Jason Pontin: Can technology solve our big problems?

182,666 views ใƒป 2013-10-04

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: K Bang ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jisu Lee
00:12
So, we used to solve big problems.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
On July 21st, 1969,
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1969๋…„ 7์›” 21์ผ,
00:20
Buzz Aldrin climbed out of Apollo 11's lunar module
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๋ฒ„์ฆˆ ์˜ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ์€ ์•„ํด๋กœ 11ํ˜ธ์˜ ๋‹ฌ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™์„ ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์™€
00:24
and descended onto the Sea of Tranquility.
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๊ณ ์š”์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
Armstrong and Aldrin were alone,
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์•”์ŠคํŠธ๋กฑ๊ณผ ์˜ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ์€ ํ˜ผ์ž์˜€์ง€๋งŒ
00:30
but their presence on the moon's gray surface
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ํšŒ์ƒ‰์˜ ๋‹ฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—๋Š”
00:32
was the culmination of a convulsive, collective effort.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ•„์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
The Apollo program was the greatest
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์•„ํด๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€
00:40
peacetime mobilization
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ
00:41
in the history of the United States.
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ํ‰์ƒ์‹œ ๋™์›์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
To get to the moon, NASA spent
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๋‚˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ์— ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
00:45
around 180 billion dollars in today's money,
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋กœ ์•ฝ 1,800์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์žํ–ˆ๊ณ 
00:49
or four percent of the federal budget.
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์ด๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์˜ 4%์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
Apollo employed around 400,000 people
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์•ฝ 40๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ณ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
00:54
and demanded the collaboration of 20,000
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์ด 2๋งŒ์—ฌ๊ฐœ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ
00:57
companies, universities and government agencies.
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๋Œ€ํ•™, ์ • ๋ถ€๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
People died, including the crew of Apollo 1.
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์•„ํด๋กœ 1ํ˜ธ ํŒ€์›์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ธ๋ช… ํ”ผํ•ด๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
But before the Apollo program ended,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„ํด๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—
01:08
24 men flew to the moon.
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24๋ช…์ด ๋‹ฌ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
Twelve walked on its surface, of whom Aldrin,
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ 12๋ช…์ด ๋‹ฌ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์˜ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ์€
01:14
following the death of Armstrong last year,
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์ž‘๋…„์— ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋– ๋‚œ ์•”์ŠคํŠธ๋กฑ์„ ์ด์–ด
01:16
is now the most senior.
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ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ๋ น ์—ฐ์žฅ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
So why did they go?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์™œ ๋‹ฌ์— ๊ฐ”์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:20
They didn't bring much back:
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
841 pounds of old rocks,
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๋„ํ•ฉ 382 ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๋Œ๋“ค๊ณผ
01:25
and something all 24 later emphasized --
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๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ๋œ 24๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค --
01:29
a new sense of the smallness
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๊ณ  ์—ฐ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š”
01:32
and the fragility of our common home.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ธ์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ์ฃผ์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
Why did they go? The cynical answer is they went
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์™œ ๋‹ฌ์— ๊ฐ”์„๊นŒ์š”? ๋ƒ‰์†Œ์ ์ธ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
01:38
because President Kennedy wanted to show
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์ผ€๋„ค๋”” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์†Œ๋ จ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋กœ์ผ“์„
01:40
the Soviets that his nation had the better rockets.
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๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
But Kennedy's own words at Rice University in 1962
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์บ๋„ค๋””๋Š” 1962๋…„ ๋ผ์ด์Šค ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ
01:49
provide a better clue.
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๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๋‚ด๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
(Video) John F. Kennedy: But why, some say, the moon?
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(์˜์ƒ) ์ผ€๋„ค๋””: ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€, ์™œ ๋‹ฌ์ด๋ƒ?
01:53
Why choose this as our goal?
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์™œ ๋‹ฌ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๋Š๋ƒ?
01:56
And they may well ask,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•„๋งˆ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
why climb the highest mountain?
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์™œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์‚ฐ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š๋ƒ?
02:01
Why, 35 years ago, fly the Atlantic?
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์™œ 35๋…„์ „์— ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘ ํšก๋‹จ ๋น„ํ–‰์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š๋ƒ?
02:05
Why does Rice play Texas?
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์™œ ๋ผ์ด์Šค๋Œ€ํ•™์€ ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ณผ ์‹œํ•ฉ์„ ํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ?
