Jason Pontin: Can technology solve our big problems?

183,059 views ・ 2013-10-04

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: K Bang κ²€ν† : Jisu Lee
00:12
So, we used to solve big problems.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ±°λŒ€ν•œ 문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κ³€ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:17
On July 21st, 1969,
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1969λ…„ 7μ›” 21일,
00:20
Buzz Aldrin climbed out of Apollo 11's lunar module
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λ²„μ¦ˆ μ˜¬λ“œλ¦°μ€ μ•„ν΄λ‘œ 11호의 달 μ°©λ₯™μ„ μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ™€
00:24
and descended onto the Sea of Tranquility.
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κ³ μš”μ˜ 바닀에 μ°©λ₯™ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:27
Armstrong and Aldrin were alone,
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μ•”μŠ€νŠΈλ‘±κ³Ό μ˜¬λ“œλ¦°μ€ ν˜Όμžμ˜€μ§€λ§Œ
00:30
but their presence on the moon's gray surface
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νšŒμƒ‰μ˜ 달 ν‘œλ©΄μ— 그듀이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ λ°°κ²½μ—λŠ”
00:32
was the culmination of a convulsive, collective effort.
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μ—¬λŸ¬ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 필사적인 λ…Έλ ₯이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:38
The Apollo program was the greatest
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μ•„ν΄λ‘œ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ€
00:40
peacetime mobilization
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λ―Έκ΅­ 역사상 κ°€μž₯ μœ„λŒ€ν•œ
00:41
in the history of the United States.
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ν‰μƒμ‹œ λ™μ›μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:43
To get to the moon, NASA spent
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λ‚˜μ‚¬λŠ” 달에 κ°€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
00:45
around 180 billion dollars in today's money,
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ν˜„μž¬ κ°€μΉ˜λ‘œ μ•½ 1,800μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό νˆ¬μžν–ˆκ³ 
00:49
or four percent of the federal budget.
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μ΄λŠ” μ—°λ°© μ˜ˆμ‚°μ˜ 4%에 ν•΄λ‹Ήν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:51
Apollo employed around 400,000 people
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μ•½ 40만 λͺ…μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ κ³ μš©λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
00:54
and demanded the collaboration of 20,000
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총 2λ§Œμ—¬κ°œμ— λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” νšŒμ‚¬λ“€κ³Ό
00:57
companies, universities and government agencies.
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λŒ€ν•™, μ • 뢀기관듀이 μ°Έμ—¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
People died, including the crew of Apollo 1.
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μ•„ν΄λ‘œ 1호 νŒ€μ›μ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•œ 인λͺ… 피해도 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
But before the Apollo program ended,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ•„ν΄λ‘œ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ΄ μ’…λ£Œλ˜κΈ° 전에
01:08
24 men flew to the moon.
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24λͺ…이 달을 ν–₯ν•΄ λ‚ μ•„κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:11
Twelve walked on its surface, of whom Aldrin,
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κ·Έ 쀑 12λͺ…이 λ‹¬μ˜ ν‘œλ©΄ μœ„λ₯Ό κ±Έμ—ˆκ³ , μ˜¬λ“œλ¦°μ€
01:14
following the death of Armstrong last year,
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μž‘λ…„μ— 세상을 λ– λ‚œ μ•”μŠ€νŠΈλ‘±μ„ 이어
01:16
is now the most senior.
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ν˜„μ‘΄ν•˜λŠ” 졜고령 μ—°μž₯μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:18
So why did they go?
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그듀은 μ™œ 달에 κ°”μ„κΉŒμš”?
