The illusion of consciousness | Dan Dennett

1,737,079 views ใƒป 2007-05-03

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Avihu Turzion ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™:
00:26
So I'm going to speak about a problem that I have
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00:29
and that's that I'm a philosopher.
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ืื ื™ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ.
00:32
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:34
When I go to a party and people ask me what do I do
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื ืœืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ืกืง,
00:37
and I say, "I'm a professor," their eyes glaze over.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ื ื”: "ืื ื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ", ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžื–ื“ื’ื’ื•ืช.
00:42
When I go to an academic cocktail party
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืืงื“ืžืื™ื,
00:44
and there are all the professors around, they ask me what field I'm in
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืžื” ื”ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœื™
ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ื ื”: "ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”" - ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžื–ื“ื’ื’ื•ืช.
00:48
and I say, "philosophy" -- their eyes glaze over.
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00:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:53
When I go to a philosopher's party
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื...
00:56
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื•ื”ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ืžื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ื ื”: "ืชื•ื“ืขื”",
00:59
and they ask me what I work on and I say, "consciousness,"
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01:03
their eyes don't glaze over -- their lips curl into a snarl.
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ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœื ืžื–ื“ื’ื’ื•ืช;
ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื.
01:08
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:09
And I get hoots of derision and cackles and growls
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื•ืคื’ ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื•ื–, ืœืขื’, ื’ื™ื—ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืช,
01:15
because they think, "That's impossible! You can't explain consciousness."
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, "ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืคืฉืจื™! ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืชื•ื“ืขื”."
01:20
The very chutzpah of somebody thinking
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ื‘ื›ืœืœ, "ื”ื—ื•ืฆืคื”" ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ
01:22
that you could explain consciousness is just out of the question.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืชื•ื“ืขื” - ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื ื•ื—, ื‘ื•ื‘ ื ื•ื–ื™ืง, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ,
01:26
My late, lamented friend Bob Nozick, a fine philosopher,
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืกืคืจื™ื•, "ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื,"
01:30
in one of his books, "Philosophical Explanations,"
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01:34
is commenting on the ethos of philosophy --
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ืžืขื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืชื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” --
ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื -- ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ,
01:39
the way philosophers go about their business.
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01:41
And he says, you know, "Philosophers love rational argument."
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"ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื."
01:45
And he says, "It seems as if the ideal argument
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ, "ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™
01:47
for most philosophers is you give your audience the premises
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"ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœืงื”ืœ ืฉืœืš ื”ื ื—ื”,
01:53
and then you give them the inferences and the conclusion,
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"ื•ืื– ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืงืฉ ื•ืืช ื”ืžืกืงื ื”,
"ื•ืื ื”ื ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืงื ื”, ื”ื ืžืชื™ื!
01:58
and if they don't accept the conclusion, they die.
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02:02
Their heads explode." The idea is to have an argument
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"ื”ืจืืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆื™ื."
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื—ื–ืง,
02:05
that is so powerful that it knocks out your opponents.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื.
ืืš ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:09
But in fact that doesn't change people's minds at all.
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ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชื•ื“ืขื”,
02:12
It's very hard to change people's minds
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02:13
about something like consciousness,
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02:15
and I finally figured out the reason for that.
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ื•ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš.
ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœืชื•ื“ืขื”.
02:20
The reason for that is that everybody's an expert on consciousness.
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ืฉืžืขื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘.
02:24
We heard the other day that everybody's got a strong opinion about video games.
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02:28
They all have an idea for a video game, even if they're not experts.
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉื—ืง ืžื—ืฉื‘, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื•ืžื—ื”.
02:31
But they don't consider themselves experts on video games;
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘,
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจืง ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื•ืช.
02:34
they've just got strong opinions.
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02:35
I'm sure that people here who work on, say, climate change
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื ื ื™ื—,
ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช, ืื• ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
02:40
and global warming, or on the future of the Internet,
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ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื•ืช ืžืื“
02:45
encounter people who have very strong opinions
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื.
02:47
about what's going to happen next.
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02:50
But they probably don't think of these opinions as expertise.
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ืืš ื”ื ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื“ืขื•ืช ืืœื• ื›ืืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช.
ืืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื•ืช.
02:54
They're just strongly held opinions.
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02:56
But with regard to consciousness, people seem to think,
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ืืš ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื”, ื ืจืื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื...
03:00
each of us seems to think, "I am an expert.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘: "ืื ื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื”.
