Jaap de Roode: How butterflies self-medicate

50,804 views ใƒป 2015-02-09

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:12
So infectious diseases, right?
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ืื– ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:13
Infectious diseases are still the main cause
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ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™
00:15
of human suffering and death around the world.
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ืœืกื‘ืœ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื•ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
00:18
Every year, millions of people die of diseases such as T.B., malaria, HIV,
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ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื™ื ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ืคืช, ืžืœืจื™ื”, ืื™ื™ื“ืก,
00:23
around the world and even in the United States.
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ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
00:25
Every year, thousands of Americans die of seasonal flu.
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ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ืืœืคื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžืชื™ื ืžืฉืคืขืช ืขื•ื ืชื™ืช.
00:29
Now of course, humans, we are creative. Right?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:31
We have come up with ways to protect ourselves against these diseases.
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ื”ืžืฆืื ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
00:34
We have drugs and vaccines.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
00:36
And we're conscious -- we learn from our experiences
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื -- ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื ืกื™ื•ืŸ
00:39
and come up with creative solutions.
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ื•ืžืขืœื™ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื.
00:41
We used to think we're alone in this, but now we know we're not.
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ื ื”ื’ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื.
00:44
We're not the only medical doctors.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื.
00:46
Now we know that there's a lot of animals out there that can do it too.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
00:49
Most famous, perhaps, chimpanzees.
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ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช, ืื•ืœื™, ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื•ืช.
00:51
Not so much different from us,
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ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
00:52
they can use plants to treat their intestinal parasites.
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื.
00:55
But the last few decades have shown us that other animals can do it too:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืœื ื• ืฉื’ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”:
00:59
elephants, porcupines, sheep, goats, you name it.
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ืคื™ืœื™ื, ื“ื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื, ืขื™ื–ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืชืจืฆื•.
01:02
And even more interesting than that is that recent discoveries are telling us
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื–ื” ื–ื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื•
01:06
that insects and other little animals with smaller brains can use medication too.
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ืฉื—ืจืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืขื ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
01:11
The problem with infectious diseases, as we all know,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
01:14
is that pathogens continue to evolve,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—,
01:16
and a lot of the drugs that we have developed
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื ื•
01:18
are losing their efficacy.
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ืžืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
01:19
And therefore, there is this great need to find new ways to discover drugs
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
01:24
that we can use against our diseases.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
01:26
Now, I think that we should look at these animals,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
01:28
and we can learn from them how to treat our own diseases.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ื ืื™ืš ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
01:32
As a biologist, I have been studying monarch butterflies for the last 10 years.
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ื›ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’, ื—ืงืจืชื™ ืคืจืคืจื™ ืžื•ื ืืจืš ื‘ืžืฉืš 10 ืฉื ื™ื.
01:36
Now, monarchs are extremely famous for their spectacular migrations
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืคืจืคืจื™ ืžื•ื ืืจืš ืžืื•ื“ ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื”ื
01:39
from the U.S. and Canada down to Mexico every year,
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ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืงื ื“ื” ืœืžืงืกื™ืงื• ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
01:43
where millions of them come together,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืชืื—ื“ื™ื,
01:45
but it's not why I started studying them.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื.
01:47
I study monarchs because they get sick.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจืคืจื™ ืžื•ื ืืจืš ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
01:50
They get sick like you. They get sick like me.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื•ื›ื. ื”ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™.
01:52
And I think what they do can tell us a lot about drugs
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
01:55
that we can develop for humans.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื— ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
01:57
Now, the parasites that monarchs get infected with
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžื•ื ืืจืš ื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื
01:59
are called ophryocystis elektroscirrha -- a mouthful.
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ื ืงืจืื™ื ืื•ืคืจื™ื•ืกื™ื˜ื™ืก ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืกื›ื™ืจื” -- ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืžื™ืœื”.
02:03
What they do is they produce spores,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืžื™ืฆืจื™ื ื ื‘ื’ื™ื,
02:05
millions of spores on the outside of the butterfly
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ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื ื‘ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืคืจืคืจ
02:07
that are shown as little specks in between the scales of the butterfly.
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ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืงืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืคืจ.