01:20
They didn't bring much back:
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그듀은 λ‹¬μ—μ„œ κ°€μ Έμ˜¨ 게 λ³„λ‘œ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:22
841 pounds of old rocks,
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도합 382 ν‚¬λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ— λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” 였래된 λŒλ“€κ³Ό
01:25
and something all 24 later emphasized --
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λ‚˜μ€‘μ— μ£Όλͺ©λ°›κ²Œλœ 24가지 것듀 --
01:29
a new sense of the smallness
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그리고 지ꡬ가 μž‘κ³  μ—°μ•½ν•˜λ‹€λŠ”
01:32
and the fragility of our common home.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 인식을 κ°€μ Έλ‹€ μ£Όμ—ˆμ„ λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
Why did they go? The cynical answer is they went
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그듀은 μ™œ 달에 κ°”μ„κΉŒμš”? λƒ‰μ†Œμ μΈ λ‹΅λ³€μœΌλ‘œλŠ”
01:38
because President Kennedy wanted to show
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μΌ€λ„€λ”” λŒ€ν†΅λ Ήμ΄ μ†Œλ ¨μ—κ²Œ 미ꡭ이 더 λ‚˜μ€ λ‘œμΌ“μ„
01:40
the Soviets that his nation had the better rockets.
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κ°€μ‘Œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 보여주기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œμ˜€λ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
But Kennedy's own words at Rice University in 1962
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μΊλ„€λ””λŠ” 1962λ…„ 라이슀 λŒ€ν•™μ—μ„œ
01:49
provide a better clue.
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더 λ‚˜μ€ 닡변을 직접 λ‚΄λ†“μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:51
(Video) John F. Kennedy: But why, some say, the moon?
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(μ˜μƒ) μΌ€λ„€λ””: μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€, μ™œ 달이냐?
01:53
Why choose this as our goal?
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μ™œ 달을 우리의 λͺ©ν‘œλ‘œ μ„ νƒν–ˆλŠλƒ?
01:56
And they may well ask,
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그듀은 μ•„λ§ˆ μ§ˆλ¬Έν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
why climb the highest mountain?
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μ™œ κ°€μž₯ 높은 산을 μ˜¬λΌκ°€λŠλƒ?
02:01
Why, 35 years ago, fly the Atlantic?
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μ™œ 35년전에 λŒ€μ„œμ–‘ νš‘λ‹¨ 비행을 ν–ˆλŠλƒ?
02:05
Why does Rice play Texas?
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μ™œ λΌμ΄μŠ€λŒ€ν•™μ€ ν…μ‚¬μŠ€ λŒ€ν•™κ³Ό μ‹œν•©μ„ ν•˜λŠλƒ?
02:07
We choose to go to the moon.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 달에 κ°€κΈ°λ‘œ κ²°μ •ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:09
We choose to go to the moon.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 달에 κ°€κΈ°λ‘œ κ²°μ •ν•œ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
02:17
We choose to go to the moon in this decade,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 10λ…„ μ•ˆμ— 달에 μ°©λ₯™ν•˜κ³ ,
02:20
and do the other things,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 것듀도 ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ κ²°μ •ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:22
not because they are easy, but because they are hard.
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그것이 쉽기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μ–΄λ ΅κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
Jason Pontin: To contemporaries,
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제이슨 폰틴: κ·Έ λ‹Ήμ‹œ,
02:28
Apollo wasn't only a victory of West over East
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μ•„ν΄λ‘œλŠ” λƒ‰μ „μ—μ„œ μ„œκ΅¬κ°€
02:31
in the Cold War.
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동ꡬ에 μŠΉλ¦¬ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒλ§Œμ„ μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
At the time, the strongest emotion
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κ·Έ λ‹Ήμ‹œμ˜ κ°€μž₯ 큰 μ •μ„œλŠ”
02:35
was of wonder
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κ²½μ΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
at the transcendent powers of technology.
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기술의 μ΄ˆμ›”μ  νž˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ 경이감 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:40
They went because it was a big thing to do.
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그듀은 그것이 μœ„λŒ€ν•œ 일이기에 κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:45
Landing on the moon occurred in the context
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달에 μ°©λ₯™ν•œ 것은
02:48
of a long series of technological triumphs.
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일련의 기술적 승리의 κ΅¬λ„μ—μ„œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
The first half of the 20th century produced
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20μ„ΈκΈ° μ΄ˆλ°˜μ—
02:54
the assembly line and the airplane,
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쑰립 라인과 λΉ„ν–‰κΈ°κ°€ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ‘Œκ³ 
02:56
penicillin and a vaccine for tuberculosis.
