Matthieu Ricard: How to let altruism be your guide

283,099 views ใƒป 2015-01-20

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:12
So we humans have an extraordinary potential for goodness,
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ืื– ืœื ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘,
00:19
but also an immense power to do harm.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื™ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจืข.
00:24
Any tool can be used to build or to destroy.
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ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื• ืœื”ืจื•ืก.
00:30
That all depends on our motivation.
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ื”ื›ืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:33
Therefore, it is all the more important
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
00:36
to foster an altruistic motivation rather than a selfish one.
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ืœื˜ืคื— ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื ื•ื›ื™ืช.
00:42
So now we indeed are facing many challenges in our times.
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื•.
00:49
Those could be personal challenges.
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ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื.
00:52
Our own mind can be our best friend or our worst enemy.
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ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืื• ื”ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:58
There's also societal challenges:
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื:
01:01
poverty in the midst of plenty, inequalities, conflict, injustice.
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ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืฉืคืข, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ, ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฆื“ืง.
01:06
And then there are the new challenges, which we don't expect.
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืฆืคื™ื.
01:11
Ten thousand years ago, there were about five million human beings on Earth.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื ืฉื ื”, ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:15
Whatever they could do,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
01:17
the Earth's resilience would soon heal human activities.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืจื™ืคืื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืื“ื.
01:22
After the Industrial and Technological Revolutions,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช,
01:25
that's not the same anymore.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:28
We are now the major agent of impact on our Earth.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:32
We enter the Anthropocene, the era of human beings.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืกื™ืŸ, ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
01:36
So in a way, if we were to say we need to continue this endless growth,
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ืื– ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื”ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื–ื•,
01:43
endless use of material resources,
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื,
01:47
it's like if this man was saying --
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืืžืจ ---
01:50
and I heard a former head of state, I won't mention who, saying --
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ื•ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืจืืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืื ื™ ืœื ืื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžื™, ืฉืืžืจ --
01:55
"Five years ago, we were at the edge of the precipice.
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"ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
01:59
Today we made a big step forward."
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืฆืขื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืงื“ื™ืžื”."
02:02
So this edge is the same that has been defined by scientists
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ืื– ื”ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื
02:08
as the planetary boundaries.
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ื›ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื.
02:11
And within those boundaries, they can carry a number of factors.
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื.
02:15
We can still prosper, humanity can still prosper for 150,000 years
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื’ืฉื’, ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื’ืฉื’ ื‘ืžืฉืš 150,00 ืฉื ื”
02:21
if we keep the same stability of climate
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ืื ื ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืงืœื™ื
02:24
as in the Holocene for the last 10,000 years.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื”ื•ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš 10,000 ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
02:27
But this depends on choosing a voluntary simplicity,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื™ืช,
02:33
growing qualitatively, not quantitatively.
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ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ืช, ืœื ื›ืžื•ืชื™ืช.
02:36
So in 1900, as you can see, we were well within the limits of safety.
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ืื– ื‘ 1900, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.
02:42
Now, in 1950 came the great acceleration.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ 1950 ื‘ืื” ื”ื”ืืฆื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
02:47
Now hold your breath, not too long, to imagine what comes next.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืื—ืจ ื›ืš.
02:52
Now we have vastly overrun some of the planetary boundaries.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขื‘ืจื ื• ื‘ืขื ืง ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื.
02:58
Just to take biodiversity, at the current rate,
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ืื ื ื™ืงื— ืจืง ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™,
03:02
by 2050, 30 percent of all species on Earth will have disappeared.
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ืขื“ 2050, 30 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ืขืœืžื•.
03:09
Even if we keep their DNA in some fridge, that's not going to be reversible.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื” DNA ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงืจืจื™ื, ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคื™ืš.
03:15
So here I am sitting
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืคื”
03:16
in front of a 7,000-meter-high, 21,000-foot glacier in Bhutan.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 7,000 ืžื˜ืจ, 21,000 ืจื’ืœ ื‘ื‘ื”ื•ื˜ืืŸ.
03:22
At the Third Pole, 2,000 glaciers are melting fast, faster than the Arctic.
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ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, 2,000 ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื ืžืกื™ื ืžื”ืจ, ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืืจืงื˜ื™.
03:29
So what can we do in that situation?
