Sheryl WuDunn: Our century's greatest injustice

The global challenge that I want to talk to you about today

rarely makes the front pages.

It, however, is enormous

in both scale and importance.

Look, you all are very well traveled;

this is TEDGlobal after all.

But I do hope to take you to some places

you've never been to before.

So, let's start off in China.

This photo was taken two weeks ago.

Actually, one indication is that little boy on my husband's shoulders

has just graduated from high school.

(Laughter)

But this is Tiananmen Square.

Many of you have been there. It's not the real China.

Let me take you to the real China.

This is in the Dabian Mountains

in the remote part of Hubei province in central China.

Dai Manju is 13 years old at the time the story starts.

She lives with her parents,

her two brothers and her great-aunt.

They have a hut that has no electricity,

no running water,

no wristwatch, no bicycle.

And they share this great splendor

with a very large pig.

Dai Manju was in sixth grade when her parents said,

"We're going to pull you out of school

because the 13-dollar school fees are too much for us.

You're going to be spending the rest of your life in the rice paddies.

Why would we waste this money on you?"

This is what happens to girls in remote areas.

Turns out that Dai Manju was

the best pupil in her grade.

She still made the two-hour trek to the schoolhouse

and tried to catch every little bit of information

that seeped out of the doors.

We wrote about her in The New York Times.

We got a flood of donations --

mostly 13-dollar checks

because New York Times readers are very generous

in tiny amounts

(Laughter)

but then, we got a money transfer

for $10,000 --

really nice guy.

We turned the money over to that man there, the principal of the school.

He was delighted.

He thought, "Oh, I can renovate the school.

I can give scholarships to all the girls,

you know, if they work hard and stay in school.

So Dai Manju basically

finished out middle school.

She went to high school.

She went to vocational school for accounting.

She scouted for jobs down in Guangdong province in the south.

She found a job, she scouted for jobs

for her classmates and her friends.

She sent money back to her family.

They built a new house,

this time with running water,

electricity, a bicycle,

no pig.

What we saw was a natural experiment.

It is rare to get an exogenous investment

in girls' education.

And over the years, as we followed Dai Manju, we were able to see

that she was able to move out of a vicious cycle

and into a virtuous cycle.

She not only changed her own dynamic,

she changed her household, she changed her family, her village.

The village became a real standout.

Of course, most of China was flourishing at the time,

but they were able to get a road built

to link them up to the rest of China.

And that brings me to my first major

of two tenets of "Half the Sky."

And that is that

the central moral challenge

of this century

is gender inequity.

In the 19th century, it was slavery.

In the 20th century, it was totalitarianism.

The cause of our time

is the brutality that so many people

face around the world because of their gender.

So some of you may be thinking,

"Gosh, that's hyperbole.

She's exaggerating."

Well, let me ask you this question.

How many of you think there are more males or more females in the world?

Let me take a poll. How many of you think there are more males in the world?

Hands up, please.

How many of you think -- a few -- how many of you there are more females in the world?

Okay, most of you.

Well, you know this latter group, you're wrong.

There are, true enough,

in Europe and the West,

when women and men

have equal access to food and health care,

there are more women, we live longer.

But in most of the rest of the world, that's not the case.

In fact, demographers have shown

that there are anywhere between 60 million

and 100 million

missing females in the current population.

And, you know, it happens for several reasons.

For instance, in the last half-century,

more girls were discriminated to death

than all the people killed on all the battlefields

in the 20th century.

Sometimes it's also because of the sonogram.

Girls get aborted before they're even born

when there are scarce resources.

This girl here, for instance,

is in a feeding center in Ethiopia.

The entire center was filled with girls like her.

What's remarkable is that her brothers, in the same family,

were totally fine.

In India, in the first year of life,

from zero to one,

boy and girl babies basically survive at the same rate

because they depend upon the breast,

and the breast shows no son preference.

From one to five,

girls die at a 50 percent higher mortality rate

than boys, in all of India.

The second tenet of "Half the Sky"

is that, let's put aside the morality of all the right and wrong of it all,

and just on a purely practical level,

we think that

one of the best ways to fight poverty and to fight terrorism

is to educate girls

and to bring women into the formal labor force.

Poverty, for instance.

There are three reasons why this is the case.

For one, overpopulation is one of

the persistent causes of poverty.

And you know, when you educate a boy,

his family tends to have fewer kids,

but only slightly.

When you educate a girl,

she tends to have significantly fewer kids.

The second reason is

it has to do with spending.