02:07
We choose to go to the moon.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ์— ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
We choose to go to the moon.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ์— ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
02:17
We choose to go to the moon in this decade,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 10๋…„ ์•ˆ์— ๋‹ฌ์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•˜๊ณ ,
02:20
and do the other things,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
not because they are easy, but because they are hard.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‰ฝ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
Jason Pontin: To contemporaries,
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์ œ์ด์Šจ ํฐํ‹ด: ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ,
02:28
Apollo wasn't only a victory of West over East
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์•„ํด๋กœ๋Š” ๋ƒ‰์ „์—์„œ ์„œ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
02:31
in the Cold War.
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๋™๊ตฌ์— ์Šน๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
At the time, the strongest emotion
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ •์„œ๋Š”
02:35
was of wonder
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๊ฒฝ์ด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
at the transcendent powers of technology.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ดˆ์›”์  ํž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ด๊ฐ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:40
They went because it was a big thing to do.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ์ด๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
Landing on the moon occurred in the context
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๋‹ฌ์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
02:48
of a long series of technological triumphs.
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์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์Šน๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋„์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
The first half of the 20th century produced
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20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์—
02:54
the assembly line and the airplane,
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์กฐ๋ฆฝ ๋ผ์ธ๊ณผ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๊ณ 
02:56
penicillin and a vaccine for tuberculosis.
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ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ต ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
In the middle years of the century,
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20์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์—๋Š”
03:00
polio was eradicated and smallpox eliminated.
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์†Œ์•„๋งˆ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ทผ์ ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ฒœ์—ฐ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
Technology itself seemed to possess
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ
03:06
what Alvin Toffler in 1970
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1970๋…„์— ์•จ๋นˆ ํ† ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด
03:09
called "accelerative thrust."
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'๊ฐ€์†์ ์ธ ์ถ”์ง„๋ ฅ'์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
For most of human history,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ
03:13
we could go no faster than a horse
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ง์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐฐ๋ณด๋‹ค
03:16
or a boat with a sail,
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๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
but in 1969, the crew of Apollo 10
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 1969๋…„ ์•„ํด๋กœ 10ํ˜ธ์˜ ํŒ€์›๋“ค์€
03:20
flew at 25,000 miles an hour.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น 4๋งŒํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
Since 1970, no human beings
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 1970๋…„ ์ดํ›„
03:27
have been back to the moon.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋‹ฌ์— ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
No one has traveled faster than the crew
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์–ด๋Š ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์•„ํด๋กœ 10ํ˜ธ์˜ ํŒ€์›๋ณด๋‹ค
03:31
of Apollo 10,
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๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ„ ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
and blithe optimism about technology's powers
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚™๊ด€์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€
03:36
has evaporated
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์ฐจ์ธฐ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๊ณ 
03:38
as big problems we had imagined technology would solve,
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์ „์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ์จ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค
03:42
such as going to Mars,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํ™”์„ฑ ์—ฌํ–‰,
03:44
creating clean energy, curing cancer,
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์ฒญ์ • ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ์•” ์น˜๋ฃŒ
03:47
or feeding the world have come to seem
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ธ์˜ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋“ฑ์€
03:50
intractably hard.
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๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
I remember watching the liftoff of Apollo 17.
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์ €๋Š” ์•„ํด๋กœ 17ํ˜ธ์˜ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
I was five years old,
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๊ทธ ๋•Œ ์ €๋Š” 5์‚ด์ด์˜€๊ณ 
03:59
and my mother told me not to stare
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์ €์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ €์—๊ฒŒ
04:01
at the fiery exhaust of a Saturn V rocket.
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์ƒˆํ„ด 5ํ˜ธ ๋กœ์ผ“์ด ๋ถˆ ๋ฟœ๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
I vaguely knew this was to be the last
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์ €๋Š” ๋ง‰์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด
04:07
of the moon missions,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‹ฌ ํƒ์‚ฌ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜
04:08
but I was absolutely certain there would be
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ
04:12
Mars colonies in my lifetime.
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ํ™”์„ฑ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:15
So "Something happened
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'๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š”
04:18
to our capacity to solve big problems with technology"
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค' ๋Š”
04:22
has become a commonplace.
