.
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ื•ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ื”ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
06:18
So research has shown,
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ืื– ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืจืื”,
06:20
if you look at people who live under two dollars a day --
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ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื --
06:23
one metric of poverty --
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ืžื“ื“ ืื—ื“ ืœืขื•ื ื™ --
06:25
two percent of that take-home pay
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ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื–ื”
06:27
goes to this basket here, in education.
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ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืกืœ ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืœื”.
06:30
20 percent goes to a basket that is a combination of
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20 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืกืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ
06:33
alcohol, tobacco, sugary drinks --
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ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ, ื˜ื‘ืง, ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืžืžื•ืชืงื™ื
06:35
and prostitution and festivals.
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ื•ื–ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช.
06:38
If you just take four percentage points
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ืื ืจืง ืชืงื—ื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
06:40
and put it into this basket,
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ื•ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืกืœ ื”ื–ื”,
06:42
you would have a transformative effect.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืืคืงื˜ ืฉื™ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืœืื”.
06:46
The last reason has to do
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื”
06:48
with women being part of the solution, not the problem.
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ืœื›ืš ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ, ืœื ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
06:51
You need to use scarce resources.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื.
06:53
It's a waste of resources if you don't use someone like Dai Manju.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืื ืœื ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ื›ืžื• ื“ืื™ ืžืื ื’'ื•.
06:56
Bill Gates put it very well
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ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก ื ื™ืกื— ืืช ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื“
06:58
when he was traveling through Saudi Arabia.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช.
07:00
He was speaking to an audience much like yourselves.
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืœืงื”ืœ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ืืœื™ื›ื.
07:03
However, two-thirds of the way there was a barrier.
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ืขื-ื–ืืช, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™-ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืกื•ื.
07:06
On this side was men,
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ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื–ื” ื’ื‘ืจื™ื,
07:08
and then the barrier, and this side was women.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืžื—ืกื•ื, ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื–ื” ื ืฉื™ื.
07:10
And someone from this side of the room got up and said,
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ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจ ืงื ื•ืืžืจ,
07:12
"Mr. Gates, we have here as our goal in Saudi Arabia
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"ืžืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก, ืฉืžื ื• ืœื ื• ื›ืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช
07:15
to be one of the top 10 countries
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืž-10 ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช
07:17
when it comes to technology.
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ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
07:19
Do you think we'll make it?"
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ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?"
07:21
So Bill Gates, as he was staring out at the audience, he said,
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ืื– ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื”ืœ, ืื•ืžืจ;
07:24
"If you're not fully utilizing half the resources in your country,
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" ืื ืืชื ืœื ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื›ื,
07:27
there is no way you will get anywhere near the top 10."
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš ืฉืชื’ื™ืขื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉื™ืจื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”."
07:30
So here is Bill of Arabia.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” "ื‘ื™ืœ ืž- Arabia".
07:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:35
So what would some of the specific challenges
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื
07:37
look like?
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ื ืจืื™ื?
07:40
I would say, on the top of the agenda
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจืช, ื‘ืจืืฉ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื
07:43
is sex trafficking.
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ื ืžืฆื ื”ืกื—ืจ ื‘ื ืฉื™ื.
07:45
And I'll just say two things about this.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจืง ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื.
07:47
The slavery at the peak of the slave trade
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื™ื
07:50
in the 1780s:
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1780:
07:53
there were about 80,000 slaves
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 80,000 ืขื‘ื“ื™ื
07:55
transported from Africa to the New World.
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ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
07:58
Now, modern slavery:
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช:
08:01
according to State Department rough statistics,
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ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื’ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
08:04
there are about 800,000 -- 10 times the number --
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš 800,000 -- ืคื™-ืขืฉืจ--
08:07
that are trafficked across international borders.
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ืฉื ืกื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื.
08:10
And that does not even include those
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ื•ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืืœื•
08:12
that are trafficked within country borders,
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ืฉื ืกื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ,
08:14
which is a substantial portion.
