Angela Belcher: Using nature to grow batteries

60,726 views ใƒป 2011-04-27

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Bianca Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : InHyuk Song
00:15
I thought I'd talk a little bit about how nature makes materials.
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋ คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
I brought along with me an abalone shell.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ „๋ณต ์กฐ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์ „๋ณต์€ 98%๊ฐ€ ํƒ„์‚ฐ์นผ์Š˜์ด๊ณ 
00:21
This abalone shell is a biocomposite material
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00:23
that's 98 percent by mass calcium carbonate
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2%๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„
00:26
and two percent by mass protein.
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์ƒ-ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋งž์•„์š”, ์ด ์ „๋ณต์€ ์ „๋ณต์ด ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ณณ์˜
00:29
Yet, it's 3,000 times tougher than its geological counterpart.
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์ง€์งˆํ•™์  ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ณด๋‹ค 3000๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:32
And a lot of people might use structures like abalone shells,
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ „๋ณต์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถ„ํ•„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋“ค์„
์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
like chalk.
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00:37
I've been fascinated by how nature makes materials,
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์ €๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ง€์— ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋งค๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
์ž์—ฐ์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ •๊ตํ•œ ์ผ์„
00:40
and there's a lot of secrets to how they do such an exquisite job.
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ํ•ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„๋ฐ€์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
Part of it is that these materials are macroscopic in structure,
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด
๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜๋…ธํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
but they're formed at the nano scale.
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00:49
They're formed at the nano scale,
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์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜๋…ธํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ ,
00:51
and they use proteins that are coded by the genetic level
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์œ ์ „ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ •๊ตํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:55
that allow them to build these really exquisite structures.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งคํ˜น์ ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
00:58
So something I think is very fascinating is:
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ํƒœ์–‘ ์ „์ง€ ๊ฐ™์ด
01:00
What if you could give life to non-living structures,
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์‚ด์•„์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋“ค์—
01:04
like batteries and like solar cells?
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์‚ถ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
01:06
What if they had some of the same capabilities
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์—๋„ ์ „๋ณต์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์–ด๋–ค
๊ฐ™์€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
01:09
that an abalone shell did,
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01:10
in terms of being able to build really exquisite structures
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์‹ค์˜จ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์••์—์„œ
์ •๋ง ์ •๊ตํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
01:14
at room temperature and room pressure,
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด๋…์„ฑ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ 
01:16
using nontoxic chemicals
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๋ฌด๋…์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„
01:18
and adding no toxic materials back into the environment?
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
So that's kind of the vision that I've been thinking about.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์˜จ ๋น„์ „์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
And so what if you could grow a battery in a Petri dish?
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ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์ ‘์‹œ์— ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
๋˜๋Š”, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์œ ์ „ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•ด
01:27
Or what if you could give genetic information to a battery
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ์จ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
01:30
so that it could actually become better as a function of time, and do so
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์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ
ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
01:34
in an environmentally friendly way?
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์ „๋ณต ์กฐ๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€
01:36
And so, going back to this abalone shell,
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๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
01:39
besides being nanostructured, one thing that's fascinating is,
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๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์ ์€
01:42
when a male and female abalone get together,
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์ˆ˜์ปท ์ „๋ณต๊ณผ ์•”์ปท ์ „๋ณต์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•  ๋•Œ,
01:44
they pass on the genetic information that says,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์œ ์ „ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ . โ€œ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •๊ตํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค.
01:47
"This is how to build an exquisite material.
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01:49
Here's how to do it at room temperature and pressure,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ค์˜จ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์••์—์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
๋ฌด๋…์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.โ€
01:52
using nontoxic materials."
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01:53
Same with diatoms, which are shown right here,
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์ด๊ณณ์— ๋น›๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”, ์œ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ทœ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์ฃ .
01:55
which are glasseous structures.
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๊ทœ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์ œํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค,
01:57
Every time the diatoms replicate,
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01:58
they give the genetic information that says,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ง„ ์œ ์ „ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
โ€œ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ์™„๋ฒฝํžˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๋œ
02:01
"Here's how to build glass in the ocean that's perfectly nanostructured."
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์œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค.
02:04
And you can do it the same, over and over again."
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ณ„์† ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.โ€
๋งŒ์•ฝ ํƒœ์–‘ ์ „์ง€๋‚˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์—
02:07
So what if you could do the same thing with a solar cell or a battery?