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์ด์ œ ์ง„๋ถ€ํ•œ ๋ง์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
You hear it all the time.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ์ž์ฃผ ๋“ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
We've heard it over the last two days here at TED.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ ์ดํ‹€๊ฐ„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ TED์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
It feels as if technologists have diverted us
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
04:33
and enriched themselves with trivial toys,
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์•„์ดํฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์•ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค
04:36
with things like iPhones and apps and social media,
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๋˜๋Š” ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ž๋™ํ™” ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ฐ™์€
04:39
or algorithms that speed automated trading.
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์‚ฌ์†Œํ•œ ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ๋“ค๋กœ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•ด์ง€๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
There's nothing wrong with most of these things.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
They've expanded and enriched our lives.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ถ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์„ ํ™•์žฅ์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ  ํ’์š”๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
But they don't solve humanity's big problems.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
What happened?
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
04:54
So there is a parochial explanation in Silicon Valley,
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์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ๋Š”, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํฌ๋ถ€์žˆ๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
04:59
which admits that it has been funding less ambitious companies
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์ธํ…”, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ, ์• ํ”Œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๋„จํƒ์—
05:03
than it did in the years when it financed
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ํˆฌ์žํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ๊ฒŒ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”
05:05
Intel, Microsoft, Apple and Genentech.
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ํŽธํ˜‘ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋‚ด๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
Silicon Valley says the markets are to blame,
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์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์— ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
in particular the incentives that venture capitalists
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ํŠนํžˆ, ๋ฒค์ฒ˜ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š”
05:14
offer to entrepreneurs.
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์šฐ๋Œ€ ์กฐ์น˜ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
Silicon Valley says that venture investing
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์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
shifted away from funding transformational ideas
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ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋˜ ๋ฒค์ฒ˜ ํˆฌ์ž ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด
05:21
and towards funding incremental problems
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์ด์œจ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋‚˜
05:24
or even fake problems.
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๊ฑฐ์ง“๋œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
But I don't think that explanation is good enough.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
It mostly explains what's wrong with Silicon Valley.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:33
Even when venture capitalists were at their most
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ฒค์ฒ˜ ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€๋“ค์€
05:36
risk-happy, they preferred small investments,
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์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ๋„ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ํˆฌ์ž,
05:38
tiny investments that offered an exit within 10 years.
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10๋…„์ด๋‚ด์— ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋  ์•„์ฃผ ์ ์€ ํˆฌ์ž๋งŒ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
V.C.s have always struggled
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๋ฒค์ฒ˜ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์€ ๋Š˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
05:45
to invest profitably in technologies such as energy
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์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์• ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:48
whose capital requirements are huge
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์—…๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ž๋ณธ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ 
05:50
and whose development is long and lengthy,
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
05:53
and V.C.s have never, never funded the development
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฒค์ฒ˜ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ
05:56
of technologies meant to solve big problems
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
that possess no immediate commercial value.
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์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ’ˆ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
No, the reasons we can't solve big problems
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š”
06:04
are more complicated and more profound.
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๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ์‹ฌ์˜คํ•œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
Sometimes we choose not to solve big problems.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
We could go to Mars if we want.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ™”์„ฑ์— ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
NASA even has the outline of a plan.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋‚˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ณ„ํš๋„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
But going to Mars would follow a political decision
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ™”์„ฑ์— ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณผ
06:19
with popular appeal, and that will never happen.
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๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค์˜ ํ˜ธ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
We won't go to Mars, because everyone thinks
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™”์„ฑ์— ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
there are more important things
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• 
06:27
to do here on Earth.
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๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:30
Sometimes, we can't solve big problems
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
because our political systems fail.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ •์น˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์‹คํŒจ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
Today, less than two percent
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , 2% ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜
06:37
of the world's energy consumption
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†Œ๋ชจ๋Ÿ‰์ด
06:39
derives from advanced, renewable sources
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ํƒœ์–‘, ๋ฐ”๋žŒ๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€
06:41
such as solar, wind and biofuels,
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๋ฐœ์ „๋˜๊ณ  ์žฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
less than two percent,
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2% ๋ฏธ๋งŒ ๋ฐ–์— ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
and the reason is purely economic.
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์ด๋Š” ์ˆœ์ „ํžˆ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ์ด์œ  ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
Coal and natural gas are cheaper
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์„ํƒ„๊ณผ ์ฒœ์—ฐ ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
06:50
than solar and wind,
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ํƒœ์–‘๊ณผ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ธ๊ณ 
06:52
and petroleum is cheaper than biofuels.