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νŽ˜λ‹ˆμ‹€λ¦°κ³Ό κ²°ν•΅ 백신이 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:59
In the middle years of the century,
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20μ„ΈκΈ°μ˜ μ€‘λ°˜μ—λŠ”
03:00
polio was eradicated and smallpox eliminated.
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μ†Œμ•„λ§ˆλΉ„κ°€ κ·Όμ ˆλ˜μ—ˆκ³  μ²œμ—°λ‘κ°€ μ‚¬λΌμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:04
Technology itself seemed to possess
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κΈ°μˆ μ€ κ·Έ 자체둜
03:06
what Alvin Toffler in 1970
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1970년에 μ•¨λΉˆ ν† ν”ŒλŸ¬κ°€ λ§ν–ˆλ“―μ΄
03:09
called "accelerative thrust."
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'가속적인 좔진λ ₯'을 가지고 μžˆλŠ”κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:11
For most of human history,
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인λ₯˜ μ—­μ‚¬μ˜ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ—μ„œ
03:13
we could go no faster than a horse
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ§μ΄λ‚˜ 배보닀
03:16
or a boat with a sail,
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더 빨리 갈 수 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
but in 1969, the crew of Apollo 10
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 1969λ…„ μ•„ν΄λ‘œ 10호의 νŒ€μ›λ“€μ€
03:20
flew at 25,000 miles an hour.
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μ‹œκ°„λ‹Ή 4λ§Œν‚¬λ‘œλ―Έν„°μ˜ μ†λ„λ‘œ 달을 ν–₯ν•΄ λ‚ μ•„κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:24
Since 1970, no human beings
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 1970λ…„ 이후
03:27
have been back to the moon.
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인λ₯˜λŠ” 달에 가지 λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
No one has traveled faster than the crew
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μ–΄λŠ λˆ„κ΅¬λ„ μ•„ν΄λ‘œ 10호의 νŒ€μ›λ³΄λ‹€
03:31
of Apollo 10,
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λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ κ°„ 적이 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:33
and blithe optimism about technology's powers
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그리고 기술적 λŠ₯λ ₯에 λŒ€ν•œ λ‚™κ΄€μ£Όμ˜κ°€
03:36
has evaporated
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μ°¨μΈ° μ‚¬λΌμ‘Œκ³ 
03:38
as big problems we had imagined technology would solve,
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전에 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 기술둜써 ν•΄κ²°ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μ—¬κΈ΄ κ±°λŒ€ λ¬Έμ œλ“€
03:42
such as going to Mars,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, ν™”μ„± μ—¬ν–‰,
03:44
creating clean energy, curing cancer,
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μ²­μ • μ—λ„ˆμ§€ 개발, μ•” 치료
03:47
or feeding the world have come to seem
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μ „ μ„Έκ³„μΈμ˜ μ‹λŸ‰ 문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²° 등은
03:50
intractably hard.
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맀우 μ–΄λ €μš΄ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 여겨지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:53
I remember watching the liftoff of Apollo 17.
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μ €λŠ” μ•„ν΄λ‘œ 17호의 λ°œμ‚¬ μž₯면을 κΈ°μ–΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
I was five years old,
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κ·Έ λ•Œ μ €λŠ” 5μ‚΄μ΄μ˜€κ³ 
03:59
and my mother told me not to stare
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μ €μ˜ μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆλŠ” μ €μ—κ²Œ
04:01
at the fiery exhaust of a Saturn V rocket.
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μƒˆν„΄ 5호 λ‘œμΌ“μ΄ 뢈 λΏœλŠ” μž₯면을 보지 말라고 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:04
I vaguely knew this was to be the last
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μ €λŠ” λ§‰μ—°ν•˜κ²Œ 이것이
04:07
of the moon missions,
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ 달 탐사일 것이라고 μƒκ°ν–ˆμœΌλ‚˜
04:08
but I was absolutely certain there would be
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μ œκ°€ μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” λ™μ•ˆ
04:12
Mars colonies in my lifetime.