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๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
02:10
I like to say my favorite biomaterial is my four year old.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š” ์ €์˜ 4์‚ด ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ ์ž์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
But anyone who's ever had or knows small children knows,
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์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋ณธ ๋ถ„, ๋˜๋Š” ์•„์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์•„์‹œ๋“ฏ
์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
they're incredibly complex organisms.
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02:19
If you wanted to convince them to do something they don't want to do,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก
๋‚ฉ๋“์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
it's very difficult.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ
02:24
So when we think about future technologies,
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02:26
we actually think of using bacteria and viruses --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์ธ
๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
simple organisms.
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02:30
Can you convince them to work with a new toolbox,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋„๊ตฌ ์ƒ์ž์™€ ์ž‘์—…ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์—ฌ
์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์งˆ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„
02:33
so they can build a structure that will be important to me?
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๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:36
Also, when we think about future technologies,
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๋˜, ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
02:38
we start with the beginning of Earth.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€
02:41
Basically, it took a billion years to have life on Earth.
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10์–ต๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
And very rapidly, they became multi-cellular,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์„ธํฌ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ๋˜๊ณ 
๋ณต์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ž์›์„ ์–ป๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
02:47
they could replicate, they could use photosynthesis
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02:49
as a way of getting their energy source.
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๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
But it wasn't until about 500 million years ago --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 5์–ต๋…„ ์ „๊นŒ์ง„
โ€”์บ„๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ์ด์ฃ โ€” ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€
02:54
during the Cambrian geologic time period --
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๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
that organisms in the ocean started making hard materials.
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๊ทธ ์ „์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฝ๊ณ , ์†œํ„ธ์ด ๋ฎ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜€์ฃ .
02:59
Before that, they were all soft, fluffy structures.
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๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์นผ์Š˜๊ณผ ์ฒ 
03:02
It was during this time that there was increased calcium,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜์ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ
03:05
iron and silicon in the environment,
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๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
and organisms learned how to make hard materials.
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์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ์ฃ .
03:10
So that's what I would like to be able to do,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
convince biology to work with the rest of the periodic table.
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์œจํ‘œ์˜
๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€์™€ ์ž‘์—…ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ™•์‹ ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
03:16
Now, if you look at biology,
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์ด์ œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด,
03:18
there's many structures like DNA, antibodies, proteins and ribosomes
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋“ค์€ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์„
DNA๋‚˜ ํ•ญ์ฒด, ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ฐ™์€
03:22
you've heard about,
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
that are nanostructured --
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์ž์—ฐ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
03:25
nature already gives us really exquisite structures on the nano scale.
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๋‚˜๋…ธํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
03:28
What if we could harness them
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด
03:30
and convince them to not be an antibody that does something like HIV?
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์—์ด์ฆˆ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค(HIV)๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š”
ํ•ญ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ
03:35
What if we could convince them to build a solar cell for us?
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ํƒœ์–‘ ์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ฒœ์—ฐ ์กฐ๊ฐœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
Here are some examples.
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03:40
Natural shells, natural biological materials.
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์ฒœ์—ฐ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
The abalone shell here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ „๋ณต ์กฐ๊ฐœโ€”๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นฌ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:44
If you fracture it, you can look at the fact that it's nanostructured.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ด์‚ฐํ™” ๊ทœ์†Œ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ทœ์กฐ๋Š”
03:47
There's diatoms made out of SiO2,
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03:49
and there are magnetotactic bacteria
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์ž‘๊ณ , ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋œ
03:51
that make small, single-domain magnets used for navigation.
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์ž์„์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ž์„ฑ(่ตฐ็ฃๆ€ง)์˜ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
What all these have in common
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์€ ์ด๋“ค์ด
03:56
is these materials are structured at the nano scale,
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๋‚˜๋…ธํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™” ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๊ณ 
๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„œ์—ด๋กœ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋˜๊ณ 
03:59
and they have a DNA sequence that codes for a protein sequence
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”
04:02
that gives them the blueprint
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์ฒญ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š”
04:04
to be able to build these really wonderful structures.
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DNA ๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
Now, going back to the abalone shell,
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์ด์ œ ์ „๋ณต ์กฐ๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ,
์ „๋ณต์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ป์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
the abalone makes this shell by having these proteins.
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04:11
These proteins are very negatively charged.
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์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ์Œ์ „ํ•˜๋กœ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
They can pull calcium out of the environment,
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์นผ์Š˜์„ ๋นผ๋‚ด์–ด
์นผ์Š˜๊ณผ ํƒ„์‚ฐ์—ผ ์ธต์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , ๋˜ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธต์„ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:16
and put down a layer of calcium and then carbonate, calcium and carbonate.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์„œ์—ด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ
04:19
It has the chemical sequences of amino acids which says,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค.โ€
04:22
"This is how to build the structure.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— DNA ์„œ์—ด์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
04:24
Here's the DNA sequence, here's the protein sequence
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๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„œ์—ด์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค."