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ืื– ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”?
03:34
Well, however complex politically, economically, scientifically
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ,ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
03:41
the question of the environment is,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื,
03:43
it simply boils down to a question of altruism versus selfishness.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืกืชื›ื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื ืžื•ืœ ืื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช.
03:50
I'm a Marxist of the Groucho tendency.
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ืื ื™ ืžืจืงืกื™ืกื˜ ืขื ื ื˜ื™ื” ืœื’ืจืื•ืฆ'ื•,
03:54
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:55
Groucho Marx said, "Why should I care about future generations?
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ื’ืจืื•ืฆ'ื• ืžืจืงืก ืืžืจ, "ืœืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ืื™ื›ืคืช ืžื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื?
03:59
What have they ever done for me?"
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ืžื” ื”ื ืื™ ืคืขื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™?"
04:01
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:02
Unfortunately, I heard the billionaire Steve Forbes,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ืจ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืจื‘ืก,
04:07
on Fox News, saying exactly the same thing, but seriously.
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ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืคื•ืงืก, ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
04:10
He was told about the rise of the ocean,
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ื ืืžืจ ืœื• ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื,
04:13
and he said, "I find it absurd to change my behavior today
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ื–ื” ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื•ื
04:16
for something that will happen in a hundred years."
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืงืจื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืื” ืฉื ื”."
04:19
So if you don't care for future generations,
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ืื– ืื ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื›ื ืžื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื,
04:22
just go for it.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื›ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
04:25
So one of the main challenges of our times
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ืื– ืื—ื“ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•
04:28
is to reconcile three time scales:
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ื”ื•ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื ื™ ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ:
04:31
the short term of the economy,
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ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”,
04:33
the ups and downs of the stock market, the end-of-the-year accounts;
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ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื”;
04:37
the midterm of the quality of life --
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื --
04:40
what is the quality every moment of our life, over 10 years and 20 years? --
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ืžื” ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•, ื‘ืžืฉืš 10 ืฉื ื™ื ื• 20 ืฉื ื”? --
04:45
and the long term of the environment.
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ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
04:49
When the environmentalists speak with economists,
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ื›ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื,
04:51
it's like a schizophrenic dialogue, completely incoherent.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื, ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ,
04:54
They don't speak the same language.
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ื”ื ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืคื”.
04:57
Now, for the last 10 years, I went around the world
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืžืฉืš 10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืงืคืชื™ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
05:01
meeting economists, scientists, neuroscientists, environmentalists,
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ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืžื•ื—, ืคืขื™ืœื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
05:05
philosophers, thinkers in the Himalayas, all over the place.
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ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื, ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืžืœื™ื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
05:09
It seems to me, there's only one concept
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ื ืจืื” ืœื™, ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืง ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ืื—ื“
05:13
that can reconcile those three time scales.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืงื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืืœื”.
05:16
It is simply having more consideration for others.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื—ืจ.
05:21
If you have more consideration for others, you will have a caring economics,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื, ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืื™ื›ืคืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:26
where finance is at the service of society
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ืฉื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื ื”ื ืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื”
05:29
and not society at the service of finance.
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ื•ืœื ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืœืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื.
05:32
You will not play at the casino
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ืืชื ืœื ืชืฉื—ืงื• ื‘ืงื–ื™ื ื•
05:34
with the resources that people have entrusted you with.
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ืขื ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื›ื.
05:37
If you have more consideration for others,
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ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื,
05:39
you will make sure that you remedy inequality,
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ืืชื ืชื“ืื’ื• ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ,
05:43
that you bring some kind of well-being within society,
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ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืกื•ื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื—ื‘ืจื”,
05:47
in education, at the workplace.
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ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
05:49
Otherwise, a nation that is the most powerful and the richest
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ืื—ืจืช, ืื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืขืฉื™ืจื”
05:52
but everyone is miserable, what's the point?
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ืื•ืžืœืœื™ื, ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื?
05:55
And if you have more consideration for others,
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ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื,
05:57
you are not going to ransack that planet that we have
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ืืชื ืœื ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
06:01
and at the current rate, we don't have three planets to continue that way.
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ื•ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื•.
