Tim Harford: Trial, error and the God complex

342,738 views ใƒป 2011-07-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yael BST ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
It's the Second World War.
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ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
00:17
A German prison camp.
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ืžื—ื ื” ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™,
00:20
And this man,
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ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”,
00:23
Archie Cochrane,
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ืืจืฆ'ื™ ืงื•ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ,
00:26
is a prisoner of war and a doctor,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื•ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืจื•ืคื,
00:29
and he has a problem.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ื”.
00:32
The problem is that the men under his care
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื•
00:35
are suffering
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ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื
00:37
from an excruciating and debilitating condition
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ืžืžื—ืœื” ืžื™ื™ืกืจืช ื•ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื”
00:40
that Archie doesn't really understand.
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ืฉืืจืฆ'ื™ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื”.
00:43
The symptoms
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ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื
00:45
are this horrible swelling up of fluids under the skin.
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ืžืขื™ืŸ ื ืคื™ื—ื•ืช ืื™ื•ืžื” ืžื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขื•ืจ.
00:48
But he doesn't know whether it's an infection, whether it's to do with malnutrition.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ืื ื–ื” ื–ื”ื•ื, ื”ืื ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืชืช-ืชื–ื•ื ื”.
00:51
He doesn't know how to cure it.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืจืคื ืืช ื–ื”.
00:53
And he's operating in a hostile environment.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื•ื™ื ืช.
00:56
And people do terrible things in wars.
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช.
00:58
The German camp guards, they've got bored.
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ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื, ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืขืžืžื•.
01:01
They've taken to just firing into the prison camp at random
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ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืžืืกืจ, ื‘ืืงืจืื™
01:03
for fun.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืฃ.
01:05
On one particular occasion,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื—ื“ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™,
01:07
one of the guards threw a grenade into the prisoners' lavatory
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื–ืจืง ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ-ื™ื“
01:10
while it was full of prisoners.
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ืœืชื•ืš ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืœื ื‘ืืกื™ืจื™ื.
01:13
He said he heard suspicious laughter.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืžืข ืฆื—ื•ืง ื—ืฉื•ื“.
01:15
And Archie Cochrane, as the camp doctor,
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ื•ืืจืฆ'ื™ ืงื•ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ืจื•ืคื ื”ืžื—ื ื”,
01:18
was one of the first men in
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ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื ืก
01:20
to clear up the mess.
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ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื›ืื•ืก.
01:22
And one more thing:
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ:
01:24
Archie was suffering from this illness himself.
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ืืจืฆ'ื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืกื‘ืœ ืžืื•ืชื” ืžื—ืœื”.
01:27
So the situation seemed pretty desperate.
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ืื– ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื ืจืื” ื“ื™ ืื‘ื•ื“.
01:30
But Archie Cochrane
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ืื‘ืœ ืืจืฆ'ื™ ืงื•ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ
01:32
was a resourceful person.
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ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ืจื‘-ืชื•ืฉื™ื™ื”.
01:35
He'd already smuggled vitamin C into the camp,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื— ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ C ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื—ื ื”,
01:38
and now he managed
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื—
01:40
to get hold of supplies of marmite
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ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืกืคืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืจืžื™ื™ื˜
01:42
on the black market.
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ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
01:44
Now some of you will be wondering what marmite is.
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ื—ืœืงื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ื”ื™ื ืžื” ื–ื” ืžืจืžื™ื™ื˜.
01:47
Marmite is a breakfast spread beloved of the British.
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ืžืจืžื™ื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืžืžืจื— ืื ื’ืœื™ ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฉื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื.
01:50
It looks like crude oil.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื ืคื˜ ื’ื•ืœืžื™.
01:52
It tastes ...
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ื•ื”ื˜ืขื...
01:54
zesty.
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ืžืขืงืฆืฅ.
01:56
And importantly,
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
01:58
it's a rich source
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืงื•ืจ ืขืฉื™ืจ
02:00
of vitamin B12.
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ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ B12.
02:02
So Archie splits the men under his care as best he can
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ืื– ืืจืฆ'ื™ ืžื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื•, ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื•
02:05
into two equal groups.
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ืœืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช.
02:07
He gives half of them vitamin C.
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ื•ืœืžื—ืฆื™ืชื ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ C.
02:09
He gives half of them vitamin B12.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ B12.
