Jason Pontin: Can technology solve our big problems?

183,059 views ใƒป 2013-10-04

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: benyamin zinshtein
00:12
So, we used to solve big problems.
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ืคืขื ืคืชืจื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
00:17
On July 21st, 1969,
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ื‘-21 ืœื™ื•ืœื™ 1969
00:20
Buzz Aldrin climbed out of Apollo 11's lunar module
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ื‘ืื– ืื•ืœื“ืจื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืก ื•ื™ืฆื ืžืจื›ื‘ ื”ื™ืจื— ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืœื• 11
00:24
and descended onto the Sea of Tranquility.
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ื•ื™ืจื“ ืืœ ื™ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ื”.
00:27
Armstrong and Aldrin were alone,
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ืืจืžืกื˜ืจื•ื ื’ ื•ืื•ืœื“ืจื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืœื‘ื“,
00:30
but their presence on the moon's gray surface
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ืืคื•ืจื™ื
00:32
was the culmination of a convulsive, collective effort.
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ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื•ื™ืช ืžืืžืฅ ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช.
00:38
The Apollo program was the greatest
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ืชื›ื ื™ืช "ืืคื•ืœื•" ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
00:40
peacetime mobilization
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ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ืก ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื•ื
00:41
in the history of the United States.
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ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™-ื™ืžื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
00:43
To get to the moon, NASA spent
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ื™ืจื—, ื ืืก"ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื”
00:45
around 180 billion dollars in today's money,
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ื›-180 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•,
00:49
or four percent of the federal budget.
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ืื• 4% ืžื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™.
00:51
Apollo employed around 400,000 people
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"ืืคื•ืœื•" ื”ืขืกื™ืงื” ื›-400 ืืœืฃ ืื™ืฉ
00:54
and demanded the collaboration of 20,000
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ื•ืชื‘ืขื” ืืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ 20 ืืœืฃ
00:57
companies, universities and government agencies.
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช.
01:01
People died, including the crew of Apollo 1.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืœื• 1.
01:05
But before the Apollo program ended,
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ืืš ืขื“ ืฉืชื›ื ื™ืช "ืืคื•ืœื•" ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื”,
01:08
24 men flew to the moon.
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24 ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื˜ืกื• ืืœ ื”ื™ืจื—.
01:11
Twelve walked on its surface, of whom Aldrin,
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12 ืžื”ื ื”ืœื›ื• ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ืžืชื•ื›ื ืื•ืœื“ืจื™ืŸ,
01:14
following the death of Armstrong last year,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืจืžืกื˜ืจื•ื ื’ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”,
01:16
is now the most senior.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:18
So why did they go?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื˜ืกื• ืœืฉื?
01:20
They didn't bring much back:
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืขื™ืžื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ื:
01:22
841 pounds of old rocks,
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381 ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืœืขื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื,
01:25
and something all 24 later emphasized --
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ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”-24 ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื• --
01:29
a new sense of the smallness
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ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ึผืช
01:32
and the fragility of our common home.
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ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
01:35
Why did they go? The cynical answer is they went
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื ื˜ืกื•? ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื,
01:38
because President Kennedy wanted to show
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืงื ื“ื™ ืจืฆื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืจืื•
01:40
the Soviets that his nation had the better rockets.
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ืœืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ื™ื ืชื• ื™ืฉ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:44
But Kennedy's own words at Rice University in 1962
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืงื ื“ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืจื™ื™ืก ื‘-1962
01:49
provide a better clue.
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ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:51
(Video) John F. Kennedy: But why, some say, the moon?
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[ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ] ื’'ื•ืŸ ืค' ืงื ื“ื™: ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื•ืข, ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืฉืืœื•, ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœื™ืจื—?
01:53
Why choose this as our goal?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ืขื“ื ื•?
01:56
And they may well ask,
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ,
01:58
why climb the highest mountain?
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'ืœืžื” ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ?'
02:01
Why, 35 years ago, fly the Atlantic?
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ืœืžื”, ืœืคื ื™ 35 ืฉื ื”, ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™?
02:05
Why does Rice play Texas?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืจื™ื™ืก ืžืฉื—ืงืช ื ื’ื“ ื˜ืงืกืก?
02:07
We choose to go to the moon.
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ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื˜ื•ืก ืœื™ืจื—.
02:09
We choose to go to the moon.
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ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื˜ื•ืก ืœื™ืจื—.