06:05
So the question is,
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื,
06:08
okay, altruism is the answer, it's not just a novel ideal,
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™,
06:12
but can it be a real, pragmatic solution?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ืคืจื’ืžื˜ื™?
06:15
And first of all, does it exist,
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ื•ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื,
06:18
true altruism, or are we so selfish?
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ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื ืืžื™ืชื™, ืื• ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื?
06:22
So some philosophers thought we were irredeemably selfish.
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ืื– ื›ืžื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื ืœืœื ืชืงื ื”.
06:27
But are we really all just like rascals?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืคืจื—ื—ื™ื?
06:32
That's good news, isn't it?
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ืืœื• ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืœื?
06:35
Many philosophers, like Hobbes, have said so.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ื‘ืก, ืืžืจื• ืืช ื–ื”.
06:38
But not everyone looks like a rascal.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคืจื—ื—ื™ื.
06:41
Or is man a wolf for man?
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ืื• ื”ืื ืื“ื ืœืื“ื ื–ืื‘?
06:44
But this guy doesn't seem too bad.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื ืจืื” ืจืข.
06:47
He's one of my friends in Tibet.
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ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜.
06:50
He's very kind.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื ื“ื™ื‘.
06:52
So now, we love cooperation.
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
06:55
There's no better joy than working together, is there?
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ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืฉืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
07:00
And then not only humans.
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ื•ืื– ืœื ืจืง ืื ืฉื™ื.
07:04
Then, of course, there's the struggle for life,
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ืื–, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืœื—ื™ื™ื,
07:06
the survival of the fittest, social Darwinism.
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ื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื, ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื–ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
07:11
But in evolution, cooperation -- though competition exists, of course --
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”, ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” -- ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืชื—ืจื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ --
07:17
cooperation has to be much more creative to go to increased levels of complexity.
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ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
07:22
We are super-cooperators and we should even go further.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ืคืจ ืžืฉืชืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:27
So now, on top of that, the quality of human relationships.
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื–ื”, ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
07:33
The OECD did a survey among 10 factors, including income, everything.
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ื” OECD ืขืฉื” ืกืงืจ ืฉืœ 10 ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ื”ื›ืœ.
07:37
The first one that people said, that's the main thing for my happiness,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื•, ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื•ืฉืจ,
07:41
is quality of social relationships.
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ื–ื” ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื.
07:44
Not only in humans.
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ืœื ืจืง ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
07:47
And look at those great-grandmothers.
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ื•ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ืกื‘ืชื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
07:50
So now, this idea that if we go deep within,
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื ื›ื ืก ืขืžื•ืง ืคื ื™ืžื”,
07:56
we are irredeemably selfish,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื™ื ืœืœื ืชืงื ื”,
07:58
this is armchair science.
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ื–ื” ืžื“ืข ื›ื•ืจืกืื•ืช.
08:01
There is not a single sociological study,
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ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจ ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“,
08:03
psychological study, that's ever shown that.
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื”ืจืื” ืืช ื–ื”.
08:06
Rather, the opposite.
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ืืœื, ืœื”ืคืš.
08:08
My friend, Daniel Batson, spent a whole life
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ื—ื‘ืจื™, ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ื˜ืกื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื
08:12
putting people in the lab in very complex situations.
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ื•ืฉื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื.
08:15
And of course we are sometimes selfish, and some people more than others.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื™ื.
08:19
But he found that systematically, no matter what,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™, ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื”,
08:22
there's a significant number of people
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ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
08:25
who do behave altruistically, no matter what.
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ืฉืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™, ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื”.
08:28
If you see someone deeply wounded, great suffering,
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ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืคืฆื•ืข ืงืฉื”, ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืื•ื“,
08:31
you might just help out of empathic distress --
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ืื•ืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชืขื–ืจื• ืžืœื—ืฅ ืืžืคืชื™ --
08:34
you can't stand it, so it's better to help than to keep on looking at that person.
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื–ื”, ืื– ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื“ื ื”ื–ื”.
08:38
So we tested all that, and in the end, he said, clearly people can be altruistic.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ื.
08:44
So that's good news.
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ืื– ืืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
08:46
And even further, we should look at the banality of goodness.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื‘ื ืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘.
08:51
Now look at here.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืคื”.
08:53
When we come out, we aren't going to say, "That's so nice.
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื ื’ื™ื“: "ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ื—ืžื“.