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ืืฉืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
08:17
And if you look at
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ื•ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ
08:19
another factor, another contrast,
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ืขื•ื“ ื’ื•ืจื, ืขื•ื“ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“,
08:22
a slave back then is worth
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ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืขื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื”
08:24
about $40,000
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 40,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ
08:26
in today's money.
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ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
08:28
Today, you can buy a girl trafficked
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืจื” ืฉื ืกื—ืจืช
08:31
for a few hundred dollars,
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื,
08:33
which means she's actually more disposable.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืกืจืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
08:36
But you know, there is progress being made
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช
08:39
in places like Cambodia and Thailand.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ืชืื™ืœื ื“.
08:41
We don't have to expect a world
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื
08:43
where girls are bought and sold or killed.
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ื‘ื• ื ืฉื™ื ื ืงื ื•ืช ื•ื ืกื—ืจื•ืช ืื• ื ืจืฆื—ื•ืช.
08:46
The second item on the agenda
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื
08:48
is maternal mortality.
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ื”ื•ื ืชืžื•ืชื” ืื™ืžื”ื™ืช.
08:51
You know, childbirth in this part of the world
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœื™ื“ืช ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
08:54
is a wonderful event.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ืจืข ื ืคืœื.
08:56
In Niger, one in seven women
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ื‘ื ื™ื–'ืจ, ืื—ืช ืžื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืข ื ืฉื™ื
08:59
can expect to die during childbirth.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื™ื“ื”.
09:02
Around the world,
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
09:04
one woman dies every minute and a half from childbirth.
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ืื™ืฉื” ืžืชื” ื›ืœ ื“ืงื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื™ื“ื”.
09:08
You know, it's not as though
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื–ื” ืœื
09:10
we don't have the technological solution,
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
09:13
but these women have three strikes against them:
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ืŸ:
09:16
they are poor, they are rural
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ื”ืŸ ืขื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื ื™ื“ื—ื™ื
09:18
and they are female.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื.
09:21
You know, for every woman who does die,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืžืชื”,
09:23
there are 20 who survive
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ 20 ืฉืฉื•ืจื“ื•ืช
09:25
but end up with an injury.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืขื ืคืฆื™ืขื”.
09:27
And the most devastating injury
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ื•ื”ืคืฆื™ืขื” ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:29
is obstetric fistula.
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ื”ื™ื ืคื™ืกื˜ื•ืœื” ืœื™ื“ืชื™ืช.
09:31
It's a tearing during obstructed labor
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ื–ื”ื• ืงืจืข ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื™ื“ื”
09:33
that leaves a woman incontinent.
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ืฉืžืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื—ืกืจืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื”.
09:36
Let me tell you about Mahabuba.
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืžื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื”.
09:38
She lives in Ethiopia.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”
09:40
She was married against her will at age 13.
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ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืฉืื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืจืฆื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 13.
09:43
She got pregnant, ran to the bush to have the baby,
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ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืจืฆื” ืืœ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืœื“ืช ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง,
09:46
but you know, her body was very immature,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ื‘ืฉืœ,
09:49
and she ended up having obstructed labor.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื“ื”.
09:52
The baby died, and she ended up with a fistula.
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ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืขื ืคื™ืกื˜ื•ืœื”.
09:55
So that meant she was incontinent;
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ืื– ื–ื” ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”;
09:57
she couldn't control her wastes.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžื•ืชื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”.
10:00
In a word, she stank.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืกืจื™ื—ื”.
10:02
The villagers thought she was cursed; they didn't know what to do with her.
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ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ืœืœืช; ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชื”.
10:05
So finally, they put her at the edge of the village in a hut.
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ืื– ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื ืฉืžื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ื›ืคืจ ื‘ื‘ืงืชื”.
10:08
They ripped off the door
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ื”ื ืชืœืฉื• ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช
10:10
so that the hyenas would get her at night.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื™ื˜ืจืคื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
10:13
That night, there was a stick in the hut.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื”ื™ื” ืžืงืœ ื‘ื‘ืงืชื”.
10:16
She fought off the hyenas with that stick.