04:26
in order to do it."
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04:27
So an interesting idea is,
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š”, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‚˜
04:29
what if you could take any material you wanted,
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์ฃผ๊ธฐ์œจํ‘œ์— ์•„๋ฌด ์›์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
04:31
or any element on the periodic table,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” DNA ์„œ์—ด์„ ์ฐพ์•„
04:33
and find its corresponding DNA sequence,
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04:35
then code it for a corresponding protein sequence to build a structure,
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๊ทธ์— ๋งž๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„œ์—ด๋กœ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ•ด์„œ
๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉดโ€” ์ „๋ณต ์กฐ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ณ 
04:39
but not build an abalone shell --
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04:40
build something that nature has never had the opportunity to work with yet.
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์ž์—ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์—ฌ์ง€๊ป ์ž‘์—…ํ•ด๋ณผ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€
์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์œจํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
And so here's the periodic table.
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์ „ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์œจํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ฃ .
04:48
I absolutely love the periodic table.
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๋งค๋…„ MIT์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ์‹ ์ž…์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด,
04:50
Every year for the incoming freshman class at MIT,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ง„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์œจํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
I have a periodic table made that says,
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04:54
"Welcome to MIT. Now you're in your element."
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โ€œMIT์— ์–ด์„œ์˜ค์„ธ์š”. ์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์›์†Œ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
04:57
(Laughter)
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง‘์–ด๋ณด๋ฉด, ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ
04:58
And you flip it over, and it's the amino acids
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05:00
with the pH at which they have different charges.
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๊ฐ€์ง„ PH๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
And so I give this out to thousands of people.
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์ „ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
And I know it says MIT and this is Caltech,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ „ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— MIT๋ผ๊ณ  ์”Œ์—ฌ์ ธ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” Caltech์ด์ง€๋งŒ
์›ํ•˜์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
but I have a couple extra if people want it.
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์ „ ์ด๋ฒˆ ๋…„๋„์—
05:10
I was really fortunate to have President Obama visit my lab this year
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์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ป˜์„œ MIT์— ์ œ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—
๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ํ–‰์šด์ด์—ˆ๊ณ ,
05:14
on his visit to MIT,
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05:15
and I really wanted to give him a periodic table.
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์ „ ๊ทธ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์œจํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „ ๋ฐค์„ ์ƒŒ ๋’ค, ์ œ ๋‚จํŽธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
So I stayed up at night and talked to my husband,
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โ€œ์ €๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์œจํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ป˜ ๋“œ๋ฆด๊นŒ?โ€
05:20
"How do I give President Obama a periodic table?
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05:22
What if he says, 'Oh, I already have one,'
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์–ด์ฉŒ์ง€? โ€œ์˜ค, ์ „ ์ด๋ฏธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
05:24
or, 'I've already memorized it?'"
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด โ€œ์ด๋ฏธ ์™ธ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹คโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด?
05:26
(Laughter)
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๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ป˜์„œ ์ œ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์— ์˜ค์…”์„œ
05:27
So he came to visit my lab and looked around -- it was a great visit.
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๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ๋ณด์‹œ๊ณ  โ€“ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์€ ์ •๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ปค์ฃ .
05:30
And then afterward, I said,
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๊ทธ ํ›„ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
"Sir, I want to give you the periodic table,
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โ€œ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๋‹˜, ๊ณค๊ฒฝ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•  ๋•Œ๋‚˜ ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰์„
05:34
in case you're ever in a bind and need to calculate molecular weight."
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๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด ์ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์œจํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
05:38
(Laughter)
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์ „ ๊ทธ ๋•Œ ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ณด๋‹ค ๋œ ๋”ฐ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ
05:39
I thought "molecular weight" sounded much less nerdy than "molar mass."
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๋“ค๋ฆด๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:42
(Laughter)
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๊ทธ๋ถ„๊ป˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌ์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
And he looked at it and said,
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๊ทธ๋ถ„๊ป˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌ์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
"Thank you. I'll look at it periodically."
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โ€œ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ฃ .โ€
05:48
(Laughter)
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(ํ•˜ํ•˜)
05:50
(Applause)
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(์ง์ง์ง)
05:54
Later in a lecture that he gave on clean energy,
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ํ›„์— ๊ทธ๋ถ„๊ป˜์„œ ์ฒญ์ • ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ํ•˜์‹ค ๋•Œ
05:57
he pulled it out and said,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊บผ๋‚ด ์ด๋Ÿฌ์…จ์ฃ .