02:12
He very carefully and meticulously notes his results
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชืขื“ ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช
02:15
in an exercise book.
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ื‘ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™.
02:17
And after just a few days,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืจืง ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื
02:19
it becomes clear
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ
02:21
that whatever is causing this illness,
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ืฉืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื—ืœื” ื”ื–ื•,
02:24
marmite is the cure.
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ืžืจืžื™ื™ื˜ ืžืจืคื ืื•ืชื”.
02:27
So Cochrane then goes to the Germans who are running the prison camp.
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ืงื•ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื– ืคื•ื ื” ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืฉืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืืช ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื.
02:30
Now you've got to imagine at the moment --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• - ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืข...
02:32
forget this photo, imagine this guy
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ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื”, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื™ืฉ
02:34
with this long ginger beard and this shock of red hair.
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ืขื ื–ืงืŸ ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™ ืืจื•ืš ื•ืจืขืžืช ืฉื™ืขืจ ืื“ืžื•ื ื™.
02:37
He hasn't been able to shave -- a sort of Billy Connolly figure.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื’ืœื— - ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื‘ื™ืœื™ ืงื•ื ื•ืœื™.
02:40
Cochrane, he starts ranting at these Germans
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ืงื•ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื— ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื
02:42
in this Scottish accent --
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ืขื ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื•...
02:44
in fluent German, by the way, but in a Scottish accent --
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ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ื ืกืงื•ื˜ื™...
02:47
and explains to them how German culture was the culture
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ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ืฉื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช
02:50
that gave Schiller and Goethe to the world.
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ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ืฉื™ืœืจ ื•ื’ืชื” ืœืขื•ืœื.
02:52
And he can't understand
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
02:54
how this barbarism can be tolerated,
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ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช.
02:56
and he vents his frustrations.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœื•.
02:59
And then he goes back to his quarters,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•,
03:02
breaks down and weeps
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ื ืฉื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื•ื›ื”
03:05
because he's convinced that the situation is hopeless.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ ื—ืกืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™.
03:10
But a young German doctor
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ืคื ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืฆืขื™ืจ
03:13
picks up Archie Cochrane's exercise book
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ืžืจื™ื ืืช ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆ'ื™ ืงื•ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ
03:16
and says to his colleagues,
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ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœืขืžื™ืชื™ื• -
03:20
"This evidence is incontrovertible.
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"ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™ื•ืช.
03:25
If we don't supply vitamins to the prisoners,
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ืื ืœื ื ืกืคืง ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื,
03:28
it's a war crime."
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ื–ื” ืคืฉืข ืžืœื—ืžื”."
03:30
And the next morning,
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ื•ืœืžื—ืจืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ,
03:32
supplies of vitamin B12 are delivered to the camp,
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ืืกืคืงื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ B12 ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžื—ื ื”,
03:35
and the prisoners begin to recover.
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ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื.
03:39
Now I'm not telling you this story
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
03:41
because I think Archie Cochrane is a dude,
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืจืฆ'ื™ ืงื•ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื "ืื—ืœื” ื’ื‘ืจ",
03:43
although Archie Cochrane is a dude.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืจืฆ'ื™ ืงื•ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื "ืื—ืœื” ื’ื‘ืจ".
03:47
I'm not even telling you the story
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
03:49
because I think we should be running
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข
03:51
more carefully controlled randomized trials
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืืงืจืื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจื™ื
03:53
in all aspects of public policy,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช,
03:55
although I think that would also be completely awesome.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื’ื ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘.
03:59
I'm telling you this story
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ืื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
04:01
because Archie Cochrane, all his life,
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ื›ื™ ืืจืฆ'ื™ ืงื•ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•,
04:04
fought against a terrible affliction,
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ื ืœื—ื ื ื’ื“ ืคื’ืข-ืจืข ื ื•ืจืื™.
04:08
and he realized it was debilitating to individuals
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžื—ืœื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื
04:12
and it was corrosive to societies.
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ื•ืฉื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืจื™ืงื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
04:14
And he had a name for it.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืฉื ืœื–ื”.
04:16
He called it the God complex.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ื–ื” "ืชืกื‘ื™ืš ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื".
04:19
Now I can describe the symptoms of the God complex very, very easily.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืกื‘ื™ืš ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
04:23
So the symptoms of the complex
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ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืกื‘ื™ืš ื”ื,
04:26
are, no matter how complicated the problem,
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ืฉืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช,
04:29
you have an absolutely overwhelming belief
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ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืžื•ื ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื•ืžื•ื—ืฆืช
04:32
that you are infallibly right in your solution.