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ื”ื™ื ื’ืจืฉื” ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืงืœ.
10:19
And the next morning,
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ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื,
10:21
she knew if she could get to a nearby village where there was a foreign missionary,
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื” ืฉืื ื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืคืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืžืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื ื–ืจื™ื,
10:24
she would be saved.
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ื”ื™ื ืชื™ื ืฆืœ.
10:26
Because she had some damage to her nerves,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื ื–ืง ืœืขืฆื‘ื™ื,
10:28
she crawled all the way -- 30 miles --
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ื”ื™ื ื–ื—ืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš -- 48 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื --
10:31
to that doorstep, half dead.
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ืœืžืคืชืŸ ื”ื“ืœืช, ื—ืฆื™ ืžืชื”.
10:34
The foreign missionary opened the door,
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ื”ืžืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ืจ ืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช,
10:36
knew exactly what had happened,
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ื™ื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืงืจื”,
10:38
took her to a nearby fistula hospital in Addis Ababa,
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ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื” ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืคื™ืกื˜ื•ืœื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืื“ื™ืก-ืื‘ื‘ื”,
10:41
and she was repaired
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืงื ื”
10:43
with a 350-dollar operation.
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ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ 350 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
10:46
The doctors and nurses there noticed
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ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•
10:48
that she was not only a survivor,
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ืฉืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืจื“ืช,
10:50
she was really clever, and they made her a nurse.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื›ืžื”, ื•ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื” ืœืื—ื•ืช.
10:53
So now, Mahabuba,
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื”,
10:55
she is saving the lives
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
10:57
of hundreds, thousands, of women.
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ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช, ืืœืคื™, ื ืฉื™ื.
10:59
She has become part of the solution, not the problem.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ, ืœื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
11:01
She's moved out of a vicious cycle
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ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืื” ืžื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™
11:03
and into a virtuous cycle.
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ื•ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื ืขืœื”.
11:05
I've talked about some of the challenges,
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื,
11:08
let me talk about some of the solutions,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช,
11:10
and there are predictable solutions.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื.
11:13
I've hinted at them: education
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ืจืžื–ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื: ื”ืฉื›ืœื”
11:15
and also economic opportunity.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
11:18
So of course, when you educate a girl,
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ืื– ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจื” ื”ืฉื›ืœื”,
11:21
she tends to get married later on in life,
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”,
11:24
she tends to have kids later on in life, she tends to have fewer kids,
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
11:27
and those kids that she does have,
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ื•ืื•ืชื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืื”,
11:29
she educates them in a more enlightened fashion.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื ื›ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืืจ.
11:31
With economic opportunity,
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ืขื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช,
11:33
it can be transformative.
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ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
11:35
Let me tell you about Saima.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืกื™ื™ืžื”.
11:37
She lives in a small village outside Lahore, Pakistan.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืœื”ื•ืจ, ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืืŸ.
11:41
And at the time, she was miserable.
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื•ืžืœืœื”.
11:43
She was beaten every single day
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ืชื” ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื•
11:45
by her husband, who was unemployed.
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื”, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœ.
11:47
He was kind of a gambler type -- and unemployable, therefore --
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืžื”ืžืจ -- ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืขืกืง, ื•ืœื›ืŸ --
11:50
and took his frustrations out on her.
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ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืกื›ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื• ืขืœื™ื”.
11:52
Well, when she had her second daughter,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื” ืืช ื‘ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
11:54
her mother in-law told her son,
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ื—ืžืชื” ืืžืจื” ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื”,
11:57
"I think you'd better get a second wife.
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"ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืชื™ืงื— ืœืš ืื™ืฉื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.
11:59
Saima's not going to produce you a son."
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ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืš ื‘ืŸ."
12:03
This is when she had her second daughter.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืœื”.
12:05
At the time, there was
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื”
12:07
a microlending group in the village
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื ื•ืชื ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืคืจ
12:09
that gave her a 65-dollar loan.