02:12
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
02:17
We choose to go to the moon in this decade,
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ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื˜ื•ืก ืœื™ืจื— ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื–ื”,
02:20
and do the other things,
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
02:22
not because they are easy, but because they are hard.
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ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืงืœื™ื, ืืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืงืฉื™ื.
02:26
Jason Pontin: To contemporaries,
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ื’'ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ืŸ: ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”,
02:28
Apollo wasn't only a victory of West over East
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"ืืคื•ืœื•" ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืง ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—
02:31
in the Cold War.
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ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”.
02:33
At the time, the strongest emotion
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:35
was of wonder
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ืฉืชืื•ืช
02:36
at the transcendent powers of technology.
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ืœืžื•ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
02:40
They went because it was a big thing to do.
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ื”ื ื˜ืกื• ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
02:45
Landing on the moon occurred in the context
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ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื›ื—ืœืง
02:48
of a long series of technological triumphs.
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ืžืกื“ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื.
02:51
The first half of the 20th century produced
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ื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืขื•ืœื
02:54
the assembly line and the airplane,
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ืืช ืงื• ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก,
02:56
penicillin and a vaccine for tuberculosis.
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ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื—ืคืช.
02:59
In the middle years of the century,
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื”
03:00
polio was eradicated and smallpox eliminated.
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ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื• ื—ื•ืกืœ ื•ื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืžื—ืงื•.
03:04
Technology itself seemed to possess
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื”
03:06
what Alvin Toffler in 1970
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืคืœืจ ื›ื™ื ื” ื‘-1970:
03:09
called "accelerative thrust."
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"ื“ื—ืฅ ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ".
03:11
For most of human history,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
03:13
we could go no faster than a horse
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื ื•ืข ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ืก,
03:16
or a boat with a sail,
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ืื• ืกื™ืจืช-ืžืคืจืฉ,
03:18
but in 1969, the crew of Apollo 10
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ืืš ื‘-1969, ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืœื• 10
03:20
flew at 25,000 miles an hour.
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ื˜ืก ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช 40,000 ืงืž"ืฉ.
03:24
Since 1970, no human beings
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ืžืื– 1970, ืฉื•ื ื‘ืŸ-ืื ื•ืฉ
03:27
have been back to the moon.
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ืœื ื—ื–ืจ ืœื™ืจื—.
03:29
No one has traveled faster than the crew
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ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื˜ืก ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฆื•ื•ืช
03:31
of Apollo 10,
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ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืœื• 10,
03:33
and blithe optimism about technology's powers
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ื•ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื–ื” ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
03:36
has evaporated
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ื”ืชื ื“ืคื”
03:38
as big problems we had imagined technology would solve,
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ื›ืฉื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืชื•ืจ,
03:42
such as going to Mars,
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ื›ืžื• ืœื˜ื•ืก ืœืžืื“ื™ื,
03:44
creating clean energy, curing cancer,
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื”, ืœืจืคื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
03:47
or feeding the world have come to seem
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ืื• ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช
03:50
intractably hard.
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ื›ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืจื“ื ื™ื•ืช.
03:53
I remember watching the liftoff of Apollo 17.
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉืฆืคื™ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืœื• 17.
03:57
I was five years old,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉ,
03:59
and my mother told me not to stare
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ื•ืื™ืžื™ ืืžืจื” ืœื™ ืœื ืœื‘ื”ื•ืช
04:01
at the fiery exhaust of a Saturn V rocket.
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ื‘ืœื”ื‘ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืœ ื”"ืกื˜ื•ืจืŸ 5".
04:04
I vaguely knew this was to be the last
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ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจื•ื ืช
04:07
of the moon missions,
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ื”ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืœื™ืจื—,
04:08
but I was absolutely certain there would be
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืชื”ื™ื™ื ื”
04:12
Mars colonies in my lifetime.
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ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืื“ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™.
04:15
So "Something happened
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ืื– "ืžืฉื”ื• ืงืจื”
04:18
to our capacity to solve big problems with technology"
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ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”",
04:22
has become a commonplace.
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ื”ืคืš ืœืื™ืžืจื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื”.
04:24
You hear it all the time.
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ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
04:26
We've heard it over the last two days here at TED.
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ืฉืžืขื ื• ื–ืืช ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘-TED.
04:29
It feels as if technologists have diverted us
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ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœื™ื›ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉื•ืœืœ
04:33
and enriched themselves with trivial toys,
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ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื,
04:36
with things like iPhones and apps and social media,
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ", ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
04:39
or algorithms that speed automated trading.
