Angela Belcher: Using nature to grow batteries

60,622 views ใƒป 2011-04-27

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
I thought I'd talk a little bit about how nature makes materials.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื.
00:18
I brought along with me an abalone shell.
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ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืื™ืชื™ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ืช ืื‘ืœื•ื ื™.
ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ืœื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ืžืจื•ื›ื‘
00:21
This abalone shell is a biocomposite material
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00:23
that's 98 percent by mass calcium carbonate
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ืฉ98 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืžืกืชื• ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืคื—ืžืชื™
00:26
and two percent by mass protein.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื– ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ.
ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืงืฉื™ื— ืคื™ 3000
00:29
Yet, it's 3,000 times tougher than its geological counterpart.
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ืžื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœื•.
00:32
And a lot of people might use structures like abalone shells,
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ืœื•ื ื™,
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื’ื™ืจ.
00:36
like chalk.
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00:37
I've been fascinated by how nature makes materials,
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ืงืกืžืชื™ ืžื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื,
ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ
00:40
and there's a lot of secrets to how they do such an exquisite job.
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ื‘ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืืœื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื“ื ื•ืช.
00:43
Part of it is that these materials are macroscopic in structure,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื” ื–ื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™,
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™.
00:48
but they're formed at the nano scale.
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00:49
They're formed at the nano scale,
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ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™,
00:51
and they use proteins that are coded by the genetic level
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
00:55
that allow them to build these really exquisite structures.
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ืื– ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืžืžืฉ ืžืจืชืง
00:58
So something I think is very fascinating is:
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชืช ื—ื™ื™ื
01:00
What if you could give life to non-living structures,
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ืœืžื‘ื ื™ื ื“ื•ืžืžื™ื,
01:04
like batteries and like solar cells?
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ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื•ื›ืžื• ืชืื™ื ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื?
01:06
What if they had some of the same capabilities
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ืœื•ื ื™ ื™ืฉ,
01:09
that an abalone shell did,
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01:10
in terms of being able to build really exquisite structures
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื
01:14
at room temperature and room pressure,
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ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื•ืœื—ืฅ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ,
01:16
using nontoxic chemicals
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ืจืขื™ืœื™ื
01:18
and adding no toxic materials back into the environment?
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื•ืกืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืจืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”?
01:21
So that's kind of the vision that I've been thinking about.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื•.
01:24
And so what if you could grow a battery in a Petri dish?
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ืื– ืžื” ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื’ื“ืœ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆืœื—ืช ืคื˜ืจื™?
ืื•, ืžื” ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืœืกื•ืœืœื”
01:27
Or what if you could give genetic information to a battery
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ
01:30
so that it could actually become better as a function of time, and do so
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”?
01:34
in an environmentally friendly way?
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ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ืœื•ื ื™,
01:36
And so, going back to this abalone shell,
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ืžื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ ืฉืœื”,
01:39
besides being nanostructured, one thing that's fascinating is,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืžืจืชืง,
01:42
when a male and female abalone get together,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืฉื–ื›ืจ ื•ื ืงื‘ื” ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื,
01:44
they pass on the genetic information that says,
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ื”ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™
ืฉืื•ืžืจ, "ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืขื•ื“ืŸ.
01:47
"This is how to build an exquisite material.
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01:49
Here's how to do it at room temperature and pressure,
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ื›ื›ื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื•ืœื—ืฅ ืจื’ื™ืœ,
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ืจืขื™ืœื™ื."
01:52
using nontoxic materials."
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01:53
Same with diatoms, which are shown right here,
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื, ืฉืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืคื”, ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืชื™ื™ื.
01:55
which are glasseous structures.
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ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžืฉืชื›ืคืœื™ื,
01:57
Every time the diatoms replicate,
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01:58
they give the genetic information that says,
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ื”ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ,
"ื›ืš ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
02:01
"Here's how to build glass in the ocean that's perfectly nanostructured."
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ืฉื‘ื ื•ื™ ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
02:04
And you can do it the same, over and over again."
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘."
ืื– ืžื” ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ
02:07
So what if you could do the same thing with a solar cell or a battery?
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ืขื ืชืื™ื ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื ืื• ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช?
02:10
I like to say my favorite biomaterial is my four year old.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ืข.
02:13
But anyone who's ever had or knows small children knows,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืื• ืžื›ื™ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื.
02:17
they're incredibly complex organisms.