03:03
Simply by being conscious, I know all about this."
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"ืžืขืฆื ื–ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ืข, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ."
03:06
And so, you tell them your theory and they say,
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ืื– ืืชื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœืš,
ื•ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ืœื, ืœื, ื›ื›ื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืชื•ื“ืขื”!
03:08
"No, no, that's not the way consciousness is!
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03:09
No, you've got it all wrong."
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"ืœื, ื‘ืœื‘ืœืช ืคื” ื”ื›ื•ืœ."
03:11
And they say this with an amazing confidence.
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ื•ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
03:15
And so what I'm going to try to do today
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื
03:17
is to shake your confidence. Because I know the feeling --
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ื”ื•ื ืœืขืจืขืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื. ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” --
ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื™.
03:20
I can feel it myself.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืจืขืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื
03:22
I want to shake your confidence that you know your own innermost minds --
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื ื‘ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื --
ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืืชื ืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื›ื.
03:28
that you are, yourselves, authoritative about your own consciousness.
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03:33
That's the order of the day here.
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ื–ื” ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืืŸ.
03:36
Now, this nice picture shows a thought-balloon, a thought-bubble.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื ื—ืžื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืจืื” ื‘ืœื•ืŸ-ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”. ื‘ื•ืขืช-ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”.
03:39
I think everybody understands what that means.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ.
03:41
That's supposed to exhibit the stream of consciousness.
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ื–ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื–ืจื ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
03:44
This is my favorite picture of consciousness that's ever been done.
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ื–ื”ื• ืื™ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืื™-ืคืขื.
03:46
It's a Saul Steinberg of course -- it was a New Yorker cover.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืฉืขืจ ื”"ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืงืจ".
03:49
And this fellow here is looking at the painting by Braque.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืืง.
ื•ื–ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื• "ื‘ืจื•ืง", "ื‘ืจืง", "ื‘ืืจืง" (ื ื‘ื™ื—ื”), ื›ืœื‘ ืคื•ื“ืœ,
03:54
That reminds him of the word baroque, barrack, bark, poodle,
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03:58
Suzanne R. -- he's off to the races.
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ืกื•ื–ืืŸ ืจ. -- ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
04:00
There's a wonderful stream of consciousness here
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื–ืจื ื ืคืœื ืฉืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื”
04:04
and if you follow it along, you learn a lot about this man.
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ื•ืื ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ.
ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ื“ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืžืื“ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,
04:08
What I particularly like about this picture, too,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ
04:10
is that Steinberg has rendered the guy
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04:12
in this sort of pointillist style.
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ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช,
ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื ื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืงืก ืืžืจ ืืชืžื•ืœ:
04:15
Which reminds us, as Rod Brooks was saying yesterday:
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04:18
what we are, what each of us is -- what you are, what I am --
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ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื•, ืžื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• --
-- ืžื” ืฉืืชื, ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ --
ื”ื•ื ื›-100 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืชืื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
04:22
is approximately 100 trillion little cellular robots.
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04:28
That's what we're made of.
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ืžื–ื” ืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื.
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื—ืจ. ืื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืจืง ืžืชืื™ื,
04:30
No other ingredients at all. We're just made of cells, about 100 trillion of them.
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ื‘ืขืจืš 100 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืืœื”.
04:34
Not a single one of those cells is conscious;
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ืืฃ ืœื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื”,
04:36
not a single one of those cells knows who you are, or cares.
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ืืฃ ืชื ื›ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื™ ืืชื, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ื›ืคืช ืœื•.
04:41
Somehow, we have to explain
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ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
04:43
how when you put together teams, armies, battalions
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžื’ื‘ืฉ ื™ื—ื“ ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื, ืฆื‘ืื•ืช, ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ื
04:47
of hundreds of millions of little robotic unconscious cells --
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ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืชืื™ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืชื•ื“ืขื” --
04:51
not so different really from a bacterium, each one of them --
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ืœื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื --
04:55
the result is this. I mean, just look at it.
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื•. ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
04:59
The content -- there's color, there's ideas, there's memories,
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ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ -- ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืฆื‘ืข, ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
05:03
there's history. And somehow all that content of consciousness
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ื•ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•, ื›ืœ ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื–ื•
ืžื•ืฉื’ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
05:07
is accomplished by the busy activity of those hoards of neurons.
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™?
05:12
How is that possible? Many people just think it isn't possible at all.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืคืฉืจื™.
ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื: "ืœื, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื ื˜ื•ืจืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ืœืชื•ื“ืขื”."