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ν™”μ„± 식민지가 생길 것이라고 ν™•μ‹ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
So "Something happened
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'κΈ°μˆ μ„ 톡해 κ±°λŒ€ 문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•˜λŠ”
04:18
to our capacity to solve big problems with technology"
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우리의 λŠ₯λ ₯에 무슨 일이 생겼닀' λŠ”
04:22
has become a commonplace.
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이제 μ§„λΆ€ν•œ 말이 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:24
You hear it all the time.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ 그런 말을 자주 λ“£μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:26
We've heard it over the last two days here at TED.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ§€λ‚œ 이틀간 μ—¬κΈ° TEDμ—μ„œ 그런 말을 λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:29
It feels as if technologists have diverted us
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그것은 마치 κΈ°μˆ μžλ“€μ΄ 우리의 관심사λ₯Ό 돌리렀 ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
04:33
and enriched themselves with trivial toys,
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μ•„μ΄ν°μ΄λ‚˜ μ•±, 그리고 μ†Œμ…œ 미디어같은 것듀
04:36
with things like iPhones and apps and social media,
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λ˜λŠ” λΉ λ₯Έ μžλ™ν™” 거래 μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜ 같은
04:39
or algorithms that speed automated trading.
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μ‚¬μ†Œν•œ μž₯λ‚œκ°λ“€λ‘œ λΆ€μœ ν•΄μ§€λ €λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:43
There's nothing wrong with most of these things.
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이런 것에 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:45
They've expanded and enriched our lives.
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그듀은 우리 μ‚Άμ˜ μ˜μ—­μ„ ν™•μž₯μ‹œμΌ°κ³  ν’μš”λ‘­κ²Œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:48
But they don't solve humanity's big problems.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 그것이 인λ₯˜μ˜ κ±°λŒ€ 문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•΄μ£Όμ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:53
What happened?
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무슨 일이 생긴 κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
04:54
So there is a parochial explanation in Silicon Valley,
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이에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ‹€λ¦¬μ½˜ λ°Έλ¦¬λŠ”, 그듀이 ν¬λΆ€μžˆλŠ” νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ—κ²Œ
04:59
which admits that it has been funding less ambitious companies
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인텔, λ§ˆμ΄ν¬λ‘œμ†Œν”„νŠΈ, μ• ν”Œ 그리고 μ œλ„¨νƒμ—
05:03
than it did in the years when it financed
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νˆ¬μžν–ˆμ„ λ•Œλ³΄λ‹€ 적게 투자λ₯Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  μΈμ •ν•˜λŠ”
05:05
Intel, Microsoft, Apple and Genentech.
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νŽΈν˜‘ν•œ μ„€λͺ…을 λ‚΄λ†“μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:08
Silicon Valley says the markets are to blame,
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μ‹€λ¦¬μ½˜ λ°Έλ¦¬λŠ” μ‹œμž₯에 μ±…μž„μ΄ μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:11
in particular the incentives that venture capitalists
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특히, 벀처 νˆ¬μžμžλ“€μ΄ κΈ°μ—…κ°€λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ œμ•ˆν•˜λŠ”
05:14
offer to entrepreneurs.
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μš°λŒ€ 쑰치 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λΌκ³  λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:15
Silicon Valley says that venture investing
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μ‹€λ¦¬μ½˜ λ°Έλ¦¬λŠ” λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:17
shifted away from funding transformational ideas
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ν˜μ‹ μ μΈ 아이디어에 νˆ¬μžν•˜λ˜ 벀처 투자 κ²½ν–₯이
05:21
and towards funding incremental problems
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이율 λ¬Έμ œλ‚˜
05:24
or even fake problems.
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κ±°μ§“λœ λ¬Έμ œμ— νˆ¬μžν•˜λŠ” κ²½ν–₯으둜 λ°”λ€Œμ—ˆλ‹€κ³  λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:26
But I don't think that explanation is good enough.
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μ €λŠ” κ·Έ μ„€λͺ…이 μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:29
It mostly explains what's wrong with Silicon Valley.