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ืื• ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ืฉืžื–ืจื–ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™.
04:43
There's nothing wrong with most of these things.
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืจืข ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:45
They've expanded and enriched our lives.
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ื”ื ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
04:48
But they don't solve humanity's big problems.
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ืืš ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
04:53
What happened?
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ืžื” ืงืจื”?
04:54
So there is a parochial explanation in Silicon Valley,
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ืื– ืœืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืงืจืชื ื™,
04:59
which admits that it has been funding less ambitious companies
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ืฉืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืžื™ืžื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืืคืชื ื™ื•ืช
05:03
than it did in the years when it financed
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื ืžื™ืžื ื•
05:05
Intel, Microsoft, Apple and Genentech.
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ืืช "ืื™ื ื˜ืœ", "ืžื™ื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜", "ืืคืœ" ื•"ื’'ื™ื ื ื˜ืง".
05:08
Silicon Valley says the markets are to blame,
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ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืืฉืžื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื,
05:11
in particular the incentives that venture capitalists
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืฉื‘ื ืงืื™ ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ
05:14
offer to entrepreneurs.
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ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœื™ื–ืžื™ื.
05:15
Silicon Valley says that venture investing
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ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืงืขืช ื”ื•ืŸ-ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ
05:17
shifted away from funding transformational ideas
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ื”ืชืจื—ืงื” ืžืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืœืœื™-ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
05:21
and towards funding incremental problems
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ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื
05:24
or even fake problems.
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ืืฃ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื•ืช.
05:26
But I don't think that explanation is good enough.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™, ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืกืคืง.
05:29
It mostly explains what's wrong with Silicon Valley.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื” ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ.
05:33
Even when venture capitalists were at their most
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ื™
05:36
risk-happy, they preferred small investments,
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ืฉืฉื™ื-ืืœื™-ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ื ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
05:38
tiny investments that offered an exit within 10 years.
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ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืžื›ื™ืจืช-ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื‘ืชื•ืš 10 ืฉื ื™ื.
05:42
V.C.s have always struggled
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ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืชืžื™ื“
05:45
to invest profitably in technologies such as energy
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ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
05:48
whose capital requirements are huge
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ืฉื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช
05:50
and whose development is long and lengthy,
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ื•ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชืŸ ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช,
05:53
and V.C.s have never, never funded the development
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ื•ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื, ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžื™ืžืŸ ืคื™ืชื•ื—
05:56
of technologies meant to solve big problems
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ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
05:59
that possess no immediate commercial value.
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืขืจืš ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™.
06:01
No, the reasons we can't solve big problems
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ืœื. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
06:04
are more complicated and more profound.
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ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:08
Sometimes we choose not to solve big problems.
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
06:11
We could go to Mars if we want.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื˜ื•ืก ืœืžืื“ื™ื, ืื™ืœื• ืจืฆื™ื ื•.
06:13
NASA even has the outline of a plan.
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ืœื ืืก"ื ื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืœื›ืš.
06:16
But going to Mars would follow a political decision
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ืื‘ืœ ื˜ื™ืกื” ืœืžืื“ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื‘ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช
06:19
with popular appeal, and that will never happen.
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ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™ืช, ื•ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืงืจื”.
06:23
We won't go to Mars, because everyone thinks
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ืœื ื ื˜ื•ืก ืœืžืื“ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
06:26
there are more important things
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
06:27
to do here on Earth.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
06:30
Sometimes, we can't solve big problems
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
06:33
because our political systems fail.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื•ืฉืœื•ืช.
06:35
Today, less than two percent
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
06:37
of the world's energy consumption
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ืžืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
06:39
derives from advanced, renewable sources
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ื‘ืื” ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื•ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื
06:41
such as solar, wind and biofuels,
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื— ืกื•ืœืจื™, ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ื— ื•ื“ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื,
06:44
less than two percent,
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื,
06:46
and the reason is purely economic.
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
06:48
Coal and natural gas are cheaper
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ื”ืคื—ื ื•ื”ื’ื– ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื–ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:50
than solar and wind,
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื”ืจื•ื—,
06:52
and petroleum is cheaper than biofuels.
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ื•ื”ื ืคื˜ ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื“ืœืงื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื.
06:54
We want alternative energy sources
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ืื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื
06:57
that can compete on price. None exist.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืœื”.