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ืฉืืชื” ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืฆื•ื“ืง ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš.
04:36
Now Archie was a doctor,
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ืืจืฆ'ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืคื.
04:38
so he hung around with doctors a lot.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ืจื•ืคืื™ื.
04:40
And doctors suffer from the God complex a lot.
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ื•ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืชืกื‘ื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”.
04:43
Now I'm an economist, I'm not a doctor,
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ืื ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ, ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืคื,
04:45
but I see the God complex around me all the time
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืชืกื‘ื™ืš ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
04:47
in my fellow economists.
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขืžื™ืชื™ื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื.
04:49
I see it in our business leaders.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืกืงื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
04:51
I see it in the politicians we vote for --
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื...
04:53
people who, in the face of an incredibly complicated world,
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ืื ืฉื™ื, ืฉืœื ื•ื›ื— ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:57
are nevertheless absolutely convinced
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
05:00
that they understand the way that the world works.
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ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“.
05:03
And you know, with the future billions that we've been hearing about,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืขื ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื,
05:06
the world is simply far too complex
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘
05:08
to understand in that way.
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ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื•.
05:10
Well let me give you an example.
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
05:12
Imagine for a moment
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืœืจื’ืข
05:14
that, instead of Tim Harford in front of you,
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ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืจื“ ืžื•ืœื›ื,
05:16
there was Hans Rosling presenting his graphs.
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ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื”ื ืก ืจื•ืกืœื™ื ื’ ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืคื™ื ืฉืœื•.
05:19
You know Hans:
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ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ืก:
05:21
the Mick Jagger of TED.
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ื”"ืžื™ืง-ื’'ืื’ืจ" ืฉืœ TED.
05:23
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:25
And he'd be showing you these amazing statistics,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
05:27
these amazing animations.
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ืืช ื”ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช.
05:29
And they are brilliant; it's wonderful work.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื•ืช, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช.
05:31
But a typical Hans Rosling graph:
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ืจืฃ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืก ืจื•ืกืœื™ื ื’:
05:33
think for a moment, not what it shows,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืจื’ืข, ืœื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื’,
05:36
but think instead about what it leaves out.
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ืืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืขื“ืจ ืžืžื ื•.
05:39
So it'll show you GDP per capita,
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ืœื ืคืฉ,
05:42
population, longevity,
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ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”, ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื,
05:44
that's about it.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืขืจืš.
05:46
So three pieces of data for each country --
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ืื– ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื”...
05:48
three pieces of data.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข.
05:50
Three pieces of data is nothing.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ื›ืœื•ื.
05:52
I mean, have a look at this graph.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื”.
05:54
This is produced by the physicist Cesar Hidalgo.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืง ืข"ื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืกื–ืืจ ื”ื™ื“ืืœื’ื•
05:56
He's at MIT.
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ื”ื•ื ืž- MIT (ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก)
05:58
Now you won't be able to understand a word of it,
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ืืชื ืœื ืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื” ืžื›ืœ ื–ื”,
06:00
but this is what it looks like.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื ืจืื”.
06:02
Cesar has trolled the database
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ืกื–ืืจ "ืกื™ื™ืจ" ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
06:04
of over 5,000 different products,
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ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž- 5,000 ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
06:07
and he's used techniques of network analysis
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืจืฉืช
06:12
to interrogate this database
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื–ื”
06:14
and to graph relationships between the different products.
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ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
06:16
And it's wonderful, wonderful work.
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ื•ื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”, ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
06:18
You show all these interconnections, all these interrelations.
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ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื, ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช.
06:21
And I think it'll be profoundly useful
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืกื™ื™ืข
06:23
in understanding how it is that economies grow.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืฆื•ืžื—ื•ืช.
06:26
Brilliant work.
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื”.
06:28
Cesar and I tried to write a piece for The New York Times Magazine
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ืกื–ืืจ ื•ืื ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืืžืจ ืœืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก
06:30
explaining how this works.
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ืฉื™ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
06:32
And what we learned
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื–ื”
06:34
is Cesar's work is far too good to explain
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ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื–ืืจ ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
06:36
in The New York Times Magazine.