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그것은 μ‹€λ¦¬μ½˜ 밸리의 문제λ₯Ό λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:33
Even when venture capitalists were at their most
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심지어 벀처 νˆ¬μžκ°€λ“€μ€
05:36
risk-happy, they preferred small investments,
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μœ„ν—˜ν•œ 투자λ₯Ό ν•˜λ €ν•  λ•Œλ„ μ†Œκ·œλͺ¨ 투자,
05:38
tiny investments that offered an exit within 10 years.
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10년이내에 μ’…λ£Œλ  μ•„μ£Ό 적은 νˆ¬μžλ§Œμ„ μ„ ν˜Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:42
V.C.s have always struggled
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벀처 νˆ¬μžμžλ“€μ€ 늘 μ—λ„ˆμ§€ 기술과 같은
05:45
to invest profitably in technologies such as energy
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μˆ˜μ΅μ„± μžˆλŠ” κΈ°μˆ μ— νˆ¬μžν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ• μ”λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:48
whose capital requirements are huge
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이런 사업듀은 λŒ€κ·œλͺ¨ 자본이 ν•„μš”ν•˜κ³ 
05:50
and whose development is long and lengthy,
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κ°œλ°œμ„ μœ„ν•΄μ„œ 였랜 μ‹œκ°„μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•˜μ§€μš”.
05:53
and V.C.s have never, never funded the development
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그리고 벀처 νˆ¬μžμžλ“€μ€ μ ˆλŒ€λ‘œ
05:56
of technologies meant to solve big problems
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κ±°λŒ€ λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ„ ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ κΈ°μˆ μ— νˆ¬μžν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:59
that possess no immediate commercial value.
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즉각적인 μƒν’ˆ κ°€μΉ˜κ°€ μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:01
No, the reasons we can't solve big problems
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ±°λŒ€ λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ„ ν•΄κ²°ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” λ°μ—λŠ”
06:04
are more complicated and more profound.
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더 λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ³  더 μ‹¬μ˜€ν•œ μ΄μœ κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:08
Sometimes we choose not to solve big problems.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ•Œλ•Œλ‘œ κ±°λŒ€ λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ„ ν•΄κ²°ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠκΈ°λ‘œ κ²°μ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:11
We could go to Mars if we want.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ›ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ 화성에 갈 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:13
NASA even has the outline of a plan.
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심지어 λ‚˜μ‚¬λŠ” κΈ°λ³Έ κ³„νšλ„ 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:16
But going to Mars would follow a political decision
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 화성에 κ°€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ •μΉ˜μ  κ²°μ •κ³Ό
06:19
with popular appeal, and that will never happen.
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λŒ€μ€‘λ“€μ˜ ν˜Έμ†Œκ°€ μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”λ°, 그것은 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:23
We won't go to Mars, because everyone thinks
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 화성에 가지 μ•Šμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:26
there are more important things
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λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ μ—¬κΈ° μ§€κ΅¬μ—μ„œ ν•΄μ•Ό ν• 
06:27
to do here on Earth.
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더 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 일듀이 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:30
Sometimes, we can't solve big problems
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λ•Œλ•Œλ‘œ, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ±°λŒ€ λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ„ ν•΄κ²°ν•  수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:33
because our political systems fail.
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우리 μ •μΉ˜ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜ μ‹€νŒ¨ λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:35
Today, less than two percent
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ , 2% 미만의
06:37
of the world's energy consumption
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전세계 μ—λ„ˆμ§€ μ†Œλͺ¨λŸ‰μ΄
06:39
derives from advanced, renewable sources
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νƒœμ–‘, λ°”λžŒκ³Ό 생물 μ—°λ£Œμ™€ 같은
06:41
such as solar, wind and biofuels,
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λ°œμ „λ˜κ³  μž¬μƒ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ›μ—μ„œ μƒμ‚°λ˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:44
less than two percent,
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2% 미만 밖에 μ•ˆλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:46
and the reason is purely economic.
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μ΄λŠ” μˆœμ „νžˆ 경제적인 이유 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:48
Coal and natural gas are cheaper
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석탄과 μ²œμ—° κ°€μŠ€λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄ μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό μƒμ‚°ν•˜λŠ” 것이
06:50
than solar and wind,
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νƒœμ–‘κ³Ό λ°”λžŒμ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것보닀 μ‹Έκ³ 
06:52
and petroleum is cheaper than biofuels.