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์„์œ ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ €๋ ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
We want alternative energy sources
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์„ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
that can compete on price. None exist.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:00
Now, technologists, business leaders
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์—… ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋“ค
07:03
and economists all basically agree
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘
07:05
on what national policies and international treaties
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์กฐ์•ฝ๋“ค์ด
07:09
would spur the development of alternative energy:
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๋Œ€์ฒด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
mostly, a significant increase in energy
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์ฃผ๋กœ, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜
07:15
research and development,
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์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€
07:16
and some kind of price on carbon.
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ํƒ„์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
But there's no hope in the present political climate
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ํฌ๋ง์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
that we will see U.S. energy policy
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์œ„์˜ ํ•ฉ์˜๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ •์ฑ…์ด๋‚˜
07:24
or international treaties that reflect that consensus.
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๊ตญ์ œ์  ์กฐ์•ฝ๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ํฌ๋ง์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
Sometimes, big problems that had seemed technological
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์ข…์ข…, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋ณด์˜€๋˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ด
07:34
turn out not to be so.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
Famines were long understood to be caused
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๊ธฐ๊ทผ์€ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ดํ•ด
07:39
by failures in food supply.
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๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
But 30 years of research have taught us
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 30๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
07:43
that famines are political crises
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๊ธฐ๊ทผ์€ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์— ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น ๋งŒํ•œ
07:46
that catastrophically affect food distribution.
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์ •์น˜์  ์œ„๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์Œ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
Technology can improve things like crop yields
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ž‘๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜ํ™•๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
07:53
or systems for storing and transporting food,
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์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์ €์žฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์šด์†ก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
07:57
but there will be famines so long as there are bad governments.
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๋‚˜์œ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ทผ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:02
Finally, big problems sometimes elude solution
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
because we don't really understand the problem.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
President Nixon declared war on cancer in 1971,
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๋‹‰์Šจ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ 1971๋…„ ์•”๊ณผ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์„ ํฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:14
but we soon discovered
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณง
08:15
there are many kinds of cancer,
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์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์•”์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
08:18
most of them fiendishly resistant to therapy,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ์ž˜ ์ €ํ•ญํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:22
and it is only in the last 10 years
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒจ์šฐ 10๋…„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
08:24
that effective, viable therapies
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ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด
08:26
have come to seem real.
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์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
Hard problems are hard.
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์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋„ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
It's not true that we can't solve big problems through technology.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
We can, we must, but these four elements
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
must all be present:
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ๋„ค๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
Political leaders and the public
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์ •์น˜์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์™€ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค์ด
08:43
must care to solve a problem;
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
institutions must support its solution;
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๊ต์œก ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์ง€์›ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
It must really be a technological problem;
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์—ฌ์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
and we must understand it.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
The Apollo mission,
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์•„ํด๋กœ ์ž„๋ฌด๋Š”
08:57
which has become a kind of metaphor
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ
08:59
for technology's capacity to solve big problems,
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ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
09:03
met these criteria.
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์œ„์— 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:05
But it is an irreproducible model for the future.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ์žฌ์ƒ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
It is not 1961.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ 1961๋…„์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
There is no galvanizing contest like the Cold War,
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๋ƒ‰์ „๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€๊ฒฐ ๊ตฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ณ 
09:14
no politician like John Kennedy
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์กด ์ผ€๋„ค๋””์™€ ๊ฐ™์€
09:16
who can heroize the difficult and the dangerous,
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์–ด๋ ค์›€๊ณผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์˜์›…ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ •์น˜์ธ๋„ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ
09:20
and no popular science fictional mythology
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ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํƒํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
09:23
such as exploring the solar system.
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๋Œ€์ค‘์ ์ธ ๊ณต์ƒ ๊ณผํ•™ ์‹ ํ™”๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
Most of all, going to the moon
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๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹ฌ์— ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
09:28
turned out to be easy.
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์‰ฝ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:30
It was just three days away.
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๋‹ฌ์€ ๋‹จ 3์ผ๋ฐ–์— ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
And arguably it wasn't even solving
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ
09:35
much of a problem.
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ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
09:38
We are left alone with our day,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹  ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด ์ค„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
and the solutions of the future will be harder won.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋” ํž˜๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
God knows, we don't lack for the challenges.
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ํ•˜๋Š˜์€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋„์ „ ์ •์‹ ์€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
Thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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