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ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก.
06:40
Five thousand products --
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ืื‘ืœ 5,000 ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื...
06:43
that's still nothing.
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ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ.
06:45
Five thousand products --
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5,000 ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื...
06:47
imagine counting every product category
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืžื” ื–ื” ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื
06:49
in Cesar Hidalgo's data.
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ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื–ืืจ ื”ื™ื“ืืœื’ื•.
06:51
Imagine you had one second
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืฉืžืขืชื ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืื—ืช
06:53
per product category.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื.
06:55
In about the length of this session,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื–ื”ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืœื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื–ื•,
06:58
you would have counted all 5,000.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”- 5,000.
07:00
Now imagine doing the same thing
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ
07:02
for every different type of product on sale in Walmart.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืจืฉืช ื•ื•ืœืžืจื˜.
07:05
There are 100,000 there. It would take you all day.
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ื™ืฉื ื 100,000 ืฉื. ื–ื” ื™ื™ืงื— ืœื›ื ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื.
07:08
Now imagine trying to count
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืžื” ื–ื” ืœืกืคื•ืจ
07:10
every different specific product and service
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ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
07:13
on sale in a major economy
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ืฉืžื•ืฆืข ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
07:15
such as Tokyo, London or New York.
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ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืงื™ื•, ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืื• ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง.
07:17
It's even more difficult in Edinburgh
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ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื•
07:19
because you have to count all the whisky and the tartan.
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ื›ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืกืงื™ ื•ื”ื˜ืืจื˜ื ื™ื.
07:22
If you wanted to count every product and service
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ืœื• ืจืฆื™ืชื ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื
07:24
on offer in New York --
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ืฉืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง -
07:26
there are 10 billion of them --
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ื™ืฉ 10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื›ืืœื• -
07:28
it would take you 317 years.
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ื–ื” ื™ื™ืงื— ืœื›ื 317 ืฉื ื™ื.
07:31
This is how complex the economy we've created is.
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ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื•.
07:34
And I'm just counting toasters here.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืกื”"ื› ืกื•ืคืจ ืคื” ื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื.
07:36
I'm not trying to solve the Middle East problem.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื ืกื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
07:39
The complexity here is unbelievable.
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ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืคื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชืื•ืžืŸ.
07:42
And just a piece of context --
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ื•ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ -
07:44
the societies in which our brains evolved
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—
07:46
had about 300 products and services.
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ื”ื™ื• ื›- 300 ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื.
07:48
You could count them in five minutes.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช.
07:51
So this is the complexity of the world that surrounds us.
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ืื– ื–ื• ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
07:54
This perhaps is why
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”
07:56
we find the God complex so tempting.
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ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืชืกื‘ื™ืš ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื” ืžืคืชื”.
07:59
We tend to retreat and say, "We can draw a picture,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืกื’ืช ื•ืœื•ืžืจ, "ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืชืžื•ื ื”,
08:02
we can post some graphs,
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ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื›ืžื” ื’ืจืคื™ื,
08:04
we get it, we understand how this works."
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ืชืคืกื ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“."
08:07
And we don't.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื.
08:09
We never do.
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ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื.
08:11
Now I'm not trying to deliver a nihilistic message here.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื™ื–ื” ืžืกืจ ื ื™ื”ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ืคื”.
08:13
I'm not trying to say we can't solve
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ
08:15
complicated problems in a complicated world.
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ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.
08:17
We clearly can.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.
08:19
But the way we solve them
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ
08:21
is with humility --
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขื ื•ื•ื” -
08:23
to abandon the God complex
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ืœื–ื ื•ื— ืืช ืชืกื‘ื™ืš ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื
08:25
and to actually use a problem-solving technique that works.
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
08:28
And we have a problem-solving technique that works.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
08:31
Now you show me
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ืชืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืœื™ ืขืœ
08:33
a successful complex system,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื”
08:35
and I will show you a system
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืžืขืจื›ืช
08:38
that has evolved through trial and error.
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ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ื˜ืขื™ื™ื”.
08:40
Here's an example.
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
08:42
This baby was produced through trial and error.
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ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ื˜ืขื™ื™ื”.
08:46
I realize that's an ambiguous statement.
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœืช.
08:49
Maybe I should clarify it.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื–ืืช.
08:51
This baby is a human body: it evolved.
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ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™: ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
08:54
What is evolution?