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μ„μœ λŠ” λ°”μ΄μ˜€μ—°λ£Œλ³΄λ‹€ μ €λ ΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:54
We want alternative energy sources
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 가격 경쟁λ ₯ μžˆλŠ” λŒ€μ²΄ μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ›μ„ μ›ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:57
that can compete on price. None exist.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그런 것은 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:00
Now, technologists, business leaders
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ , κΈ°μˆ μžλ“€κ³Ό κΈ°μ—… λŒ€ν‘œλ“€
07:03
and economists all basically agree
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그리고 κ²½μ œν•™μžλ“€μ€ λͺ¨λ‘
07:05
on what national policies and international treaties
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μ–΄λ–€ κ΅­κ°€ μ •μ±…λ“€κ³Ό ꡭ제적 쑰약듀이
07:09
would spur the development of alternative energy:
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λŒ€μ²΄ μ—λ„ˆμ§€ κ°œλ°œμ„ 촉진할 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ ν•©μ˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:12
mostly, a significant increase in energy
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주둜, μ—λ„ˆμ§€ 연ꡬ와 개발의
07:15
research and development,
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μƒλ‹Ήν•œ 증가와
07:16
and some kind of price on carbon.
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νƒ„μ†Œμ— λŒ€ν•΄ 가격을 λΆ€κ³Όν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:19
But there's no hope in the present political climate
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ ν˜„μž¬μ˜ μ •μΉ˜μ  μƒν™©μ—μ„œλŠ” 희망이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:22
that we will see U.S. energy policy
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μœ„μ˜ ν•©μ˜λ“€μ„ λ°˜μ˜ν•œ 미ꡭ의 μ—λ„ˆμ§€ μ •μ±…μ΄λ‚˜
07:24
or international treaties that reflect that consensus.
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ꡭ제적 쑰약듀을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λ©΄ 희망이 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:29
Sometimes, big problems that had seemed technological
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μ’…μ’…, 기술적인 문제둜 λ³΄μ˜€λ˜ κ±°λŒ€ λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ΄
07:34
turn out not to be so.
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그렇지 μ•Šλ‹€λŠ” 것이 λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:36
Famines were long understood to be caused
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기근은 μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ μ‹λŸ‰ κ³΅κΈ‰μ˜ 문제둜 이해
07:39
by failures in food supply.
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λ°œμƒλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  μ—¬κ²¨μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:41
But 30 years of research have taught us
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 30λ…„κ°„μ˜ 연ꡬ κ²°κ³Ό
07:43
that famines are political crises
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기근은 μ‹λŸ‰ 뢄배에 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 영ν–₯을 λΌμΉ λ§Œν•œ
07:46
that catastrophically affect food distribution.
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μ •μΉ˜μ  μœ„κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—ˆμŒμ΄ λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:50
Technology can improve things like crop yields
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κΈ°μˆ μ€ μž‘λ¬Ό μˆ˜ν™•λŸ‰μ„ μ¦μ§„μ‹œν‚€κ±°λ‚˜
07:53
or systems for storing and transporting food,
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μ‹λŸ‰ μ €μž₯μ΄λ‚˜ μš΄μ†‘ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ€ κ°œμ„ ν•  수 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
07:57
but there will be famines so long as there are bad governments.
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λ‚˜μœ μ •λΆ€κ°€ μžˆλŠ” ν•œ 기근은 μ—¬μ „νžˆ 남아 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:02
Finally, big problems sometimes elude solution
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ, κ±°λŒ€ λ¬Έμ œλŠ” μ’…μ’… 해결책을 보이지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:06
because we don't really understand the problem.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ·Έ 문제λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κ³  있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:09
President Nixon declared war on cancer in 1971,
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λ‹‰μŠ¨ λŒ€ν†΅λ Ήμ€ 1971λ…„ μ•”κ³Όμ˜ μ „μŸμ„ μ„ ν¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:14
but we soon discovered
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 곧
08:15
there are many kinds of cancer,
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이 μ„Έμƒμ—λŠ” μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 암이 있고
08:18
most of them fiendishly resistant to therapy,
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ€ μΉ˜λ£Œμ— κ·Ήλ„λ‘œ 잘 μ €ν•­ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:22
and it is only in the last 10 years
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그리고 겨우 10λ…„ μ „λΆ€ν„°
08:24
that effective, viable therapies
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효과적이고 성곡적인 μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•λ“€μ΄
08:26
have come to seem real.