05:16
They think, "No, there can't be any
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05:18
sort of naturalistic explanation of consciousness."
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ื–ื” ืกืคืจ ื ื—ืžื“ ืžืื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™, ืœื™ ืกื™ื’ืœ,
05:22
This is a lovely book by a friend of mine named Lee Siegel,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืจืฆื” ืœื“ืชื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ื•ื•ืื™,
05:25
who's a professor of religion, actually, at the University of Hawaii,
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ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืกื ืžื•ืžื—ื”
05:28
and he's an expert magician, and an expert
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ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ืงืกื ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืกืคืจ,
05:30
on the street magic of India, which is what this book is about,
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05:34
"Net of Magic."
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"ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืงืกื"
05:36
And there's a passage in it which I would love to share with you.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืคื™ืกืงื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขืžื›ื.
05:39
It speaks so eloquently to the problem.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืจื”ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืจื‘ื”.
05:45
"'I'm writing a book on magic,' I explain, and I'm asked, 'Real magic?'
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"'ืื ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืงืกื,' ืื ื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ, ื•ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™, 'ืงืกื ืืžื™ืชื™?'
05:50
By 'real magic,' people mean miracles,
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"ื‘'ืงืกื ืืžื™ืชื™', ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื™ืกื™ื,
05:52
thaumaturgical acts, and supernatural powers.
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"ื›ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื.
05:54
'No,' I answer. 'Conjuring tricks, not real magic.'
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"'ืœื,' ืื ื™ ืขื•ื ื”. 'ืื—ื™ื–ืช-ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืœื ืงืกื ืืžื™ืชื™.'
05:58
'Real magic,' in other words, refers to the magic that is not real;
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"ืงืกื ืืžื™ืชื™, ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืงืกื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืืžื™ืชื™,
06:02
while the magic that is real, that can actually be done, is not real magic."
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"ื•ืื™ืœื• ืงืกื ืืžื™ืชื™, ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข,
"ืื™ื ื ื• ืงืกื ืืžื™ืชื™."
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:07
(Laughter)
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ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืชื•ื“ืขื”.
06:11
Now, that's the way a lot of people feel about consciousness.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:15
(Laughter)
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06:16
Real consciousness is not a bag of tricks.
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ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืฉืง ืžืœื ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ื.
06:18
If you're going to explain this as a bag of tricks,
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ืื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืชืืจ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืฉืง ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ื,
06:20
then it's not real consciousness, whatever it is.
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ืื– ื–ื• ืœื ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”.
06:23
And, as Marvin said, and as other people have said,
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ื•ืžืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืืžืจื•:
06:29
"Consciousness is a bag of tricks."
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"ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืื›ืŸ ืฉืง ืžืœื ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ื."
ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื-ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืกืคืงื ื™ื™ื
06:32
This means that a lot of people are just left completely dissatisfied
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06:37
and incredulous when I attempt to explain consciousness.
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
06:40
So this is the problem. So I have to
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ืื– ื–ื• ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”. ืื– ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืกื•ืช
06:43
do a little bit of the sort of work
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงืฆืช ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
06:46
that a lot of you won't like,
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ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื,
ืžืื•ืชื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื™ื ื›ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืงืกื.
06:50
for the same reason that you don't like to see
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06:52
a magic trick explained to you.
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06:54
How many of you here, if somebody -- some smart aleck --
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื›ืืŸ, ืื -- ืื ืื™ื–ื” ื—ื›ืžื•ืœื•ื’ --
06:58
starts telling you how a particular magic trick is done,
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืงืกื ืžืกื•ื™ื,
07:01
you sort of want to block your ears and say, "No, no, I don't want to know!
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืกืชื•ื ืืช ื”ืื–ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื•ืžืจ: "ืœื, ืื™ื ื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข!
07:04
Don't take the thrill of it away. I'd rather be mystified.
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"ืืœ ืชื™ืงื— ืžืžื ื™ ืืช ื”ืจื™ื’ื•ืฉ. ืื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ.
07:07
Don't tell me the answer."
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"ืืœ ืชื’ืœื” ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”."
ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื›ืš ืœืชื•ื“ืขื”.
07:10
A lot of people feel that way about consciousness, I've discovered.
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07:13
And I'm sorry if I impose some clarity, some understanding on you.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื ืื ื™ ื›ื•ืคื” ืขืœื™ื›ื ืงืฆืช ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื ื”.