08:56
There was no fistfight while this mob was thinking about altruism."
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื‘ ืื’ืจื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื."
09:00
No, that's expected, isn't it?
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ืœื,ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื™ืคื™ื ื• ืœื–ื”, ืœื?
09:03
If there was a fistfight, we would speak of that for months.
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ืื ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื‘ ืื’ืจื•ืคื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
09:06
So the banality of goodness is something that doesn't attract your attention,
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ืžื•ืฉืš ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘,
09:09
but it exists.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
09:11
Now, look at this.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื–ื”.
09:21
So some psychologists said,
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ืื– ื›ืžื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืืžืจื•,
09:24
when I tell them I run 140 humanitarian projects in the Himalayas
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืคืขื™ืœ 140 ืคืจื•ื™ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืžืœื™ื”
09:27
that give me so much joy,
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ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืžื—ื”,
09:29
they said, "Oh, I see, you work for the warm glow.
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ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืื•ื”, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ, ืืชื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืžื”.
09:32
That is not altruistic. You just feel good."
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ื–ื” ืœื ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™. ืืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘."
09:35
You think this guy, when he jumped in front of the train,
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ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืคืฅ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช,
09:38
he thought, "I'm going to feel so good when this is over?"
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘, "ืื ื™ ืืจื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืฉื–ื” ื™ืกืชื™ื™ื?"
09:41
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:43
But that's not the end of it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืกื•ืฃ.
09:45
They say, well, but when you interviewed him, he said,
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ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืจืื™ื™ื ืช ืื•ืชื•, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
09:48
"I had no choice. I had to jump, of course."
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"ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืจื”. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืงืคื•ืฅ."
09:51
He has no choice. Automatic behavior. It's neither selfish nor altruistic.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื‘ืจื™ืจื”. ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช. ื–ื” ืœื ืื ื•ื›ื™ ืื• ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™.
09:55
No choice?
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื”?
09:56
Well of course, this guy's not going to think for half an hour,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื”,
09:59
"Should I give my hand? Not give my hand?"
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"ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื–ื•ืจ? ืœื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ?"
10:01
He does it. There is a choice, but it's obvious, it's immediate.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”, ื–ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช.
10:05
And then, also, there he had a choice.
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ื•ืื–, ื’ื, ืฉื ืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
10:08
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:10
There are people who had choice, like Pastor Andrรฉ Trocmรฉ and his wife,
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ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื’ื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ื›ืžื• ืคืกื˜ื•ืจ ืื ื“ืจื” ื˜ืจื•ืงืžื” ื•ืืฉืชื•,
10:14
and the whole village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon in France.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืคืจ ืœื” ืฉืžื‘ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืจ ื•ื™ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช.
10:17
For the whole Second World War, they saved 3,500 Jews,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื”ื ื”ืฆื™ืœื• 3,500 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื,
10:21
gave them shelter, brought them to Switzerland,
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ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืžื—ืกื”, ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื ืœืฉื•ื•ืฆืจื™ื”,
10:23
against all odds, at the risk of their lives and those of their family.
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ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื, ืชื•ืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื”ื.
10:27
So altruism does exist.
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ืื– ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื ืงื™ื™ื.
10:29
So what is altruism?
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ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื?
10:31
It is the wish: May others be happy and find the cause of happiness.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืฉืืœื”: ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื™ืžืฆืื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืื•ืฉืจ.
10:35
Now, empathy is the affective resonance or cognitive resonance that tells you,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืžืคื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ืชื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืื•ืžืจืช ืœื›ื,
10:40
this person is joyful, this person suffers.
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ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ืžืœื ืฉืžื—ื”, ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ืกื•ื‘ืœ.
10:42
But empathy alone is not sufficient.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืžืคืชื™ื” ืœื‘ื“ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื”.
10:46
If you keep on being confronted with suffering,
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ืื ืชืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชืงืœ ื‘ืกื‘ืœ,
10:48
you might have empathic distress, burnout,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืœื—ืฅ ืืžืคื˜ื™, ื”ืชืฉื”,
10:51
so you need the greater sphere of loving-kindness.
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ืื– ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ ืื•ื”ื‘.