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02:19
If you wanted to convince them to do something they don't want to do,
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ืื– ืื ืชืจืฆื• ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื
ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื, ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”.
02:22
it's very difficult.
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ืื– ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช,
02:24
So when we think about future technologies,
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02:26
we actually think of using bacteria and viruses --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื,
ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
02:29
simple organisms.
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02:30
Can you convince them to work with a new toolbox,
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ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื›ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื”
02:33
so they can build a structure that will be important to me?
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ืฉื™ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ?
02:36
Also, when we think about future technologies,
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ื•ื’ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช.
02:38
we start with the beginning of Earth.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืขื ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ืœืงื— ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื
02:41
Basically, it took a billion years to have life on Earth.
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ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:44
And very rapidly, they became multi-cellular,
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื”, ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืจื‘ ืชืื™ื™ื,
ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชื›ืคืœ, ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื”
02:47
they could replicate, they could use photosynthesis
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02:49
as a way of getting their energy source.
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ื›ื“ืจืš ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
02:51
But it wasn't until about 500 million years ago --
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ 500 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” --
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืžื‘ืจื™ืช --
02:54
during the Cambrian geologic time period --
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ืฉืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื.
02:56
that organisms in the ocean started making hard materials.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจื›ื™ื, ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืื•ื•ืจื™ืจื™.
02:59
Before that, they were all soft, fluffy structures.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ืืช
03:02
It was during this time that there was increased calcium,
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืœืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืจื–ืœ
03:05
iron and silicon in the environment,
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ื•ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
03:07
and organisms learned how to make hard materials.
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ื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืœืžื“ื• ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื.
03:10
So that's what I would like to be able to do,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช --
03:12
convince biology to work with the rest of the periodic table.
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ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืฉืืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช.
03:16
Now, if you look at biology,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
03:18
there's many structures like DNA, antibodies, proteins and ribosomes
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ื™ืฉ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• DNA ื•ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื
ื•ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืจื™ื‘ื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœื™ื”ื
03:22
you've heard about,
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™.
03:23
that are nanostructured --
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ืื– ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื•
03:25
nature already gives us really exquisite structures on the nano scale.
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ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื•ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™.
03:28
What if we could harness them
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ืžื” ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืชื•ื ืื•ืชื
03:30
and convince them to not be an antibody that does something like HIV?
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ื•ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ืŸ
ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืื™ื™ื“ืก?
ืืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื
03:35
What if we could convince them to build a solar cell for us?
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื ื• ืชืื™ื ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื?
ืื– ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช: ืืœื” ื›ืžื” ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
03:39
Here are some examples.
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03:40
Natural shells, natural biological materials.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื.
03:42
The abalone shell here.
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ืงื•ื ื›ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ืœื•ื ื™ ื›ืืŸ -- ื•ืื ืชืฉื‘ืจื• ืื•ืชื”,
03:44
If you fracture it, you can look at the fact that it's nanostructured.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื” ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™.
ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
03:47
There's diatoms made out of SiO2,
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03:49
and there are magnetotactic bacteria
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื•ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื•ืช
03:51
that make small, single-domain magnets used for navigation.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื—ื“ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜.
03:54
What all these have in common
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ืœ ืืœื”
03:56
is these materials are structured at the nano scale,
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™,
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจืฆืฃ DNA
03:59
and they have a DNA sequence that codes for a protein sequence
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ืฉืžืงื•ื“ื“ ืœืจืฆืฃ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื,
04:02
that gives them the blueprint
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ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช
04:04
to be able to build these really wonderful structures.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:06
Now, going back to the abalone shell,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ืœื•ื ื™,
ื”ืื‘ืœื•ื ื™ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:09
the abalone makes this shell by having these proteins.
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04:11
These proteins are very negatively charged.
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ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™.
04:13
They can pull calcium out of the environment,
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืื– ืคื—ืžื”, ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืคื—ืžื”.
04:16
and put down a layer of calcium and then carbonate, calcium and carbonate.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื•
04:19
It has the chemical sequences of amino acids which says,
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ืฉืื•ืžืจ, "ื›ื›ื” ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื”.
04:22
"This is how to build the structure.
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ื”ื ื” ืžื‘ื ื” ื”DNA, ื”ื ื” ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื
04:24
Here's the DNA sequence, here's the protein sequence
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”."
04:26
in order to do it."