It's kind of like the dirty, little secret of poverty,

which is that,

not only do poor people

take in very little income,

but also, the income that they take in,

they don't spend it very wisely,

and unfortunately, most of that spending is done by men.

So research has shown,

if you look at people who live under two dollars a day --

one metric of poverty --

two percent of that take-home pay

goes to this basket here, in education.

20 percent goes to a basket that is a combination of

alcohol, tobacco, sugary drinks --

and prostitution and festivals.

If you just take four percentage points

and put it into this basket,

you would have a transformative effect.

The last reason has to do

with women being part of the solution, not the problem.

You need to use scarce resources.

It's a waste of resources if you don't use someone like Dai Manju.

Bill Gates put it very well

when he was traveling through Saudi Arabia.

He was speaking to an audience much like yourselves.

However, two-thirds of the way there was a barrier.

On this side was men,

and then the barrier, and this side was women.

And someone from this side of the room got up and said,

"Mr. Gates, we have here as our goal in Saudi Arabia

to be one of the top 10 countries

when it comes to technology.

Do you think we'll make it?"

So Bill Gates, as he was staring out at the audience, he said,

"If you're not fully utilizing half the resources in your country,

there is no way you will get anywhere near the top 10."

So here is Bill of Arabia.

(Laughter)

So what would some of the specific challenges

look like?

I would say, on the top of the agenda

is sex trafficking.

And I'll just say two things about this.

The slavery at the peak of the slave trade

in the 1780s:

there were about 80,000 slaves

transported from Africa to the New World.

Now, modern slavery:

according to State Department rough statistics,

there are about 800,000 -- 10 times the number --

that are trafficked across international borders.

And that does not even include those

that are trafficked within country borders,

which is a substantial portion.

And if you look at

another factor, another contrast,

a slave back then is worth

about $40,000

in today's money.

Today, you can buy a girl trafficked

for a few hundred dollars,

which means she's actually more disposable.

But you know, there is progress being made

in places like Cambodia and Thailand.

We don't have to expect a world

where girls are bought and sold or killed.

The second item on the agenda

is maternal mortality.

You know, childbirth in this part of the world

is a wonderful event.

In Niger, one in seven women

can expect to die during childbirth.

Around the world,

one woman dies every minute and a half from childbirth.

You know, it's not as though

we don't have the technological solution,

but these women have three strikes against them:

they are poor, they are rural

and they are female.

You know, for every woman who does die,

there are 20 who survive

but end up with an injury.

And the most devastating injury

is obstetric fistula.

It's a tearing during obstructed labor

that leaves a woman incontinent.

Let me tell you about Mahabuba.

She lives in Ethiopia.

She was married against her will at age 13.

She got pregnant, ran to the bush to have the baby,

but you know, her body was very immature,

and she ended up having obstructed labor.

The baby died, and she ended up with a fistula.

So that meant she was incontinent;

she couldn't control her wastes.

In a word, she stank.

The villagers thought she was cursed; they didn't know what to do with her.

So finally, they put her at the edge of the village in a hut.

They ripped off the door

so that the hyenas would get her at night.

That night, there was a stick in the hut.

She fought off the hyenas with that stick.

And the next morning,

she knew if she could get to a nearby village where there was a foreign missionary,

she would be saved.

Because she had some damage to her nerves,

she crawled all the way -- 30 miles --

to that doorstep, half dead.

The foreign missionary opened the door,

knew exactly what had happened,

took her to a nearby fistula hospital in Addis Ababa,

and she was repaired

with a 350-dollar operation.

The doctors and nurses there noticed

that she was not only a survivor,

she was really clever, and they made her a nurse.

So now, Mahabuba,

she is saving the lives

of hundreds, thousands, of women.

She has become part of the solution, not the problem.

She's moved out of a vicious cycle

and into a virtuous cycle.

I've talked about some of the challenges,

let me talk about some of the solutions,

and there are predictable solutions.

I've hinted at them: education

and also economic opportunity.

So of course, when you educate a girl,

she tends to get married later on in life,

she tends to have kids later on in life, she tends to have fewer kids,

and those kids that she does have,

she educates them in a more enlightened fashion.

With economic opportunity,

it can be transformative.

Let me tell you about Saima.

She lives in a small village outside Lahore, Pakistan.

And at the time, she was miserable.

She was beaten every single day

by her husband, who was unemployed.

He was kind of a gambler type -- and unemployable, therefore --

and took his frustrations out on her.