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ื•ืžื”ื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”?
08:56
Over millions of years, variation and selection,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื - ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”,
08:59
variation and selection --
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”
09:02
trial and error,
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ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ื˜ืขื™ื™ื”,
09:04
trial and error.
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ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ื˜ืขื™ื™ื”.
09:07
And it's not just biological systems
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
09:09
that produce miracles through trial and error.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื ื“ืจืš ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ื˜ืขื™ื™ื”.
09:11
You could use it in an industrial context.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™.
09:13
So let's say you wanted to make detergent.
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ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ื™ืงื•ื™.
09:15
Let's say you're Unilever
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ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื ื™ืœื™ื•ื•ืจ.
09:17
and you want to make detergent in a factory near Liverpool.
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืœื™ื“ ืœื™ื‘ืจืคื•ืœ.
09:20
How do you do it?
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ืื™ืš ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
09:22
Well you have this great big tank full of liquid detergent.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžื™ื›ืœ ืขื ืง ืžืœื ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœ ื ื™ืงื•ื™.
09:25
You pump it at a high pressure through a nozzle.
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ืืชื ืžื–ืจื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื“ืจืš ื–ืจื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืช.
09:27
You create a spray of detergent.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจืกืก ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ื™ืงื•ื™.
09:30
Then the spray dries. It turns into powder.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืจืกืก ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ. ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืื‘ืงื”.
09:32
It falls to the floor.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืคืœ ืœืจืฆืคื”.
09:34
You scoop it up. You put it in cardboard boxes.
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ืืชื ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืื•ืชื•. ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ.
09:36
You sell it at a supermarket.
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ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืกื•ืคืจืžืจืงื˜.
09:38
You make lots of money.
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ.
09:40
How do you design that nozzle?
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ืื™ืš ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืจื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช?
09:43
It turns out to be very important.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
09:46
Now if you ascribe to the God complex,
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ืื ืชืกื‘ื™ืš ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื—ืœ ืขืœื™ื›ื,
09:48
what you do is you find yourself a little God.
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื›ื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืงื˜ืŸ.
09:51
You find yourself a mathematician; you find yourself a physicist --
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ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื›ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™; ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ -
09:54
somebody who understands the dynamics of this fluid.
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
09:57
And he will, or she will,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืื• ื”ื™ื
10:00
calculate the optimal design of the nozzle.
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืจื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืช.
10:03
Now Unilever did this and it didn't work --
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ื™ื•ื ื™ืœื™ื•ื•ืจ ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื” ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืขื‘ื“ -
10:05
too complicated.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.
10:07
Even this problem, too complicated.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช.
10:10
But the geneticist Professor Steve Jones
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ื’'ื•ื ืก
10:13
describes how Unilever actually did solve this problem --
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ืžืชืืจ ืื™ืš ื™ื•ื ื™ืœื™ื•ื•ืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืคืชืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื• -
10:16
trial and error,
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ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ื˜ืขื™ื™ื”,
10:18
variation and selection.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
10:20
You take a nozzle
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ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื–ืจื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืช
10:22
and you create 10 random variations on the nozzle.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื 10 ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื–ืจื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืช.
10:26
You try out all 10; you keep the one that works best.
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ืžื ืกื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”- 10, ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื—ืช ืฉืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
10:29
You create 10 variations on that one.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื 10 ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
10:31
You try out all 10. You keep the one that works best.
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ืžื ืกื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”-10. ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื—ืช ืฉืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
10:34
You try out 10 variations on that one.
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ืžื ืกื™ื 10 ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
10:36
You see how this works, right?
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
10:38
And after 45 generations,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ 45 ื“ื•ืจื•ืช,
10:40
you have this incredible nozzle.
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื™ืŸ ื–ืจื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
10:42
It looks a bit like a chess piece --
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ื ืจืื™ืช ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ื›ืœื™ ืฉื—ืžื˜ -
10:44
functions absolutely brilliantly.
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ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื’ืื•ื ื™ืช.
10:47
We have no idea
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’
10:49
why it works,
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ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“,
10:51
no idea at all.
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ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’.