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ืฉื ืชื ื” ืœื” ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœ 65 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
12:12
Saima took that money,
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ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืœืงื—ื” ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื”,
12:15
and she started an embroidery business.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืกืง ื‘ืจืงืžื”.
12:18
The merchants liked her embroidery; it sold very well,
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ื”ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉืœื” ; ื”ืŸ ื ืžื›ืจื• ื™ืคื” ืžืื•ื“,
12:20
and they kept asking for more.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืขื•ื“.
12:22
And when she couldn't produce enough,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง,
12:24
she hired other women in the village.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืจื” ื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžื”ื›ืคืจ.
12:26
Pretty soon she had 30 women in the village
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ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ื›- 30 ื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื›ืคืจ
12:29
working for her embroidery business.
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ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืขืกืง ื”ืจืงืžื” ืฉืœื”.
12:31
And then,
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ื•ืื–,
12:33
when she had to transport all of the embroidery goods
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืืœืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื”
12:36
from the village to the marketplace,
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ืžื”ื›ืคืจ ืืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง,
12:38
she needed someone to help her do the transport,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื˜ืจื›ื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”,
12:40
so she hired her husband.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืจื” ืืช ื‘ืขืœื”.
12:42
So now they're in it together.
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
12:44
He does the transportation and distribution,
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืื’ ืœืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืœื”ืคืฆื”,
12:46
and she does the production and sourcing.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืื’ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื›ื—-ื”ืื“ื.
12:48
And now they have a third daughter,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ืช ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช,
12:51
and the daughters, all of them, are being tutored in education
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ื•ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืŸ, ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื”
12:54
because Saima knows what's really important.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื” ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
12:57
Which brings me to the final element, which is education.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื›ืœื”.
13:01
Larry Summers, when he was chief economist at the World Bank,
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ืœืืจื™ ืกืืžืจืก, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™,
13:04
once said that, "It may well be
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ืืžืจ ืคืขื ืฉ "ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
13:07
that the highest return on investment
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ืฉื”ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืงืขื”
13:09
in the developing world
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืชืคืชื—
13:11
is in girls' education."
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืœืช ื ืฉื™ื."
13:14
Let me tell you about Beatrice Biira.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืื˜ืจื™ืก ื‘ื™ื™ืืจื”.
13:16
Beatrice was living in Uganda
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ื‘ื™ืื˜ืจื™ืก ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื”
13:19
near the Congo border,
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ืœื™ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื•,
13:21
and like Dai Manju, she didn't go to school.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื“ืื™ ืžืื ื’'ื•, ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ.
13:23
Actually, she had never been to school,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ,
13:26
not to a lick, one day.
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ืœื ืœืฉื ื™ื”, ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“.
13:28
Her parents, again, said,
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ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”, ืฉื•ื‘, ืืžืจื•;
13:30
"Why should we spend the money on her?
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"ืœืžื” ืฉื ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœื™ื”?
13:32
She's going to spend most of her life lugging water back and forth."
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ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกื—ื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ื ืžื”ื‘ืืจ ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ืฉื•ื‘."
13:35
Well, it just so happens, at that time,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžืงืจื”, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
13:38
there was a group in Connecticut
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ืงื˜
13:41
called the Niantic Community Church Group in Connecticut.
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช "ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื ื™ืื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ืงื˜".
13:44
They made a donation to an organization
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ื”ื ืชืจืžื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ
13:46
based in Arkansas
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ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืืจืงื ืกื•
13:48
called Heifer International.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืคื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™.
13:50
Heifer sent two goats to Africa.
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ื”ืคื™ื™ืจ ืฉืœื— ืฉืชื™ ืขื™ื–ื™ื ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”.
13:53
One of them ended up with Beatrice's parents,
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืื˜ืจื™ืก.
13:56
and that goat had twins.
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ื•ืœืขื– ื”ื–ื• ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืชืื•ืžื•ืช.
13:58
The twins started producing milk.
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ื”ืชืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื—ืœื‘.
14:00
They sold the milk for cash.
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ื”ื ืžื›ืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ืกืฃ.
