Bjorn Lomborg: Global priorities bigger than climate change

312,140 views ใƒป 2007-01-12

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yaron Assa ืžื‘ืงืจ: Amir Rothschild
00:25
What I'd like to talk about is really the biggest problems in the world.
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ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ื–ื• ืืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:29
I'm not going to talk about "The Skeptical Environmentalist" --
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืกืงืคื˜ื™,
00:31
probably that's also a good choice.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื ื–ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
00:33
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง - ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื”ืžืจืฆื” ื—ื™ื‘ืจ]
00:34
But I am going talk about: what are the big problems in the world?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” - ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:37
And I must say, before I go on, I should ask every one of you
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื—ื™ืœ, ืื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ืช ืžื›ื,
00:40
to try and get out pen and paper
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ืœืฉืœื•ืฃ ืขื˜ ื•ื ื™ื™ืจ,
00:42
because I'm actually going to ask you to help me to look at how we do that.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื.
00:45
So get out your pen and paper.
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ืื– ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืขื˜ ื•ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ืฉืœื›ื.
00:47
Bottom line is, there is a lot of problems out there in the world.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
00:49
I'm just going to list some of them.
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ืื ื™ ืจืง ืืคืจื˜ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืŸ.
00:51
There are 800 million people starving.
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800 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืจืขื‘ื™ื ืœืœื—ื.
00:53
There's a billion people without clean drinking water.
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ืœื›ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื” ื ืงื™ื™ื.
00:55
Two billion people without sanitation.
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ื›ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื™ืฉ ืœืœื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืชื‘ืจื•ืื”.
00:57
There are several million people dying of HIV and AIDS.
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื™ื ืžืื™ื™ื“ืก.
01:00
The lists go on and on.
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ื•ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื ืžืฉื›ืช.
01:02
There's two billions of people who will be severely affected by climate change -- so on.
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ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืชื ื• ืœื‘ืœื™ ื”ื™ื›ืจ ืขืงื‘ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื, ื•ื›ื•'.
01:07
There are many, many problems out there.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:09
In an ideal world, we would solve them all, but we don't.
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื.
01:13
We don't actually solve all problems.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
01:15
And if we do not, the question I think we need to ask ourselves --
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• -
01:19
and that's why it's on the economy session -- is to say,
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” -
01:22
if we don't do all things, we really have to start asking ourselves,
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ื”ื™ื - ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
01:25
which ones should we solve first?
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ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืงื•ื“ื?
01:27
And that's the question I'd like to ask you.
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื.
01:29
If we had say, 50 billion dollars over the next four years to spend
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ืื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ืชื ื• 50 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœ-4 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
01:34
to do good in this world, where should we spend it?
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ืžื•ืงืฆื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืื•ืชื?
01:37
We identified 10 of the biggest challenges in the world,
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ื–ื™ื”ื™ื ื• ืืช ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
01:40
and I will just briefly read them:
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
01:42
climate change, communicable diseases, conflicts, education,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช, ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
01:44
financial instability, governance and corruption,
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ืื™-ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ,
01:46
malnutrition and hunger, population migration,
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ืจืขื‘ ื•ืชืช-ืชื–ื•ื ื”, ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช,
01:49
sanitation and water, and subsidies and trade barriers.
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ืชื‘ืจื•ืื” ื•ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื, ื•ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ ืกื—ืจ.
01:52
We believe that these in many ways
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ืœื“ืขืชื ื• ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื•
01:54
encompass the biggest problems in the world.
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ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:56
The obvious question would be to ask,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžื™ื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ื”ื™ื
01:58
what do you think are the biggest things?
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ืืœื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื›ื,
02:00
Where should we start on solving these problems?
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ื•ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ.
02:03
But that's a wrong problem to ask.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช.
02:05
That was actually the problem that was asked in Davos in January.
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ื–ื• ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืฉืืœื ื• ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ื‘ื“ื‘ื•ืก ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ.