10:53
And the moment you step back from the God complex --
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื•ืจื” ืžืชืกื‘ื™ืš ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื -
10:55
let's just try to have a bunch of stuff;
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ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ืกื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื;
10:57
let's have a systematic way of determining what's working and what's not --
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืกื™ืกื˜ืžืชื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืžื” ืœื -
11:00
you can solve your problem.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
11:02
Now this process of trial and error
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ื˜ืขื™ื™ื”
11:04
is actually far more common in successful institutions
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื
11:07
than we care to recognize.
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ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช.
11:09
And we've heard a lot about how economies function.
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ื•ืฉืžืขื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืžืชืคืงื“ื•ืช.
11:12
The U.S. economy is still the world's greatest economy.
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ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:16
How did it become the world's greatest economy?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ?
11:19
I could give you all kinds of facts and figures
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืกืคืจื™ื
11:21
about the U.S. economy,
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ืขืœ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืืจื”"ื‘
11:23
but I think the most salient one is this:
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื”ื™ื ื–ื•:
11:26
ten percent of American businesses
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10 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
11:29
disappear every year.
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ื ืขืœืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
11:32
That is a huge failure rate.
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืขื ืง.
11:35
It's far higher than the failure rate of, say, Americans.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื.
11:37
Ten percent of Americans don't disappear every year.
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10 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœื ื ืขืœืžื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
11:40
Which leads us to conclude
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืกืงื ื”
11:42
American businesses fail faster than Americans,
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ืฉืขืกืงื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื,
11:45
and therefore American businesses are evolving faster than Americans.
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ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืขืกืงื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื’ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื.
11:48
And eventually, they'll have evolved to such a high peak of perfection
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื ื™ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœืคืกื’ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื•ืช
11:51
that they will make us all their pets --
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืžื“ ืฉืœื”ื...
11:54
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:56
if, of course, they haven't already done so.
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ื‘ื”ื ื—ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื” ื›ื‘ืจ.
11:59
I sometimes wonder.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
12:02
But it's this process of trial and error
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ื˜ืขื™ื™ื”
12:04
that explains this great divergence,
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ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืกืชืขืคื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื•,
12:08
this incredible performance of Western economies.
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ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช.
12:11
It didn't come because you put some incredibly smart person in charge.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
12:14
It's come through trial and error.
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ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื“ืจืš ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ื˜ืขื™ื™ื”.
12:16
Now I've been sort of banging on about this
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื“ื ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”
12:18
for the last couple of months,
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ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื
12:20
and people sometimes say to me,
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื™,
12:22
"Well Tim, it's kind of obvious.
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"ื ื• ื˜ื™ื, ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
12:24
Obviously trial and error is very important.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ื˜ืขื™ื™ื” ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
12:26
Obviously experimentation is very important.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
12:28
Now why are you just wandering around saying this obvious thing?"
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ืœืžื” ืืช ืžืชืจื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•?"
12:31
So I say, okay, fine.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ, ืื•.ืงื™ื™., ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
12:33
You think it's obvious?
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ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•?
12:35
I will admit it's obvious
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ืื ื™ ืื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•
12:37
when schools
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ื›ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ
12:39
start teaching children
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ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืœืžื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื
12:42
that there are some problems that don't have a correct answer.
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ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
12:45
Stop giving them lists of questions
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ืชืคืกื™ืงื• ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช
12:48
every single one of which has an answer.
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ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
12:50
And there's an authority figure in the corner
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื“ืžื•ืช ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ื ื”
12:52
behind the teacher's desk who knows all the answers.
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ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
12:54
And if you can't find the answers,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”,
12:56
you must be lazy or stupid.
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ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ืขืฆืœื ื™ื ืื• ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ื.
12:58
When schools stop doing that all the time,
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ื›ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื™ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
13:00
I will admit that, yes,
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื“ื” ืฉื›ืŸ,
13:02
it's obvious that trial and error is a good thing.
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ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื• ืฉื ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ื˜ืขื™ื™ื” ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
13:04
When a politician stands up
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ื›ืฉืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื™ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘
13:07
campaigning for elected office
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ื‘ืžืกืข ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžืฉืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช
13:09
and says, "I want to fix our health system.
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ื•ื™ื’ื™ื“ "ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
13:11
I want to fix our education system.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœื ื•.
13:13
I have no idea how to do it.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
13:16
I have half a dozen ideas.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
13:18
We're going to test them out. They'll probably all fail.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื ืกื” ืื•ืชื. ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืฉืœื•.
13:21
Then we'll test some other ideas out.
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ื•ืื– ื ื ืกื” ื›ืžื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
13:23
We'll find some that work. We'll build on those.