14:02
The cash started accumulating,
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ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ,
14:04
and pretty soon the parents said,
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ื•ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืืžืจื•,
14:06
"You know, we've got enough money. Let's send Beatrice to school."
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"ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ืกืฃ. ื‘ื•ื ื ืฉืœื— ืืช ื‘ื™ืื˜ืจื™ืก ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ."
14:09
So at nine years of age,
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ืื– ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืชืฉืข,
14:11
Beatrice started in first grade --
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ื‘ื™ืื˜ืจื™ืก ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื' --
14:13
after all, she'd never been to a lick of school --
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฉื ื™ื” --
14:15
with a six year-old.
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ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืฉ.
14:17
No matter, she was just delighted to be in school.
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื”, ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ืฉืจืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ.
14:19
She rocketed to the top of her class.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืจื™ืื” ืœืจืืฉ ื›ื™ืชืชื”.
14:21
She stayed at the top of her class
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ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืค ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ืชื”
14:24
through elementary school, middle school,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™, ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื”,
14:26
and then in high school,
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ื•ืื– ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
14:28
she scored brilliantly on the national examinations
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืงื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืจืฆื™ื•ืช,
14:31
so that she became the first person in her village,
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ื•ื›ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืคืจ,
14:34
ever, to come to the United States
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ืžืขื•ืœื, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
14:36
on scholarship.
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ืขืœ ืžืœื’ื”.
14:38
Two years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
14:40
she graduated from Connecticut College.
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ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืงื•ืœื’' ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ืงื˜.
14:43
On the day of her graduation,
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืฉืœื”,
14:45
she said, "I am the luckiest girl alive
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ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”: " ืื ื™ ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื ืขื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ืœ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
14:48
because of a goat."
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขื–."
14:50
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:52
And that goat was $120.
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ื•ื”ืขื– ื”ื–ื• ืขืœืชื” 120 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
14:54
So you see how transformative
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ืื– ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื™ืš
14:57
little bits of help can be.
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ืจืกื™ืกื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื–ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช.
14:59
But I want to give you a reality check.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื›ื ื‘ื“ืง ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
15:02
Look: U.S. aid, helping people is not easy,
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ืชืจืื•: ืกื™ื•ืข ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืœื ืงืœ.
15:05
and there have been books that have criticized U.S. aid.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจื• ืกื™ื•ืข ืžืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
15:08
There's Bill Easterly's book.
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืœ ืืกื˜ืจืœื™.
15:10
There's a book called "Dead Aid."
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ื™ืฉ ืกืคืจ ืฉื ืงืจื "ืขื–ืจื” ืžืชื”."
15:12
You know, the criticism is fair;
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช;
15:14
it isn't easy.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืงืœ.
15:16
You know, people say how
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืื™ืš
15:18
half of all water well projects, a year later, are failed.
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ื—ืฆื™ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืืจื•ืช ืžื™ื, ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื ื›ืฉืœื•.
15:20
When I was in Zimbabwe,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื–ื™ืžื‘ื•ื‘ืื”,
15:22
we were touring a place with the village chief --
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ืกื™ื™ืจื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ืคืจ --
15:24
he wanted to raise money for a secondary school --
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ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ื›ืกืฃ ืœื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ --
15:27
and there was some construction a few yards away,
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื” ื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืžืฉื,
15:29
and I said, "What's that?"
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, "ืžื” ื–ื”?"
15:31
He sort of mumbled.
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ื”ื•ื ืงืฆืช ื’ืžื’ื.
15:33
Turns out that it's a failed irrigation project.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ื›ื•ืฉืœ.
15:35
A few yards away was a failed chicken coop.
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ื›ืžื” ื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืžืฉื ืœื•ืœ ืฉื›ืฉืœ.
15:38
One year, all the chickens died, and no one wanted to put the chickens in there.
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช, ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืžืชื•, ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื.
15:41
It's true, but we think that you don't through the baby out with the bathwater;
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืœื ืžืฉืœื™ืš ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื™ ื”ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื”;
15:44
you actually improve.