02:11
And this is really detrimental to the monarch.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื–ื™ืง ืœืคืจืคืจ.
02:13
It shortens their lifespan,
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ื–ื” ืžืงืฆืจ ืืช ืื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื•,
02:15
it reduces their ability to fly,
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ื–ื” ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืขื•ืฃ,
02:17
it can even kill them before they're even adults.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ืชื‘ื’ืจื•.
02:19
Very detrimental parasite.
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ื˜ืคื™ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื–ื™ืง.
02:21
As part of my job, I spend a lot of time in the greenhouse growing plants,
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ืžืžื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
02:25
and the reason for this is that monarchs are extremely picky eaters.
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื ืืจืš ื”ื ืื›ืœื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจืจื ื™ื™ื.
02:29
They only eat milkweed as larvae.
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ื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืจืง ืืกืงืœืคื™ื” ื›ื–ื—ืœื™ื.
02:31
Luckily, there are several species of milkweed that they can use,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืกืงืœืคื™ื” ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ,
02:34
and all these milkweeds have cardenolides in them.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืืกืงืœืคื™ื” ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืงืจื“ื ื•ืœื™ื“ื™ื.
02:36
These are chemicals that are toxic.
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ืืœื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืจืขื™ืœื™ื.
02:38
They're toxic to most animals, but not to monarchs.
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ื”ื ืจืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœืžื•ื ืืจืš.
02:41
In fact, monarchs can take up the chemicals,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžื•ื ืืจืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื,
02:43
put it in their own bodies, and it makes them toxic
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ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœืจืขื™ืœื™ื
02:45
against their predators, such as birds.
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ื ื’ื“ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
02:48
And what they do, then, is advertise this toxicity
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ืื–, ื–ื” ืœืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช
02:50
through their beautiful warning colorations
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ื“ืจืš ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื–ื”ืจื” ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื”
02:52
with this orange, black and white.
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ืขื ื”ื›ืชื•ื, ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืืœื”.
02:54
So what I did during my job is grow plants in the greenhouse,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื–ื” ืœื’ื“ืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ืžืžื”.
02:58
different ones, different milkweeds.
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ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืืกืงืœืคื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
03:00
Some were toxic, including the tropical milkweed,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ืจืขื™ืœื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืืกืงืœืคื™ื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืช,
03:02
with very high concentrations of these cardenolides.
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ืขื ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื“ื ื•ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:06
And some were not toxic.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจืขื™ืœื™ื.
03:07
And then I fed them to monarchs.
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ื•ืื– ื ืชืชื™ ืื•ืชื ืœืžื•ื ืืจืš.
03:09
Some of the monarchs were healthy. They had no disease.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื•ื ืืจืš ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื. ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
03:12
But some of the monarchs were sick,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื•ื ืืจืš ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
03:14
and what I found is that some of these milkweeds are medicinal,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ื–ื” ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื”ืืกืงืœืคื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื,
03:17
meaning they reduce the disease symptoms in the monarch butterflies,
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื”ืคื—ื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ืคืจืคืจื™ ืžื•ื ืืจืš,
03:20
meaning these monarchs can live longer when they are infected
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžื•ื ืืจืš ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉื”ื ื ื“ื‘ืงื•
03:23
when feeding on these medicinal plants.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:25
And when I found this, I had this idea,
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ื•ื›ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ,
03:28
and a lot of people said it was a crazy idea,
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ,
03:30
but I thought, what if monarchs can use this?
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ืžื” ืื ื”ืžื•ื ืืจืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื”?
03:32
What if they can use these plants as their own form of medicine?
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช?
03:35
What if they can act as medical doctors?
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืจื•ืคืื™ื?
03:38
So my team and I started doing experiments.
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ืื– ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืขืจื•ืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
03:40
In the first types of experiments,
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ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื,
03:42
we had caterpillars, and gave them a choice:
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื–ื—ืœื™ื, ื•ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”:
03:44
medicinal milkweed versus non-medicinal milkweed.
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ืืกืงืœืคื™ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ืืกืงืœืคื™ื” ืœื ืจืคื•ืื™ืช.
03:47
And then we measured how much they ate of each species over their lifetime.