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ื ืžืฆื ืืช ืืœื• ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื ื‘ื ื” ื”ืœืื” ืžื”ื.
13:25
We'll get rid of the ones that don't." --
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ื ืขื™ืฃ ืืช ืืœื• ืฉืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื."
13:27
when a politician campaigns on that platform,
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ื›ืฉืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื™ื‘ืกืก ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืฆืข ื›ื–ื”,
13:30
and more importantly, when voters like you and me
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื›ืžื•ืชื›ื ื•ื›ืžื•ื ื™
13:33
are willing to vote for that kind of politician,
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื›ื–ื”,
13:35
then I will admit
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืื•ื“ื”
13:37
that it is obvious that trial and error works, and that -- thank you.
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ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื• ืฉื ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ื˜ืขื™ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื•ืฉ... ืชื•ื“ื”.
13:40
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:44
Until then, until then
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ืขื“ ืื–, ืขื“ ืื–
13:47
I'm going to keep banging on about trial and error
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ืื ื™ ืืžืฉื™ืš ืœื ื“ื ื“ ืขืœ ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ื˜ืขื™ื™ื”
13:49
and why we should abandon the God complex.
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ื•ืขืœ ืœืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื–ื ื•ื— ืืช ืชืกื‘ื™ืš ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื.
13:52
Because it's so hard
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืงืฉื”
13:55
to admit our own fallibility.
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ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื.
13:57
It's so uncomfortable.
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืœื ื ื•ื—.
13:59
And Archie Cochrane understood this as well as anybody.
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ื•ืืจืฆ'ื™ ืงื•ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื›ื•ืœื.
14:02
There's this one trial he ran
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ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืจืš
14:04
many years after World War II.
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ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”-2.
14:06
He wanted to test out
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ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง
14:09
the question of, where is it
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ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื•
14:11
that patients should recover
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ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ
14:13
from heart attacks?
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ืžื”ืชืงืคื™ ืœื‘?
14:15
Should they recover in a specialized cardiac unit in hospital,
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ื”ืื ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืงืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
14:18
or should they recover at home?
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ืื• ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช?
14:21
All the cardiac doctors tried to shut him down.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืงืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืง ืื•ืชื•.
14:24
They had the God complex in spades.
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ืืฆืœื ื”ื™ื” ืชืกื‘ื™ืš ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื
14:27
They knew that their hospitals were the right place for patients,
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ื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื.
14:30
and they knew it was very unethical
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืืชื™
14:32
to run any kind of trial or experiment.
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ืœืขืจื•ืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืื• ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื.
14:35
Nevertheless, Archie managed to get permission to do this.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืืจืฆ'ื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
14:37
He ran his trial.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืจืš ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœื•.
14:39
And after the trial had been running for a little while,
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ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ,
14:41
he gathered together all his colleagues
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ื”ื•ื ืืกืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ืขืžื™ืชื™ื•
14:43
around his table,
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ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•,
14:45
and he said, "Well, gentlemen,
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ื•ืืžืจ "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™,
14:47
we have some preliminary results.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
14:49
They're not statistically significant.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืŸ ืœื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
14:51
But we have something.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื•.
14:54
And it turns out that you're right and I'm wrong.
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืืชื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื”.
14:57
It is dangerous for patients
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ืื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื
14:59
to recover from heart attacks at home.
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ืœื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ ืžื”ืชืงืคื™ ืœื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
15:01
They should be in hospital."
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื."
15:04
And there's this uproar, and all the doctors start pounding the table
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจืขืžื•ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืœื•ื ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ
15:06
and saying, "We always said you were unethical, Archie.
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ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ "ืชืžื™ื“ ืืžืจื ื• ืฉืืชื” ื—ืกืจ ืืชื™ืงื”, ืืจืฆ'ื™."
15:09
You're killing people with your clinical trials. You need to shut it down now.
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ืืชื” ื”ื•ืจื’ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš. ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
15:12
Shut it down at once."
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ืชืกื’ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืืœืชืจ."
15:14
And there's this huge hubbub.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
15:16
Archie lets it die down.
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ืืจืฆ'ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื” ืœื“ืขื•ืš.
15:18
And then he says, "Well that's very interesting, gentlemen,
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ื•ืื– ืื•ืžืจ "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™
15:20
because when I gave you the table of results,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉื ืชืชื™ ืœื›ื ืืช ื˜ื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช,
15:23
I swapped the two columns around.