07:19
You'd better leave now if you don't want to know some of these tricks.
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ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืชืœื›ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
ืื ืื™ื ื›ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
07:24
But I'm not going to explain it all to you.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ื”ื›ืœ.
ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
07:28
I'm going to do what philosophers do.
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07:31
Here's how a philosopher explains the sawing-the-lady-in-half trick.
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ื›ืš ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ืง ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ืจ ืืฉื” ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื.
ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ืง ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ืจ ืืฉื” ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื?
07:37
You know the sawing-the-lady-in-half trick?
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07:39
The philosopher says, "I'm going to explain to you how that's done.
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ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ: "ืืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื”.
07:43
You see, the magician doesn't really saw the lady in half."
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"ื”ืงื•ืกื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื ืกืจ ืืช ื”ืืฉื” ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื."
07:48
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:50
"He merely makes you think that he does."
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"ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกืจ ืื•ืชื”."
ื•ืืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื: "ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช?"
07:54
And you say, "Yes, and how does he do that?"
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07:55
He says, "Oh, that's not my department, I'm sorry."
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื ื”: "ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœื™, ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ."
07:57
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:02
So now I'm going to illustrate how philosophers explain consciousness.
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื“ื’ื™ื ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
08:05
But I'm going to try to also show you
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ืืš ืื ื™ ื’ื ืื ืกื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
08:08
that consciousness isn't quite as marvelous --
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ืฉื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืื™ื ื ื” ื›ื” ื ืคืœืื” --
08:11
your own consciousness isn't quite as wonderful --
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ืฉื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื›ื ืœื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื ื”ื“ืจืช
08:13
as you may have thought it is.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืฉื”ื™ื.
08:15
This is something, by the way, that Lee Siegel talks about in his book.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื•, ืื’ื‘, ืฉืœื™ ืกื™ื’ืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื•.
08:19
He marvels at how he'll do a magic show, and afterwards
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืœื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื•ืคืข ืงืกืžื™ื, ื•ืื—"ื›
08:23
people will swear they saw him do X, Y, and Z. He never did those things.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืจืื• ืื•ืชื• ืขื•ืฉื” ื, ื‘, ื•-ื’',
ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื.
08:27
He didn't even try to do those things.
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ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื ื™ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื.
08:29
People's memories inflate what they think they saw.
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ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื ืคื— ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืจืื•.
08:33
And the same is true of consciousness.
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
08:36
Now, let's see if this will work. All right. Let's just watch this.
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ื›ืขืช ื ืจืื” ืื ื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“.
ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื‘ื•ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืฆืคื” ื‘ื–ื”.
ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
08:43
Watch it carefully.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื ืืžืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉื” ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช
08:56
I'm working with a young computer-animator documentarian
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื ื™ืง ื“ื™ืžืจ,
08:59
named Nick Deamer, and this is a little demo that he's done for me,
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื™,
09:04
part of a larger project some of you may be interested in.
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ื—ืœืง ืžืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื—ืœืงื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ืชืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื•.
09:07
We're looking for a backer.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื ื•ืชืŸ-ื—ืกื•ืช.
09:10
It's a feature-length documentary on consciousness.
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ื–ื” ืกืจื˜ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืžืœื ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
09:14
OK, now, you all saw what changed, right?
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืจืื™ืชื ืžื” ื”ืฉืชื ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื–ื™ื”ื• ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื™ื ื” ืฆื‘ืข?
09:20
How many of you noticed that every one of those squares changed color?
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09:25
Every one. I'll just show you by running it again.
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ื›ื•ืœื. ืืจื™ืฅ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืืจืื” ืœื›ื.
ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืฆื‘ืข,
09:34
Even when you know that they're all going to change color,
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ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘.
09:39
it's very hard to notice. You have to really concentrate
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืžืฉ ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื.
09:43
to pick up any of the changes at all.
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09:46
Now, this is an example -- one of many --
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ื–ืืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื” -- ืื—ืช ืžื™ื ื™ ืจื‘ื•ืช --
09:51
of a phenomenon that's now being studied quite a bit.
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ืฉืœ ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื ื—ืงืจืช ื›ืขืช ืœื ืžืขื˜.
09:53
It's one that I predicted in the last page or two of my
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ื–ื• ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื—ื–ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ ืž-1991,
09:57
1991 book, "Consciousness Explained,"
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"ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”: ื”ืกื‘ืจ",
09:59
where I said if you did experiments of this sort,
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ืฉื‘ื• ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉืื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
10:02
you'd find that people were unable to pick up really large changes.