07:00
Now, technologists, business leaders
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ืื– ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืขืกืงื™ื™ื
07:03
and economists all basically agree
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ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื•ืœื, ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช,
07:05
on what national policies and international treaties
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ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช
07:09
would spur the development of alternative energy:
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ื™ื“ืจื‘ื ื• ืืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช:
07:12
mostly, a significant increase in energy
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ืขืœื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช
07:15
research and development,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช,
07:16
and some kind of price on carbon.
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ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื.
07:19
But there's no hope in the present political climate
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื‘ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™
07:22
that we will see U.S. energy policy
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ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช
07:24
or international treaties that reflect that consensus.
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ืื• ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื "ืœ ืฉื™ืฉืงืคื• ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ื–ื”.
07:29
Sometimes, big problems that had seemed technological
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ืœืขืชื™ื, ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
07:34
turn out not to be so.
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ืื™ื ืŸ ื›ืืœื”.
07:36
Famines were long understood to be caused
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ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืจืขื‘ ื™ื•ื—ืกื• ืชืžื™ื“
07:39
by failures in food supply.
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ืœื›ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืืกืคืงืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
07:41
But 30 years of research have taught us
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ืืš 30 ืฉื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื•
07:43
that famines are political crises
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ืฉืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืจืขื‘ ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื
07:46
that catastrophically affect food distribution.
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ืฉืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
07:50
Technology can improve things like crop yields
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืชื•ืฆืจืช,
07:53
or systems for storing and transporting food,
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ืื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื—ืกื ื” ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
07:57
but there will be famines so long as there are bad governments.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืจืขื‘ ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืฉืœื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื.
08:02
Finally, big problems sometimes elude solution
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื ื—ื•ืžืงื•ืช ืžืคืชืจื•ืŸ
08:06
because we don't really understand the problem.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
08:09
President Nixon declared war on cancer in 1971,
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘-1971
08:14
but we soon discovered
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•
08:15
there are many kinds of cancer,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
08:18
most of them fiendishly resistant to therapy,
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื˜ื ื™ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื,
08:22
and it is only in the last 10 years
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ื•ืจืง ื‘-10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
08:24
that effective, viable therapies
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื
08:26
have come to seem real.
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืžืฉ.
08:28
Hard problems are hard.
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ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืฉื”.
08:31
It's not true that we can't solve big problems through technology.
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ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืข"ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
08:36
We can, we must, but these four elements
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
08:40
must all be present:
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื:
08:41
Political leaders and the public
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ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
08:43
must care to solve a problem;
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช,
08:45
institutions must support its solution;
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ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื”,
08:48
It must really be a technological problem;
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ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
08:51
and we must understand it.
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ื•ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื”.
08:55
The Apollo mission,
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ืชื›ื ื™ืช "ืืคื•ืœื•",
08:57
which has become a kind of metaphor
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ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžืขื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™
08:59
for technology's capacity to solve big problems,
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ืœื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
09:03
met these criteria.
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ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืืžื•ืช-ืžื™ื“ื” ืืœื”.
09:05
But it is an irreproducible model for the future.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™.
09:08
It is not 1961.
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ื”ืฉื ื” ืื™ื ื ื” 1961.
09:10
There is no galvanizing contest like the Cold War,
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ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”,
09:14
no politician like John Kennedy
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ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ ื›ืžื• ื’'ื•ืŸ ืงื ื“ื™
09:16
who can heroize the difficult and the dangerous,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื•ื•ืช ืชื“ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœืงื•ืฉื™ ื•ืœืกื›ื ื”,
09:20
and no popular science fictional mythology
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื“"ื‘ื™ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื
09:23
such as exploring the solar system.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžืกืชืจื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
09:26
Most of all, going to the moon
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ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ, ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ืœื™ืจื—
09:28
turned out to be easy.
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ื ืขืฉืชื” ืงืœื”.
09:30
It was just three days away.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
09:32
And arguably it wasn't even solving
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ืืคื™ืœื•
09:35
much of a problem.
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ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื”.
09:38
We are left alone with our day,
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ื ื•ืชืจื ื• ืœื‘ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื ื•,
09:42
and the solutions of the future will be harder won.
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ื•ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื•ืฉื’ื• ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:47
God knows, we don't lack for the challenges.
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ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื—ืกืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืืชื’ืจื™ื.
09:50
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
09:51
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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