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ืืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉืชืคืจ.
15:46
You learn from your mistakes, and you continuously improve.
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ืืชื” ืœื•ืžื“ ืžื”ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœืš, ื•ืืชื” ืžืฉืชืคืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
15:49
We also think that individuals
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื
15:51
can make a difference, and they should,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ื•ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื,
15:54
because individuals, together,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื, ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
15:56
we can all help create a movement.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื ื•ืขื”.
15:59
And a movement of men and women
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ื•ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื
16:01
is what's needed to bring about social change,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
16:03
change that will address
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืคื ื”
16:06
this great moral challenge.
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ืœืืชื’ืจ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
16:08
So then, I ask,
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ืื–, ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœืช,
16:11
what's in it for you?
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ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื›ื ืžื–ื”?
16:13
You're probably asking that. Why should you care?
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ืืชื ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืช ื–ื”. ืœืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืื›ืคืช?
16:16
I will just leave you with two things.
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ืื ื™ ืจืง ืืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืขื ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
16:18
One is that research shows
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื
16:21
that once you have
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ืฉืžืจื’ืข
16:23
all of your material needs taken care of --
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ืฉื˜ื™ืคืœืชื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื --
16:26
which most of us, all of us, here in this room do --
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ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ื•, ื›ื•ืœื ื•, ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื˜ื™ืคืœื• --
16:29
research shows that
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉ
16:31
there are very few things in life
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ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื
16:33
that can actually elevate your level of happiness.
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ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœื›ื.
16:36
One of those things
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ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
16:38
is contributing to a cause larger than yourself.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืš.
16:43
And the second thing,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™.
16:45
it's an anecdote that I'll leave you with.
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ื–ื• ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืื™ืชื”.
16:47
And that is the story
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
16:49
of an aid worker in Darfur.
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ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ื“ืืจืคื•ืจ.
16:52
Here was a woman
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื™ืฉื”
16:54
who had worked in Darfur,
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ืฉืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืืจืคื•ืจ,
16:56
seeing things that no human being should see.
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ืจืืชื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื ื‘ืŸ-ืื ื•ืฉ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืจืื•ืช.
17:00
Throughout her time there,
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืฉื,
17:02
she was strong, she was steadfast.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื–ืงื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”.
17:05
She never broke down.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืฉื‘ืจื”.
17:08
And then she came back to the United States
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
17:10
and was on break, Christmas break.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ืคืกืงื”, ื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“.
17:12
She was in her grandmother's backyard,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืชื”,
17:15
and she saw something that made her break down in tears.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืจืืชื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื’ืจื ืœื” ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื‘ื“ืžืขื•ืช.
17:19
What that was
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”
17:21
was a bird feeder.
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ืฉื•ื‘ืš ื”ืื›ืœื” ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
17:24
And she realized that she had the great fortune
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื–ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
17:27
to be born in a country
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ืœื”ื•ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืืจืฅ
17:29
where we take security for granted,
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ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•.
17:32
where we not only can feed, clothe
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ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจืง ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืื›ื•ืœ, ืœื”ืœื‘ื™ืฉ
17:34
and house ourselves,
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ื•ืœืกืคืง ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื•,
17:37
but also provide for wild birds
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœืกืคืง ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืคืจื
17:40
so they don't go hungry in the winter.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ืจืขื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ.
17:44
And she realized that with that great fortune
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉืขื ื”ืžื–ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”
17:47
comes great responsibility.
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ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
17:50
And so, like her,
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ื• -- , ื›ืžื•ื”,
17:53
you, me,
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ืืชื, ืื ื™,
17:55
we have all won the lottery of life.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
17:58
And so the question becomes:
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช:
18:00
how do we discharge that responsibility?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ืžื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•?
18:03
So, here's the cause.
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ืื–, ื”ื ื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื”.
18:05
Join the movement.
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ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืชื ื•ืขื”.
18:07
Feel happier and help save the world.
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ืชืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืชืขื–ืจื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
18:10
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
18:12
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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