Well, when she had her second daughter,

her mother in-law told her son,

"I think you'd better get a second wife.

Saima's not going to produce you a son."

This is when she had her second daughter.

At the time, there was

a microlending group in the village

that gave her a 65-dollar loan.

Saima took that money,

and she started an embroidery business.

The merchants liked her embroidery; it sold very well,

and they kept asking for more.

And when she couldn't produce enough,

she hired other women in the village.

Pretty soon she had 30 women in the village

working for her embroidery business.

And then,

when she had to transport all of the embroidery goods

from the village to the marketplace,

she needed someone to help her do the transport,

so she hired her husband.

So now they're in it together.

He does the transportation and distribution,

and she does the production and sourcing.

And now they have a third daughter,

and the daughters, all of them, are being tutored in education

because Saima knows what's really important.

Which brings me to the final element, which is education.

Larry Summers, when he was chief economist at the World Bank,

once said that, "It may well be

that the highest return on investment

in the developing world

is in girls' education."

Let me tell you about Beatrice Biira.

Beatrice was living in Uganda

near the Congo border,

and like Dai Manju, she didn't go to school.

Actually, she had never been to school,

not to a lick, one day.

Her parents, again, said,

"Why should we spend the money on her?

She's going to spend most of her life lugging water back and forth."

Well, it just so happens, at that time,

there was a group in Connecticut

called the Niantic Community Church Group in Connecticut.

They made a donation to an organization

based in Arkansas

called Heifer International.

Heifer sent two goats to Africa.

One of them ended up with Beatrice's parents,

and that goat had twins.

The twins started producing milk.

They sold the milk for cash.

The cash started accumulating,

and pretty soon the parents said,

"You know, we've got enough money. Let's send Beatrice to school."

So at nine years of age,

Beatrice started in first grade --

after all, she'd never been to a lick of school --

with a six year-old.

No matter, she was just delighted to be in school.

She rocketed to the top of her class.

She stayed at the top of her class

through elementary school, middle school,

and then in high school,

she scored brilliantly on the national examinations

so that she became the first person in her village,

ever, to come to the United States

on scholarship.

Two years ago,

she graduated from Connecticut College.

On the day of her graduation,

she said, "I am the luckiest girl alive

because of a goat."

(Laughter)

And that goat was $120.

So you see how transformative

little bits of help can be.

But I want to give you a reality check.

Look: U.S. aid, helping people is not easy,

and there have been books that have criticized U.S. aid.

There's Bill Easterly's book.

There's a book called "Dead Aid."

You know, the criticism is fair;

it isn't easy.

You know, people say how

half of all water well projects, a year later, are failed.

When I was in Zimbabwe,

we were touring a place with the village chief --

he wanted to raise money for a secondary school --

and there was some construction a few yards away,

and I said, "What's that?"

He sort of mumbled.

Turns out that it's a failed irrigation project.

A few yards away was a failed chicken coop.

One year, all the chickens died, and no one wanted to put the chickens in there.

It's true, but we think that you don't through the baby out with the bathwater;

you actually improve.

You learn from your mistakes, and you continuously improve.

We also think that individuals

can make a difference, and they should,

because individuals, together,

we can all help create a movement.

And a movement of men and women

is what's needed to bring about social change,

change that will address

this great moral challenge.

So then, I ask,

what's in it for you?

You're probably asking that. Why should you care?

I will just leave you with two things.

One is that research shows

that once you have

all of your material needs taken care of --

which most of us, all of us, here in this room do --

research shows that

there are very few things in life

that can actually elevate your level of happiness.

One of those things

is contributing to a cause larger than yourself.

And the second thing,

it's an anecdote that I'll leave you with.

And that is the story

of an aid worker in Darfur.

Here was a woman

who had worked in Darfur,

seeing things that no human being should see.

Throughout her time there,

she was strong, she was steadfast.

She never broke down.

And then she came back to the United States

and was on break, Christmas break.

She was in her grandmother's backyard,

and she saw something that made her break down in tears.

What that was

was a bird feeder.

And she realized that she had the great fortune

to be born in a country

where we take security for granted,

where we not only can feed, clothe

and house ourselves,

but also provide for wild birds

so they don't go hungry in the winter.

And she realized that with that great fortune

comes great responsibility.

And so, like her,

you, me,

we have all won the lottery of life.

And so the question becomes:

how do we discharge that responsibility?

So, here's the cause.

Join the movement.

Feel happier and help save the world.

Thank you very much.

(Applause)