05:59
"And people at MIT, they give out periodic tables." So ...
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โ€œ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  MIT ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€, ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์œจํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€
06:02
So basically what I didn't tell you
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06:04
is that about 500 million years ago, the organisms started making materials,
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๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ 5์–ต๋…„ ์ „, ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜,
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž˜ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง„ 5์ฒœ๋งŒ๋…„์ด ๋” ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
but it took them about 50 million years to get good at it --
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์ด ์ „๋ณต ๊ป์งˆ์„ ์™„๋ฒฝํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋„๋ก
06:10
50 million years to learn how to perfect how to make that abalone shell.
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๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด 5์ฒœ๋งŒ๋…„์ด ๋” ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋Œ€ํ•™์›์ƒ์—๊ฒ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:14
And that's a hard sell to a graduate student:
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โ€œ๋‚œ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ๊ธฐํš์ด ์žˆ์–ด. 5์ฒœ๋งŒ๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š”.โ€
06:16
"I have this great project ... 50 million years ..."
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ
06:19
So we had to develop a way of trying to do this more rapidly.
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ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
And so we use a nontoxic virus called M13 bacteriophage,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด๋…์„ฑ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์ธ
M13 ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์˜คํŒŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œํ‚ค์ฃ .
06:27
whose job is to infect bacteria.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ DNA ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ
06:29
Well, it has a simple DNA structure
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ž๋ฅด๊ณ  ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ
06:31
that you can go in and cut and paste additional DNA sequences into it,
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DNA ์„œ์—ด์„ ๋ถ™์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€
06:35
and by doing that, it allows the virus to express random protein sequences.
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๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„œ์—ด์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
This is pretty easy biotechnology,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฝค ์‰ฌ์šด ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
and you could basically do this a billion times.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 1์กฐ๋ฒˆ ์ •๋„๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:43
So you can have a billion different viruses
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๋˜ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ผํ•œ 1์กฐ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ
๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
06:46
that are all genetically identical,
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06:47
but they differ from each other based on their tips,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋์— ์žˆ๋Š”, ํ•œ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„
์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”
06:50
on one sequence,
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ํ•œ ์„œ์—ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
that codes for one protein.
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06:53
Now if you take all billion viruses, and put them in one drop of liquid,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค,
์•ก์ฒด ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์šธ์— ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด,
06:57
you can force them to interact with anything you want
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์œจํ‘œ์— ์•„๋ฌด ์›์†Œ์™€ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
on the periodic table.
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๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด,
07:01
And through a process of selection evolution,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”, ๊ผญ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ํƒœ์–‘ ์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€
07:03
you can pull one of a billion that does something you'd like it to do,
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ฝ‘์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:06
like grow a battery or a solar cell.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ณต์ œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด ์ˆ™์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
Basically, viruses can't replicate themselves; they need a host.
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ 1์กฐ์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ฉด
07:11
Once you find that one out of a billion,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œ์ผœ
07:13
you infect it into a bacteria, and make millions and billions of copies
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์„œ์—ด์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ
07:16
of that particular sequence.
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๋ณต์ œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
The other thing that's beautiful about biology
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์˜ ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด
07:20
is that biology gives you really exquisite structures
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๊ตํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ
์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:23
with nice link scales.
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07:24
These viruses are long and skinny,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋“ค์€ ๊ธธ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋Š˜์–ด
07:26
and we can get them to express the ability
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด
07:28
to grow something like semiconductors
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๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์„
07:30
or materials for batteries.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ณ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
Now, this is a high-powered battery that we grew in my lab.
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07:35
We engineered a virus to pick up carbon nanotubes.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ํƒ„์†Œ ๋‚˜๋…ธํŠœ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
One part of the virus grabs a carbon nanotube,
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ
07:40
the other part of the virus has a sequence
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์ „๊ทน ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
์„œ์—ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
that can grow an electrode material for a battery,
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07:45
and then it wires itself to the current collector.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ง‘์ „ ์žฅ์น˜์— ์ „์ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:48
And so through a process of selection evolution,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ ํƒ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด,
07:50
we went from being able to have a virus that made a crummy battery
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํŽธ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์—์„œ
์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋กœ,
07:54
to a virus that made a good battery
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07:55
to a virus that made a record-breaking, high-powered battery
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ํ˜„์กด์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๋Š”, ์‹ค์˜จ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„, ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒค์น˜ ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š”
07:58
that's all made at room temperature, basically at the benchtop.