10:55
With Tania Singer at the Max Planck Institute of Leipzig,
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ืขื ื˜ื ื™ื” ืกื™ื ื’ืจ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžืงืก ืคืœืื ืง ื‘ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’,
10:58
we showed that the brain networks for empathy and loving-kindness are different.
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ื”ืจืื ื• ืฉืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืœืืžืคื˜ื™ื” ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
11:04
Now, that's all well done,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘,
11:06
so we got that from evolution, from maternal care, parental love,
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ืื– ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืžื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”, ืžื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื™ืžื”ื™, ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืจื™ืช,
11:11
but we need to extend that.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื–ื”.
11:13
It can be extended even to other species.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
11:16
Now, if we want a more altruistic society, we need two things:
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื:
11:21
individual change and societal change.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
11:24
So is individual change possible?
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ืื– ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ ืืคืฉืจื™?
11:27
Two thousand years of contemplative study said yes, it is.
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ืืœืคื™ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™.
11:30
Now, 15 years of collaboration with neuroscience and epigenetics
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, 15 ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืžื“ืขื ื™ ืžื•ื— ื•ืืคื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื
11:33
said yes, our brains change when you train in altruism.
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ืืžืจื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืืžื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื.
11:38
So I spent 120 hours in an MRI machine.
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ืื– ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ 120 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ืช MRI.
11:42
This is the first time I went after two and a half hours.
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ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืฆืืชื™ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™.
11:45
And then the result has been published in many scientific papers.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืžืจื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื.
11:49
It shows without ambiguity that there is structural change
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ื”ื™ื ืžืจืื” ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื‘ื ื™
11:52
and functional change in the brain when you train the altruistic love.
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ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื›ืฉืžืืžื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืื”ื‘ื” ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.
11:56
Just to give you an idea:
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’:
11:58
this is the meditator at rest on the left,
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื“ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ:
12:01
meditator in compassion meditation, you see all the activity,
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ืžื•ื“ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื™ืช ื—ืžืœื”, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช,
12:04
and then the control group at rest, nothing happened,
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ื•ืื– ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ื‘ืžื ื•ื—ื”, ื›ืœื•ื ืœื ืงื•ืจื”,
12:07
in meditation, nothing happened.
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”, ื›ืœื•ื ืœื ืงื•ืจื”.
12:09
They have not been trained.
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ื”ื ืœื ืื•ืžื ื•.
12:11
So do you need 50,000 hours of meditation? No, you don't.
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ืื– ื”ืื ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื 50,000 ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”? ืœื ืืชื ืœื.
12:15
Four weeks, 20 minutes a day, of caring, mindfulness meditation
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ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, 20 ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื, ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘, ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ืช
12:19
already brings a structural change in the brain compared to a control group.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช.
12:26
That's only 20 minutes a day for four weeks.
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ื–ื” ืจืง 20 ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
12:29
Even with preschoolers -- Richard Davidson did that in Madison.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ ื’ืŸ -- ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ืกื•ืŸ ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
12:33
An eight-week program: gratitude, loving- kindness, cooperation, mindful breathing.
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช: ื”ื›ืจืช ืชื•ื“ื”, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ ืื•ื”ื‘, ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืžืœืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”.
12:39
You would say, "Oh, they're just preschoolers."
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืื•, ืืœื” ืจืง ื™ืœื“ื™ ื’ืŸ."
12:41
Look after eight weeks,
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ืชืจืื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
12:43
the pro-social behavior, that's the blue line.
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ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื• ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื–ื” ื”ืงื• ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
12:45
And then comes the ultimate scientific test, the stickers test.
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ื•ืื– ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช.
12:51
Before, you determine for each child who is their best friend in the class,
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ืœืคื ื™, ืืชื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ืžื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”,
12:55
their least favorite child, an unknown child, and the sick child,
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ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื”ื•ื‘, ื™ืœื“ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื•ื™ืœื“ ื—ื•ืœื”,
12:59
and they have to give stickers away.
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ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช.
13:02
So before the intervention, they give most of it to their best friend.
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ืื– ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
13:06
Four, five years old, 20 minutes three times a week.
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ื‘ื ื™ ืืจื‘ืข ืื• ื—ืžืฉ, 20 ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
13:09
After the intervention, no more discrimination:
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืœื™ื”:
13:13
the same amount of stickers to their best friend and the least favorite child.