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ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
10:05
If there's time at the end,
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ืื ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื–ืžืŸ,
10:07
I'll show you the much more dramatic case.
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ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืžืงืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™.
10:10
Now, how can it be that there are all those changes going on,
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ืื™ืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื,
10:15
and that we're not aware of them?
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ื•ืื ื• ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ื?
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื•ื,
10:18
Well, earlier today, Jeff Hawkins mentioned the way your eye saccades,
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ื’'ืฃ ื”ื•ืงื™ื ืก ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื•ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ,
10:23
the way your eye moves around three or four times a second.
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืžืชื•ืจืฆืฆืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื• ืืจื‘ืข ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”.
10:26
He didn't mention the speed. Your eye is constantly in motion,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชืžื“ืช,
10:29
moving around, looking at eyes, noses, elbows,
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ืžืชืจื•ืฆืฆืช, ืžืกืชื›ืœืช ืขืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืืคื™ื, ืžืจืคืงื™ื,
10:32
looking at interesting things in the world.
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ืžืกืชื›ืœืช ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
10:34
And where your eye isn't looking,
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ืช,
10:36
you're remarkably impoverished in your vision.
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ืืชื ืžืžืฉ ืœืงื•ื™ื™ ืจืื™ื™ื”.
10:39
That's because the foveal part of your eye,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืฉืงืข ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื,
10:42
which is the high-resolution part,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœืง ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
10:44
is only about the size of your thumbnail held at arms length.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืจืžืช ื‘ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฉื˜ืช.
10:47
That's the detail part.
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ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื.
ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ... ื–ื” ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ื›ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
10:49
It doesn't seem that way, does it?
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10:52
It doesn't seem that way, but that's the way it is.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ื›ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ื” ื–ื”.
10:54
You're getting in a lot less information than you think.
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ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
10:58
Here's a completely different effect. This is a painting by Bellotto.
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ื”ื ื” ืืคืงื˜ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื–ื” ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•.
11:04
It's in the museum in North Carolina.
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ื–ื” ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”.
11:06
Bellotto was a student of Canaletto's.
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ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื• ื”ื™ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื ืœื˜ื•.
ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” --
11:09
And I love paintings like that --
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11:10
the painting is actually about as big as it is right here.
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ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื’ ื›ืืŸ.
ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื ืœื˜ื•, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืคืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื,
11:14
And I love Canalettos, because Canaletto has this fantastic detail,
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11:17
and you can get right up
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืžืžืฉ ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘
11:20
and see all the details on the painting.
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ.
11:23
And I started across the hall in North Carolina,
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ื•ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืกื“ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”,
ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื— ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืงื ืœื˜ื•,
11:28
because I thought it was probably a Canaletto,
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11:30
and would have all that in detail.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื.
11:32
And I noticed that on the bridge there, there's a lot of people --
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ื•ืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘ ืฉืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื --
11:35
you can just barely see them walking across the bridge.
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ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื. ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ.
ื•ื›ืฉื”ืชืงืจื‘ืชื™, ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™
11:38
And I thought as I got closer
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11:39
I would be able to see all the detail of most people,
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ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
11:42
see their clothes, and so forth.
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ืืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื›ื•'.
11:44
And as I got closer and closer, I actually screamed.
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืชืงืจื‘ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืžืฉ ืฆืจื—ืชื™.
ืฆืจื—ืชื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืฉื”ืชืงืจื‘ืชื™,
11:48
I yelled out because when I got closer,
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11:50
I found the detail wasn't there at all.
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื.
ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืจืง ื›ืชืžื™ ืฆื‘ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื• ื‘ื™ื“-ืืžืŸ.
11:54
There were just little artfully placed blobs of paint.
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ,
11:58
And as I walked towards the picture,
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ืฆื™ืคื™ืชื™ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื.
12:01
I was expecting detail that wasn't there.
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12:04
The artist had very cleverly suggested people and clothes
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ื”ืืžืŸ, ื‘ืคื™ืงื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื ืชืŸ ืจืžื–ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื
12:09
and wagons and all sorts of things,
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ื•ืœืขื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื™ ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืข.
12:12
and my brain had taken the suggestion.
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12:15
You're familiar with a more recent technology, which is -- There,
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ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื -- ื”ื ื”.
ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืชืžื™ื.
12:21
you can get a better view of the blobs.