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04:27
So an interesting idea is,
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ืื– ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืžื” ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื—ืช ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืชืจืฆื•,
04:29
what if you could take any material you wanted,
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ืื• ื›ืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช,
04:31
or any element on the periodic table,
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ื•ืชืžืฆืื• ืืช ืจืฆืฃ ื”DNA ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืฉืœื•,
04:33
and find its corresponding DNA sequence,
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04:35
then code it for a corresponding protein sequence to build a structure,
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ื•ืื– ืœืงื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืœืจืฆืฃ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืชืื™ื
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ืช ืื‘ืœื•ื ื™ --
04:39
but not build an abalone shell --
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04:40
build something that nature has never had the opportunity to work with yet.
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ืชื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ.
ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช.
04:46
And so here's the periodic table.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช.
04:48
I absolutely love the periodic table.
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ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืœื›ื™ืชืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘MIT,
04:50
Every year for the incoming freshman class at MIT,
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืื•ืžืจืช,
04:53
I have a periodic table made that says,
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04:54
"Welcome to MIT. Now you're in your element."
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"ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœMIT. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœื›ื."
04:57
(Laughter)
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื”, ืืœื” ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื•
04:58
And you flip it over, and it's the amino acids
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05:00
with the pH at which they have different charges.
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ืขื ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
05:02
And so I give this out to thousands of people.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื—ืœืงืช ืืช ืืœื” ืœืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื.
05:05
And I know it says MIT and this is Caltech,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ MIT, ื•ืคื” ื–ื” ืงืœื˜ืง,
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืื•ืชืŸ.
05:08
but I have a couple extra if people want it.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ืœ
05:10
I was really fortunate to have President Obama visit my lab this year
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ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ืฉื ื”
ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ื‘MIT,
05:14
on his visit to MIT,
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05:15
and I really wanted to give him a periodic table.
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืชืช ืœื• ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช.
ืื– ื ืฉืืจืชื™ ืขืจื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™,
05:18
So I stayed up at night and talked to my husband,
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"ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืช ืœื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช?
05:20
"How do I give President Obama a periodic table?
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05:22
What if he says, 'Oh, I already have one,'
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื’ื™ื“, 'ืื•, ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืื—ืช.'
05:24
or, 'I've already memorized it?'"
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ืื•, 'ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขืœ ืคื”'?"
05:26
(Laughter)
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื•ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™
05:27
So he came to visit my lab and looked around -- it was a great visit.
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ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ -- ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื ืคืœื.
05:30
And then afterward, I said,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”, ืืžืจืชื™,
05:32
"Sir, I want to give you the periodic table,
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"ืื“ื•ื ื™, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืช ืœืš ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช
05:34
in case you're ever in a bind and need to calculate molecular weight."
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ืœืžืงืจื” ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ื•ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืžืฉืงืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™."
05:38
(Laughter)
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืžืฉืงืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ ื ืฉืคืข ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื ื™
05:39
I thought "molecular weight" sounded much less nerdy than "molar mass."
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ืžืžืกื” ืžื•ืœืจื™ืช.
05:42
(Laughter)
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื”,
05:43
And he looked at it and said,
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ื•ืืžืจ,
05:46
"Thank you. I'll look at it periodically."
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"ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”. ืื ื™ ืืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช."
05:48
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:50
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
05:54
Later in a lecture that he gave on clean energy,
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ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืขืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื”,
05:57
he pulled it out and said,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืฃ ืื•ืชื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ืืžืจ,
05:59
"And people at MIT, they give out periodic tables." So ...
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"ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘MIT, ื”ื ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช."
ืื– ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืœื ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื›ื
06:02
So basically what I didn't tell you
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06:04
is that about 500 million years ago, the organisms started making materials,
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ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืขืจืš ืœืคื ื™ 500 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”, ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื,
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœืงื— ืœื”ื 50 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ ื‘ื–ื”.
06:08
but it took them about 50 million years to get good at it --
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ื–ื” ืœืงื— ืœื”ื 50 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”
06:10
50 million years to learn how to perfect how to make that abalone shell.
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืงื•ื ื›ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ืœื•ื ื™.
ื•ื•ืงืฉื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืœื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜.
06:14
And that's a hard sell to a graduate student:
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"ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžืขื•ืœื” -- 50 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”."
06:16
"I have this great project ... 50 million years ..."
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื— ืฉื™ื˜ื”
06:19
So we had to develop a way of trying to do this more rapidly.