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ื”ื—ืœืคืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช.
15:27
It turns out your hospitals are killing people,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื,
15:29
and they should be at home.
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ื•ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
15:31
Would you like to close down the trial now,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
15:34
or should we wait until we have robust results?"
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ืื• ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช?"
15:38
Tumbleweed
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ื“ืžืžื”
15:40
rolls through the meeting room.
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ื—ื•ืœืคืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช.
15:43
But Cochrane would do that kind of thing.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”.
15:46
And the reason he would do that kind of thing
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื•
15:48
is because he understood
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
15:50
it feels so much better
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ืฉื–ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘
15:52
to stand there and say,
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ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืฉื ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“
15:54
"Here in my own little world,
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"ืคื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื™,
15:56
I am a god, I understand everything.
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ืื ื™ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืœ.
15:58
I do not want to have my opinions challenged.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ืขืจืขืจื• ืืช ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
16:00
I do not want to have my conclusions tested."
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ื™ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™."
16:03
It feels so much more comfortable
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ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื•ื—
16:05
simply to lay down the law.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื.
16:08
Cochrane understood
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ืงื•ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
16:10
that uncertainty, that fallibility,
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ืฉืื™-ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช, ืฉื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื,
16:12
that being challenged, they hurt.
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ืฉืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืชื’ืจ, ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื›ื•ืื‘ื™ื.
16:14
And you sometimes need to be shocked out of that.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืขืจ ืื•ืชืš ืžื–ื”.
16:18
Now I'm not going to pretend that this is easy.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืงืœ.
16:21
It isn't easy.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืงืœ.
16:23
It's incredibly painful.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื›ืื™ื‘.
16:25
And since I started talking about this subject
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ื•ืžืื– ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”
16:27
and researching this subject,
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ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”,
16:29
I've been really haunted by something
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืžืฉ ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืื•ืชื™
16:31
a Japanese mathematician said on the subject.
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ืฉืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื™ืคื ื™ ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”.
16:33
So shortly after the war,
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ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”,
16:35
this young man, Yutaka Taniyama,
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ, Yutaka Taniyama,
16:38
developed this amazing conjecture
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ื”ื’ื” ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
16:40
called the Taniyama-Shimura Conjecture.
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช "ื”ืฉืขืจืช ื˜ื ื™ืืžื”-ืฉื™ืžื•ืจื”".
16:42
It turned out to be absolutely instrumental
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ืฉื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื›ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืžืื•ื“
16:45
many decades later
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
16:47
in proving Fermat's Last Theorem.
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ื‘ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืจืžื”.
16:49
In fact, it turns out it's equivalent
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืœื”
16:51
to proving Fermat's Last Theorem.
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ืœื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืจืžื”.
16:53
You prove one, you prove the other.
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ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ืืช ื”ืื—ืช, ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
16:57
But it was always a conjecture.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืขืจื”.
17:00
Taniyama tried and tried and tried
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ื˜ื ื™ืืžื” ื ื™ืกื” ื•ื ื™ืกื” ื•ื ื™ืกื”
17:03
and he could never prove that it was true.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
17:06
And shortly before his 30th birthday in 1958,
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ื•ืงืฆืช ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ื”- 30 ื‘ืฉื ืช 1958,
17:09
Yutaka Taniyama killed himself.
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ื™ื•ื˜ืงื” ื˜ื ื™ืืžื” ื”ืชืื‘ื“.
17:13
His friend, Goro Shimura --
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ื—ื‘ืจื•, ื’ื•ืจื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืจื” -
17:15
who worked on the mathematics with him --
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ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื• -
17:17
many decades later, reflected on Taniyama's life.
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ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ืจื”ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื ื™ืืžื”.
17:22
He said,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
17:25
"He was not a very careful person
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"ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืžืื•ื“ ื–ื”ื™ืจ
17:27
as a mathematician.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™.
17:29
He made a lot of mistakes.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช.
17:32
But he made mistakes in a good direction.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘.
17:36
I tried to emulate him,
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ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืื•ืชื•,
17:39
but I realized
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ืชื™ ืœื“ืขืช
17:41
it is very difficult
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ืฉื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”
17:43
to make good mistakes."
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช."
17:46
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
17:48
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื).
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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