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12:23
See, when you get close
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ืจื•ืื™ื, ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื
12:25
they're really just blobs of paint.
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ื”ื ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื›ืชืžื™ ืฆื‘ืข.
12:30
You will have seen something like this -- this is the reverse effect.
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ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื” -- ื–ื” ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืคื•ืš.
12:44
I'll just give that to you one more time.
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ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื” ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช.
12:47
Now, what does your brain do when it takes the suggestion?
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ืžื” ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื›ื ืข?
12:54
When an artful blob of paint or two, by an artist,
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ื›ืฉื›ืชื ืฆื‘ืข ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžืŸ,
12:59
suggests a person -- say, one of
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ืžืจืžื–ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืŸ-ืื“ื, ื ื ื™ื—,
ื”ืื ืž"ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืœ" ืฉืœ ืžืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืงื™
13:05
Marvin Minsky's little society of mind --
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13:07
do they send little painters out to fill in all the details in your brain somewhere?
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ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืืœื™ื›ื ืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืžืœืื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืกืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—ื›ื?
ืœื ื ืจืื” ืœื™. ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™. ืื– ืื™ืš ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื”?
13:12
I don't think so. Not a chance. But then, how on Earth is it done?
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13:17
Well, remember the philosopher's explanation of the lady?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืืฉื” ื”ืžื ื•ืกืจืช?
ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
13:22
It's the same thing.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืจืง ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื.
13:25
The brain just makes you think that it's got the detail there.
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13:28
You think the detail's there, but it isn't there.
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ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื.
ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืœืจืืฉื›ื,
13:31
The brain isn't actually putting the detail in your head at all.
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ืืœื ืจืง ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื.
13:34
It's just making you expect the detail.
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13:37
Let's just do this experiment very quickly.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื”ืจ.
13:40
Is the shape on the left the same as the shape on the right, rotated?
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ื”ืื ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืฉืžืืœ ื–ื”ื” ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ืช?
13:45
Yes.
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ื›ืŸ.
13:47
How many of you did it by rotating the one on the left
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ืข"ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืฉืžืืœ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื•ื—ื›ื,
13:49
in your mind's eye, to see if it matched up with the one on the right?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ื™ื ื–ื”ื” ืœื–ื• ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ?
ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื• ืืช ื–ื• ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ?
13:52
How many of you rotated the one on the right? OK.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
ืื™ืš ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื?
13:56
How do you know that's what you did?
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13:58
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:01
There's in fact been a very interesting debate
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืžืื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
14:03
raging for over 20 years in cognitive science --
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ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืžื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-20 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื”ื›ืจื” --
ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืจื•ื’'ืจ ืฉืคืจื“,
14:06
various experiments started by Roger Shepherd,
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14:08
who measured the angular velocity of rotation of mental images.
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ืฉืžื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืช-ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘.
14:13
Yes, it's possible to do that.
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ื›ืŸ, ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
14:15
But the details of the process are still in significant controversy.
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ืื‘ืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช.
14:22
And if you read that literature, one of the things
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื•, ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
14:25
that you really have to come to terms with is
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ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื”ืชืจื’ืœ ืืœื™ื”ื, ื”ื•ื
14:28
even when you're the subject in the experiment, you don't know.
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ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืืชื ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™, ืืชื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
14:30
You don't know how you do it.
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ืื™ื ื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช.
14:32
You just know that you have certain beliefs.
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ืืชื ืจืง ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช.
14:35
And they come in a certain order, at a certain time.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื.
ื•ืžื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื?
14:38
And what explains the fact that that's what you think?
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14:40
Well, that's where you have to go backstage and ask the magician.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืืŸ ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื’ืฉืช ืืœ ืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืกื.
14:44
This is a figure that I love: Bradley, Petrie, and Dumais.
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ื–ื” ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘: ื‘ืจืื“ืœื™, ืคื˜ืจื™ ื•ื“ื•ืžืื™.
14:48
You may think that I've cheated,
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ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืจื™ืžื™ืชื™,
14:50
that I've put a little whiter-than-white boundary there.
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ืฉืฉืžืชื™ ื›ืืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœื‘ืŸ.
ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
14:55
How many of you see that sort of boundary,
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14:57
with the Necker cube floating in front of the circles?
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ืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืฉืช ืžืจื—ืคืช ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœื™ื?
15:00
Can you see it?
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
15:02
Well, you know, in effect, the boundary's really there, in a certain sense.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื.