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ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื.
13:17
That's something we should do in all the schools in the world.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
13:20
Now where do we go from there?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืžืคื”?
13:22
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:26
When the Dalai Lama heard that, he told Richard Davidson,
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ื›ืฉื”ื“ืœืื™ ืœืืžื” ืฉืžืข ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœืจื™ืงืืจื“ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ืกื•ืŸ,
13:29
"You go to 10 schools, 100 schools, the U.N., the whole world."
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"ืœืš ืœ 10 ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ, 100 ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ, ืœืื•"ื, ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื."
13:32
So now where do we go from there?
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืžืคื”?
13:34
Individual change is possible.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืืคืฉืจื™.
13:36
Now do we have to wait for an altruistic gene to be in the human race?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืœื’ืŸ ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™?
13:41
That will take 50,000 years, too much for the environment.
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ื–ื” ื™ืงื— 50,000 ืฉื ื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
13:45
Fortunately, there is the evolution of culture.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”.
13:49
Cultures, as specialists have shown, change faster than genes.
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ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื”ืจืื•, ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื’ื ื™ื.
13:55
That's the good news.
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ืืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
13:56
Look, attitude towards war has dramatically changed over the years.
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ืชืจืื•, ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื.
14:00
So now individual change and cultural change mutually fashion each other,
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืžืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช,
14:05
and yes, we can achieve a more altruistic society.
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ื•ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.
14:08
So where do we go from there?
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ืื– ืœืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืžืคื”?
14:09
Myself, I will go back to the East.
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ืื ื™, ืืœืš ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื–ืจื—.
14:12
Now we treat 100,000 patients a year in our projects.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ 10,000 ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
14:15
We have 25,000 kids in school, four percent overhead.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• 25,000 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื—ื•ื– ืžืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช.
14:19
Some people say, "Well, your stuff works in practice,
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ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
14:21
but does it work in theory?"
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื”?"
14:23
There's always positive deviance.
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืกื˜ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช.
14:27
So I will also go back to my hermitage
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื’ื ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœื™
14:29
to find the inner resources to better serve others.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:32
But on the more global level, what can we do?
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
14:36
We need three things.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
14:37
Enhancing cooperation:
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ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”:
14:40
Cooperative learning in the school instead of competitive learning,
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ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ืช.
14:44
Unconditional cooperation within corporations --
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ืฉืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœืœื ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช --
14:47
there can be some competition between corporations, but not within.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ.
14:52
We need sustainable harmony. I love this term.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ืจืช ืงื™ื™ืžื. ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’.
14:55
Not sustainable growth anymore.
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ืœื ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื‘ืจืช ืงื™ื™ืžื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:57
Sustainable harmony means now we will reduce inequality.
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ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ืจืช ืงื™ื™ืžื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
15:01
In the future, we do more with less,
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ื ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ืคื—ื•ืช,
15:05
and we continue to grow qualitatively, not quantitatively.
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ื•ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ืช, ืœื ื›ืžื•ืชื™ืช.
15:10
We need caring economics.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืื›ืคืชื™ืช.
15:12
The Homo economicus cannot deal with poverty in the midst of plenty,
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ื”ื”ื•ืžื• ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืงื•ืก ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืคืข,
15:18
cannot deal with the problem of the common goods
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ
15:20
of the atmosphere, of the oceans.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
15:23
We need a caring economics.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืื›ืคืชื™ืช.
15:24
If you say economics should be compassionate,
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ืื ืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืžื”
15:26
they say, "That's not our job."
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ืื– ืชื’ื™ื“ื•, "ื–ื• ืœื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•."
15:28
But if you say they don't care, that looks bad.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ืื›ืคืช, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืจืข.
15:31
We need local commitment, global responsibility.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
15:34
We need to extend altruism to the other 1.6 million species.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื ืœ 1.6 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
15:40
Sentient beings are co-citizens in this world.
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ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
15:43
and we need to dare altruism.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืืชื’ืจ ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื.
15:46
So, long live the altruistic revolution.
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ืื–, ื™ื—ื™ ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื.
15:50
Viva la revoluciรณn de altruismo.
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ื•ื™ื•ื” ืœื” ืจื‘ื•ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื” ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกืžื•.
15:55
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
16:00
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
16:02
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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