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:22
And so we use a nontoxic virus called M13 bacteriophage,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืขื™ืœ
ืฉื ืงืจื M13 ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืคืื’'
ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื”.
06:27
whose job is to infect bacteria.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื‘ื ื” DNA ืคืฉื•ื˜
06:29
Well, it has a simple DNA structure
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ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื•ืœื—ืชื•ืš ื•ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง
06:31
that you can go in and cut and paste additional DNA sequences into it,
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ืจืฆืคื™ DNA ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืชื•ื›ื•.
ื•ื›ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช, ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืก
06:35
and by doing that, it allows the virus to express random protein sequences.
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ืœื™ืฆืจ ืจืฆืคื™ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืงืจืื™ื™ื.
06:39
This is pretty easy biotechnology,
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ื•ื–ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืœืžื“ื™.
06:41
and you could basically do this a billion times.
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ื•ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืคืขืžื™ื.
06:43
So you can have a billion different viruses
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ื ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื–ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
06:46
that are all genetically identical,
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06:47
but they differ from each other based on their tips,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืคื™ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ืื—ื“
06:50
on one sequence,
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ืฉืžืงื•ื“ื“ ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“.
06:52
that codes for one protein.
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06:53
Now if you take all billion viruses, and put them in one drop of liquid,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ืชืงื—ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
ื•ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคืช ื ื•ื–ืœ ืื—ืช,
06:57
you can force them to interact with anything you want
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืื•ืชื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื›ืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืชืจืฆื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช.
06:59
on the periodic table.
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
07:01
And through a process of selection evolution,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืœื•ืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ืขืฉื”,
07:03
you can pull one of a billion that does something you'd like it to do,
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ื›ืžื• ืœื’ื“ืœ ืกื•ืœืœื” ืื• ืœื’ื“ืœ ืชื ืกื•ืœืจื™.
07:06
like grow a battery or a solar cell.
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ืื– ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื›ืคืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื, ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืืจื—.
07:08
Basically, viruses can't replicate themselves; they need a host.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“,
07:11
Once you find that one out of a billion,
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ืืชื ืžื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืื™ืชื•,
07:13
you infect it into a bacteria, and make millions and billions of copies
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื
07:16
of that particular sequence.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืฃ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื”ื–ื”.
07:18
The other thing that's beautiful about biology
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ื•ืื– ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ืคืœื ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
07:20
is that biology gives you really exquisite structures
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ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื ื• ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžืขื•ื“ื ื™ื
ืขื ืงืฉืงืฉื™ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื™ืคื™ื.
07:23
with nice link scales.
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07:24
These viruses are long and skinny,
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ื•ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื“ืงื™ื,
07:26
and we can get them to express the ability
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
07:28
to grow something like semiconductors
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ืœื’ื“ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื”
07:30
or materials for batteries.
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ืื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืกื•ืœืœื•ืช.
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื• ืกื•ืœืœื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉื’ื“ืœื ื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
07:33
Now, this is a high-powered battery that we grew in my lab.
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07:35
We engineered a virus to pick up carbon nanotubes.
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ื”ื™ื ื“ืกื ื• ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื ื ื•-ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืคื—ืžืŸ.
07:38
One part of the virus grabs a carbon nanotube,
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ืื– ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืื•ืกืฃ ื ื ื•-ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืคื—ืžืŸ.
07:40
the other part of the virus has a sequence
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ืœื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื™ืฉ ืจืฆืฃ
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ื“ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื” ืœืกื•ืœืœื”.
07:43
that can grow an electrode material for a battery,
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07:45
and then it wires itself to the current collector.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ื•ื˜ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœื‘ืงืจ ื”ื–ืจื.
07:48
And so through a process of selection evolution,
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ืื– ื“ืจืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
07:50
we went from being able to have a virus that made a crummy battery
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ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืžื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืกื•ืœืœื” ืขืœื•ื‘ื”
ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืกื•ืœืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
07:54
to a virus that made a good battery
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07:55
to a virus that made a record-breaking, high-powered battery
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ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืกื•ืœืœื” ืฉื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉื™ืื™ื ืขื ื›ื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ
07:58
that's all made at room temperature, basically at the benchtop.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ, ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
08:01
That battery went to the White House for a press conference,
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ื•ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืกืขื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืœืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื.
ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ืœืคื”.
08:05
and I brought it here.
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08:06
You can see it in this case that's lighting this LED.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืืจื– ื”ื–ื” -- ื”ื™ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืืช ื”LED ื”ื–ื”.