15:07
Your brain is actually computing that boundary,
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
15:10
the boundary that goes right there.
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ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืžืฉ ืฉื.
ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
15:15
But now, notice there are two ways of seeing the cube, right?
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15:17
It's a Necker cube.
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ื–ืืช "ืงื•ื‘ื™ื™ืช ื ืงืจ".
15:19
Everybody can see the two ways of seeing the cube? OK.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืฉืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื”? ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
ืืชื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื˜ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื”?
15:23
Can you see the four ways of seeing the cube?
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15:27
Because there's another way of seeing it.
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช.
ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ืงื•ื‘ื™ื” ืฉืžืจื—ืคืช ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœื™ื,
15:29
If you're seeing it as a cube floating in front of some circles,
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15:32
some black circles, there's another way of seeing it.
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ื›ืžื” ืขื™ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช.
15:35
As a cube, on a black background,
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ื›ืงื•ื‘ื™ื”, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
15:37
as seen through a piece of Swiss cheese.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ื“ืจืš ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™ืช.
15:39
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื”? ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
15:42
Can you get it? How many of you can't get it? That'll help.
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ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:48
(Laughter)
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15:50
Now you can get it. These are two very different phenomena.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
ืืœื• ืฉืชื™ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื“.
15:55
When you see the cube one way, behind the screen,
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ื›ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช, ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžืกืš,
ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ืขืœืžื™ื.
16:01
those boundaries go away.
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16:03
But there's still a sort of filling in, as we can tell if we look at this.
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ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื”, ืืš ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืข?
16:08
We don't have any trouble seeing the cube, but where does the color change?
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16:12
Does your brain have to send little painters in there?
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ื”ืื ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœืฉื ืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื?
16:15
The purple-painters and the green-painters
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ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื
ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื™ ื™ืฆื‘ืข ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืกืš? ืœื.
16:17
fight over who's going to paint that bit behind the curtain? No.
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16:20
Your brain just lets it go. The brain doesn't need to fill that in.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื ื™ื— ืœื–ื”.
ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืœื ืืช ื–ื”.
ืื”ื”!
16:29
When I first started talking about
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ
ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืื“ืœื™, ืคื˜ืจื™ ื•ื“ื•ืžืื™, ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ืจืื™ืชื --
16:32
the Bradley, Petrie, Dumais example that you just saw --
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16:36
I'll go back to it, this one --
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ืื ื™ ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื”-- ื–ืืช,
ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉืœื ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ืžื™ืœื•ื™, ืฉื ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
16:40
I said that there was no filling-in behind there.
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16:47
And I supposed that that was just a flat truth, always true.
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ื•ื”ื ื—ืชื™ ืฉื–ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืžืช ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื” ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
16:50
But Rob Van Lier has recently shown that it isn't.
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ืืš ืจื•ื‘ ื•ืืŸ ืœื™ืจ ื”ืจืื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื›ืš.
16:55
Now, if you think you see some pale yellow --
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ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจ --
17:00
I'll run this a few more times.
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ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืืช ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื.
17:02
Look in the gray areas,
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ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืืคื•ืจ,
17:06
and see if you seem to see something sort of shadowy moving in there --
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ื•ืชืจืื• ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฆืœืœื™ืช ืฉื ืขื” ืฉื --
17:11
yeah, it's amazing. There's nothing there. It's no trick.
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ื›ืŸ! ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื›ืœื•ื. ื–ื” ืœื ืชืขืœื•ืœ.
17:18
["Failure to Detect Changes in Scenes" slide]
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["ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืฆื ื”"] [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
ื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืŸ ืจื ื–ื™ื ืง, ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ืฉืจืื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช
17:24
This is Ron Rensink's work, which was in some degree
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17:26
inspired by that suggestion right at the end of the book.
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ืžื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกืคืจ.
17:30
Let me just pause this for a second if I can.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืœืฉื ื™ื” ืื ืื•ื›ืœ.
17:32
This is change-blindness.
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ื–ื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ-ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
17:34
What you're going to see is two pictures,
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ืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช,
17:36
one of which is slightly different from the other.
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ืฉืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
17:38
You see here the red roof and the gray roof,
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ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ื’ ื”ืืคื•ืจ ื•ื”ื’ื’ ื”ืื“ื•ื,
ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืกื•ืš,
17:41
and in between them there will be a mask,
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17:43
which is just a blank screen, for about a quarter of a second.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืกืš ืจื™ืง, ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื”.