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ื•ืื– ืžื“ื“ื ื• ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืื›ืœื• ืžื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
03:51
And the result, as so often in science, was boring:
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืข, ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฉืขืžืžืช:
03:54
Fifty percent of their food was medicinal. Fifty percent was not.
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ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืจืคื•ืื™, ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืœื.
03:58
These caterpillars didn't do anything for their own welfare.
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ื”ื–ื—ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืขืฉื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื.
04:02
So then we moved on to adult butterflies,
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ืื– ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืœืคืจืคืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
04:04
and we started asking the question
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”
04:06
whether it's the mothers that can medicate their offspring.
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ืื ื–ื” ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืชืช ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื.
04:09
Can the mothers lay their eggs on medicinal milkweed
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ื”ืื ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ืืกืงืœืคื™ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช
04:12
that will make their future offspring less sick?
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ืฉืชืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื™ื?
04:15
We have done these experiments now over several years,
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื,
04:18
and always get the same results.
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ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
04:20
What we do is we put a monarch in a big cage,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ืืจืš ื‘ื›ืœื•ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
04:22
a medicinal plant on one side, a non-medicinal plant on the other side,
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ืฆืžื— ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื•ืœื ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™,
04:25
and then we measure the number of eggs that the monarchs lay on each plant.
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ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื ืืจืš ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฆืžื—.
04:30
And what we find when we do that is always the same.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื›ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
04:33
What we find is that the monarchs strongly prefer the medicinal milkweed.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื–ื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื ืืจืš ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืืกืงืœืคื™ื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช.
04:36
In other words, what these females are doing
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืขื•ืฉื•ืช
04:39
is they're laying 68 percent of their eggs in the medicinal milkweed.
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื˜ื™ืœื•ืช 68 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ืืกืงืœืคื™ื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช.
04:42
Intriguingly, what they do is they actually transmit the parasites
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช , ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœ
04:46
when they're laying the eggs.
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ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื˜ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื.
04:48
They cannot prevent this.
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื–ื”.
04:49
They can also not medicate themselves.
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื ืœื ืœืชืช ืœืขืฆืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื”.
04:51
But what these experiments tell us
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืจืื™ื ืœื ื•
04:53
is that these monarchs, these mothers, can lay their eggs on medicinal milkweed
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื ืืจื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืืกืงืœืคื™ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช
04:58
that will make their future offspring less sick.
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ืฉืชืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
05:03
Now, this is a really important discovery, I think,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
05:05
not just because it tells us something cool about nature,
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
05:08
but also because it may tell us something more about how we should find drugs.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
05:12
Now, these are animals that are very small
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืœื• ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
05:14
and we tend to think of them as very simple.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืžืžืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช.
05:16
They have tiny little brains,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื,
05:17
yet they can do this very sophisticated medication.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืชืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื.
05:20
Now, we know that even today, most of our drugs
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื•ื, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
05:23
derive from natural products, including plants,
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ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
05:26
and in indigenous cultures,
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ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื•ืช,
05:27
traditional healers often look at animals to find new drugs.
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ืžืจืคืื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
05:30
In this way, elephants have told us how to treat stomach upset,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•, ืคื™ืœื™ื ืกื™ืคืจื• ืœื ื• ืื™ืš ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื›ืื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ืŸ,
05:34
and porcupines have told people how to treat bloody diarrhea.
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ื•ื“ื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืกื™ืคืจื• ืœื ื• ืื™ืš ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ ืžื“ืžื.
05:37
What I think is important, though, is to move beyond
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื–ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ
05:39
these large-brained mammals and give these guys more credit,
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ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœืชืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื“ื™ื˜,
05:43
these simple animals, these insects that we tend to think of
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ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
05:46
as very, very simple with tiny little brains.
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ืฉื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื.
05:49
The discovery that these animals can also use medication
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ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
05:53
opens up completely new avenues,
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ืคื•ืชื— ืืคื™ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™,
05:56
and I think that maybe one day, we will be treating human diseases
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื ื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช
06:01
with drugs that were first discovered by butterflies,
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ืขื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจืคืจื™ื,
06:04
and I think that is an amazing opportunity worth pursuing.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื ืฆืœ.
06:08
Thank you so much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
06:10
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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