08:09
Now if we could scale this,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื”,
08:11
you could actually use it to run your Prius,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืฆื
ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื•ืก (ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื”) ืฉืœื›ื.
08:15
which is kind of my dream -- to be able to drive a virus-powered car.
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ืฉื–ื” ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœื™ -- ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื•ื ืขืช ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื.
08:19
(Laughter)
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ --
08:20
But basically you can pull one out of a billion,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“.
08:24
and make lots of amplifications to it.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื™ื’ื‘ื•ืจื™ื.
08:26
Basically, you make an amplification in the lab,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื™ื’ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
ื•ืื– ืืชื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืขืฆืžืื™ืช
08:29
and then you get it to self-assemble into a structure like a battery.
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ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืœืœื”.
08:32
We're able to do this also with catalysis.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื’ื ืขื ืžืื™ืฆื™ื.
08:34
This is the example of a photocatalytic splitting of water.
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ื–ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื”
ืœื”ืคืจื“ืช ืžื™ื ืขื ืคื•ื˜ื•-ืžืื™ืฅ.
08:38
And what we've been able to do is engineer a virus
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื ื“ืก ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืกื•ืคื’ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืข
08:41
to basically take dye-absorbing molecules
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ื•ืœืกื“ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก
08:44
and line them up on the surface of the virus
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืื ื˜ื ื”,
08:46
so it acts as an antenna,
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08:47
and you get an energy transfer across the virus.
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ื•ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื• ื’ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ
08:50
And then we give it a second gene to grow an inorganic material
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ืœื’ื“ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™
08:53
that can be used to split water into oxygen and hydrogen,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ืคืจื“ืช ืžื™ื
ืœื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ืžื™ืžืŸ,
08:57
that can be used for clean fuels.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืœืงื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื.
08:59
I brought an example of that with me today.
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ื•ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืื™ืชื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
09:01
My students promised me it would work.
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ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืœื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“.
09:03
These are virus-assembled nanowires.
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ืืœื• ื ื ื•ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื.
ื›ืฉืžืื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืžื‘ืขื‘ืขื™ื.
09:06
When you shine light on them, you can see them bubbling.
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09:08
In this case, you're seeing oxygen bubbles come out.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
09:11
(Applause)
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื’ื ื™ื,
09:13
Basically, by controlling the genes,
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09:15
you can control multiple materials to improve your device performance.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ.
ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืชืื™ื ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื.
09:19
The last example are solar cells.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื’ื ืขื ืชืื™ื ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื.
09:21
You can also do this with solar cells.
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09:22
We've been able to engineer viruses to pick up carbon nanotubes
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ื ื“ืก ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื
ืœื”ืจื™ื ื ื ื•-ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ
09:26
and then grow titanium dioxide around them,
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ื•ืื– ืœื’ื“ืœ ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื˜ื™ื˜ื ื™ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ืŸ --
09:30
and use it as a way of getting electrons through the device.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ.
09:34
And what we've found is through genetic engineering,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื”ื•ื, ืฉื“ืจืš ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
09:36
we can actually increase the efficiencies of these solar cells
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ
ืืช ื”ื ืฆื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
09:41
to record numbers
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ืœืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ ืฉื™ืื™ื
09:43
for these types of dye-sensitized systems.
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ืœืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื™ื ื˜ื•ื–-ื“ื™ื•.
09:46
And I brought one of those as well,
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ื•ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ื’ื ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื”
09:48
that you can play around with outside afterward.
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ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืื™ืชื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš.
ืื– ื–ื” ืชื ืกื•ืœืืจื™ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื.
09:52
So this is a virus-based solar cell.
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ื“ืจืš ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ืจื™ืจื”,
09:54
Through evolution and selection,
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09:55
we took it from an eight percent efficiency solar cell
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ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ืกื•ืœืืจื™ ืžื ืฆื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
ืœื ืฆื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ 11 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
09:59
to an 11 percent efficiency solar cell.
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10:01
So I hope that I've convinced you
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืฉื›ื ืขืชื™ ืืชื›ื
10:03
that there's a lot of great, interesting things to be learned
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“
ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื --
10:07
about how nature makes materials,
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10:08
and about taking it the next step,
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ื•ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื
10:10
to see if you can force or take advantage of how nature makes materials,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื—,
ืื• ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื,
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื—ืœื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
10:15
to make things that nature hasn't yet dreamed of making.
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10:17
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
10:19
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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