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๊ณ ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:01
That battery went to the White House for a press conference,
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๊ทธ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์•…๊ด€์— ๊ธฐ์ž ํšŒ๊ฒฌ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณด๋‚ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
and I brought it here.
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08:06
You can see it in this case that's lighting this LED.
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์ด ์ผ€์ด์Šค ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์‹œ์ฃ . ์ด LED๋ฅผ ๋น„์ถ”๊ณ ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:09
Now if we could scale this,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด, ํ”„๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค๋ฅผ
08:11
you could actually use it to run your Prius,
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๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ ๊ฟˆ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
which is kind of my dream -- to be able to drive a virus-powered car.
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:19
(Laughter)
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ,
08:20
But basically you can pull one out of a billion,
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1์กฐ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋นผ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:24
and make lots of amplifications to it.
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1์กฐ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋นผ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:26
Basically, you make an amplification in the lab,
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ™•์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ
08:29
and then you get it to self-assemble into a structure like a battery.
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์ž๊ธฐ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
We're able to do this also with catalysis.
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์ด‰๋งค์ œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
This is the example of a photocatalytic splitting of water.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ์„
๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด‘์ด‰๋งค์˜ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
And what we've been able to do is engineer a virus
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•ด ์—ผ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
08:41
to basically take dye-absorbing molecules
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋ฐฐ์—ดํ•ด
08:44
and line them up on the surface of the virus
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์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
08:46
so it acts as an antenna,
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08:47
and you get an energy transfer across the virus.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์ด
08:50
And then we give it a second gene to grow an inorganic material
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๊นจ๋—ํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
08:53
that can be used to split water into oxygen and hydrogen,
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์‚ฐ์†Œ์™€ ์ˆ˜์†Œ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๊ฒŒ
์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฌผ๋กœ
08:57
that can be used for clean fuels.
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์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž ์‹œ ๋‘ก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
I brought an example of that with me today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
My students promised me it would work.
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์ €์˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ž˜ ๋ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
09:03
These are virus-assembled nanowires.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋น„์ถ”๋ฉด, ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ์ด ์†Ÿ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
When you shine light on them, you can see them bubbling.
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09:08
In this case, you're seeing oxygen bubbles come out.
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09:11
(Applause)
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์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์žฅ์น˜์˜
09:13
Basically, by controlling the genes,
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09:15
you can control multiple materials to improve your device performance.
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์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘ ์ „์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
The last example are solar cells.
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ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์ด๊ฑธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ 
09:21
You can also do this with solar cells.
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09:22
We've been able to engineer viruses to pick up carbon nanotubes
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•ด ํƒ„์†Œ ๋‚˜๋…ธํŠœ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ
๊ณจ๋ผ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํ‹ฐํƒ€๋Š„์„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์ž๋ผ๊ฒŒ
09:26
and then grow titanium dioxide around them,
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ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
09:30
and use it as a way of getting electrons through the device.
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์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
And what we've found is through genetic engineering,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์€, ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ณตํ•™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
09:36
we can actually increase the efficiencies of these solar cells
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ผ๋ฃŒ์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ
์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด
09:41
to record numbers
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์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š”
09:43
for these types of dye-sensitized systems.
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ํƒœ์–‘ ์ „์ง€์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:46
And I brought one of those as well,
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๊ทธ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋˜ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€ ํ›„์—
09:48
that you can play around with outside afterward.
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๋ฐ”๊นฅ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋†€๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํƒœ์–‘ ์ „์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
So this is a virus-based solar cell.
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์ง„ํ™”์™€ ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด,
09:54
Through evolution and selection,
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09:55
we took it from an eight percent efficiency solar cell
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” 8%์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํƒœ์–‘ ์ „์ง€๋ฅผ
11% ํšจ์œจ๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:59
to an 11 percent efficiency solar cell.
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10:01
So I hope that I've convinced you
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์ž, ์ž์—ฐ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
10:03
that there's a lot of great, interesting things to be learned
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๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ณ  ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด
์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ž˜ ํ™•์ธ์‹œ์ผœ๋“œ๋ ธ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
about how nature makes materials,
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10:08
and about taking it the next step,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€
10:10
to see if you can force or take advantage of how nature makes materials,
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์ž์—ฐ์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—
์žฅ์ ์„ ์–ป๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์กฐ์ •ํ•ด ์ž์—ฐ์ด ์•„์ง ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„
์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‚˜ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
10:15
to make things that nature hasn't yet dreamed of making.
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10:17
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:19
(Applause)
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์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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