17:47
So you'll see the first picture, then a mask,
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ืื– ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ืื– ืžื™ืกื•ืš
17:49
then the second picture, then a mask.
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ื•ืื– ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื”, ื•ืื– ืžื™ืกื•ืš.
17:51
And this will just continue, and your job as the subject
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื™ืžืฉืš ื›ืš, ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื›ื ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ื™ื
17:55
is to press the button when you see the change.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
17:58
So, show the original picture for 240 milliseconds. Blank.
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ืื– ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืœ-240 ืžื™ืœื™-ืฉื ื™ื•ืช. ืจื™ืง.
18:06
Show the next picture for 240 milliseconds. Blank.
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ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืœ-240 ืžื™ืœื™-ืฉื ื™ื•ืช. ืจื™ืง.
18:12
And keep going, until the subject presses the button, saying,
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ, ื•ืื•ืžืจ:
18:16
"I see the change."
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"ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™."
18:18
So now we're going to be subjects in the experiment.
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืกื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™.
18:21
We're going to start easy. Some examples.
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ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ืงืœ.
ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
ื›ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื”.
18:30
No trouble there.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื? ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
18:32
Can everybody see? All right.
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18:35
Indeed, Rensink's subjects took only a little bit more
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ืื›ืŸ, ืœื ืกื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื ื–ื™ื ืง ืœืงื— ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื™ื”
18:39
than a second to press the button.
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ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ.
18:46
Can you see that one?
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ?
18:55
2.9 seconds.
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2.9 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
19:04
How many don't see it still?
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ื›ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
19:07
What's on the roof of that barn?
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ืžื” ื ืžืฆื ืขืœ ื’ื’ ื”ืืกื?
19:09
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
19:20
It's easy.
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ื–ื” ืงืœ.
19:46
Is it a bridge or a dock?
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ื–ื” ื’ืฉืจ ืื• ืžื–ื—?
19:52
There are a few more really dramatic ones, and then I'll close.
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื”, ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืื– ืืกื™ื™ื.
19:56
I want you to see a few that are particularly striking.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืจืื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
20:00
This one because it's so large and yet it's pretty hard to see.
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ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืขื ื–ืืช ืงืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืชื•.
20:07
Can you see it?
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื•?
20:10
Audience: Yes.
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ืงื”ืœ: ื›ืŸ
20:12
Dan Dennett: See the shadows going back and forth? Pretty big.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืœืœื™ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืื—ื•ืจื”? ื“ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
20:23
So 15.5 seconds is the median time
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ืื– 15 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข
20:27
for subjects in his experiment there.
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ืœื ืกื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
20:29
I love this one. I'll end with this one,
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื–ื”. ืื ื™ ืืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”,
20:32
just because it's such an obvious and important thing.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
20:37
How many still don't see it? How many still don't see it?
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ื›ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
ื›ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
20:43
How many engines on the wing of that Boeing?
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ื›ืžื” ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืื™ื ื’?
20:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
20:47
Right in the middle of the picture!
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ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”!
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื›ื.
20:53
Thanks very much for your attention.
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20:54
What I wanted to show you is that scientists,
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ืžื” ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™,
20:59
using their from-the-outside, third-person methods,
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21:03
can tell you things about your own consciousness
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ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื›ื
21:05
that you would never dream of,
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ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ืœืžืชื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
21:07
and that, in fact, you're not the authority
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ื•ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื™ื ื›ื ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื
21:09
on your own consciousness that you think you are.
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21:11
And we're really making a lot of progress
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœ.
21:13
on coming up with a theory of mind.
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ื’'ืฃ ื”ื•ืงื™ื ืก, ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•
21:16
Jeff Hawkins, this morning, was describing his attempt
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21:22
to get theory, and a good, big theory, into the neuroscience.
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ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”, ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—.
21:26
And he's right. This is a problem.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ื“ืง. ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื”.
21:31
Harvard Medical School once -- I was at a talk --
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ืคืขื ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” --
21:33
director of the lab said, "In our lab, we have a saying.
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ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืืžืจ: "ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื™ืžืจื”.
21:37
If you work on one neuron, that's neuroscience.
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"ืื ืืชื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“, ืืชื” ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—.
21:40
If you work on two neurons, that's psychology."
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"ืื ืืชื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื–ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”."
21:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
21:47
We have to have more theory, and it can come as much from the top down.
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช,
ื•ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื ืœื—ืœื—ืœ ืžืœืžืขืœื”.
21:50
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
21:52
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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