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μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€κ³  여겨져 μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:28
Hard problems are hard.
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μ–΄λ €μš΄ λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ€ 해결도 μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:31
It's not true that we can't solve big problems through technology.
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κΈ°μˆ μ„ 톡해 문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•  수 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 것은 사싀이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:36
We can, we must, but these four elements
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그럴 λŠ₯λ ₯이 있고 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:40
must all be present:
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그러기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” λ‹€μŒ 넀가지 μš”μ†Œκ°€ λͺ¨λ‘ μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:41
Political leaders and the public
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μ •μΉ˜μ  리더와 λŒ€μ€‘λ“€μ΄
08:43
must care to solve a problem;
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문제λ₯Ό 해결에 관심을 κ°€μ Έμ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:45
institutions must support its solution;
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ꡐ윑 기관듀은 해결책을 지원해야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:48
It must really be a technological problem;
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그것은 λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ 기술적 λ¬Έμ œμ—¬μ•Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:51
and we must understand it.
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έ 문제λ₯Ό λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ μ΄ν•΄ν•΄μ•Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:55
The Apollo mission,
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μ•„ν΄λ‘œ μž„λ¬΄λŠ”
08:57
which has become a kind of metaphor
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기술적 μ—­λŸ‰μ„ 톡해 κ±°λŒ€ 문제λ₯Ό
08:59
for technology's capacity to solve big problems,
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ν•΄κ²°ν•˜λŠ” 것을 μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” λΉ„μœ κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
09:03
met these criteria.
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μœ„μ— 4가지 기쀀을 λ§Œμ‘±μ‹œν‚€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:05
But it is an irreproducible model for the future.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ―Έλž˜μ—λŠ” μž¬μƒ λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•œ λͺ¨λΈμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:08
It is not 1961.
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μ§€κΈˆμ€ 1961년이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:10
There is no galvanizing contest like the Cold War,
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μ§€κΈˆμ€ 냉전과 같은 λŒ€κ²° ꡬ도가 μ—†κ³ 
09:14
no politician like John Kennedy
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μ‘΄ 케넀디와 같은
09:16
who can heroize the difficult and the dangerous,
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어렀움과 μœ„ν—˜μ„ μ˜μ›…ν™”μ‹œν‚€λŠ” μ •μΉ˜μΈλ„ μ—†μœΌλ©°
09:20
and no popular science fictional mythology
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νƒœμ–‘κ³„λ₯Ό νƒν—˜ν•˜λŠ” 것과 같은
09:23
such as exploring the solar system.
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λŒ€μ€‘μ μΈ 곡상 κ³Όν•™ 신화도 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:26
Most of all, going to the moon
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무엇보닀 달에 κ°€λŠ” 것이
09:28
turned out to be easy.
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쉽닀고 λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:30
It was just three days away.
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달은 단 3일밖에 λ–¨μ–΄μ Έ μžˆμ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:32
And arguably it wasn't even solving
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그리고 그것은 심지어 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 문제λ₯Ό
09:35
much of a problem.
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ν•΄κ²°ν•˜μ§€λ„ λͺ»ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
09:38
We are left alone with our day,
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우리의 문제λ₯Ό λŒ€μ‹  ν•΄κ²°ν•΄ 쀄 μ‚¬λžŒμ€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:42
and the solutions of the future will be harder won.
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그리고 미래의 해결책을 μ°ΎκΈ°λŠ” 더 νž˜λ“€ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:47
God knows, we don't lack for the challenges.
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ν•˜λŠ˜μ€ μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 우리의 도전 정신은 λΆ€μ‘±ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:50
Thank you very much.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:51
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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