02:08
But of course, there's a problem in asking people to focus on problems.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ืจืง ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
02:11
Because we can't solve problems.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
02:14
Surely the biggest problem we have in the world is that we all die.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืชืžื•ืชื”,
02:17
But we don't have a technology to solve that, right?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชื”.
02:19
So the point is not to prioritize problems,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืœืชืขื“ืฃ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
02:22
but the point is to prioritize solutions to problems.
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ืืœื ืœืชืขื“ืฃ ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
02:26
And that would be -- of course that gets a little more complicated.
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ื•ืืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื• -- ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืขืกืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื‘ืš --
02:29
To climate change that would be like Kyoto.
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ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ืงื™ื•ื˜ื•,
02:31
To communicable diseases, it might be health clinics or mosquito nets.
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ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืžืจืคืื•ืช ื•ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื,
02:34
To conflicts, it would be U.N.'s peacekeeping forces, and so on.
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ืœืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื•ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช - ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ื•ื›ื•'.
02:37
The point that I would like to ask you to try to do,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืจืฆื” ืฉืชืขืฉื• ื”ื•ื,
02:42
is just in 30 seconds -- and I know this is in a sense
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ืฉื‘-30 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ืืช
02:45
an impossible task -- write down what you think
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ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช, ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื” ืฉืœื“ืขืชื›ื
02:47
is probably some of the top priorities.
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ื”ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื”.
02:49
And also -- and that's, of course, where economics gets evil --
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ื•ื’ื - ื•ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจืช ื›ื—ืกืจืช ืœื‘ -
02:52
to put down what are the things we should not do, first.
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ืœืจืฉื•ื ืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื”.
02:55
What should be at the bottom of the list?
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ืžื” ืœื“ืขืชื›ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื”.
02:57
Please, just take 30 seconds, perhaps talk to your neighbor,
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ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”, ืชืงื“ื™ืฉื• ืœื›ืš 30 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ื“ื‘ืจื• ืขื ืืœื• ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื,
03:00
and just figure out what should be the top priorities
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ื•ืชื ืกื• ืœืœื‘ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช
03:02
and the bottom priorities of the solutions that we have
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ื•ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื
03:04
to the world's biggest issues.
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ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
03:06
The amazing part of this process -- and of course, I mean,
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื”
03:09
I would love to -- I only have 18 minutes,
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ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืจืง 18 ื“ืงื•ืช,
03:11
I've already given you quite a substantial amount of my time, right?
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ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื“ืฉืชื™ ืœื›ื ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื™,
03:13
I'd love to go into, and get you to think about this process,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•,
03:17
and that's actually what we did.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•.
03:19
And I also strongly encourage you,
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ืื ื™ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื›ื ื‘ื—ื•ื,
03:21
and I'm sure we'll also have these discussions afterwards,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
03:23
to think about, how do we actually prioritize?
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชื™ืขื“ื•ืฃ ื›ื–ื”.
03:25
Of course, you have to ask yourself,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื,
03:27
why on Earth was such a list never done before?
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ืื™ืš ืชืขื“ื•ืฃ ื›ื–ื” ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืžืขื•ืœื?
03:29
And one reason is that prioritization is incredibly uncomfortable.
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ื•ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืชืขื“ืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ื ืขื™ื,
03:34
Nobody wants to do this.
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ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
03:36
Of course, every organization would love to be on the top of such a list.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื›ื–ื•,
03:39
But every organization would also hate to be not on the top of the list.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื”,
03:42
And since there are many more not-number-one spots on the list
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
03:46
than there is number ones, it makes perfect sense
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ืžืืฉืจ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื”,
03:49
not to want to do such a list.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื›ื–ื•.
03:51
We've had the U.N. for almost 60 years,
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ื”ืงืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืื•"ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ 60 ืฉื ื”,
03:53
yet we've never actually made a fundamental list
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื›ื ื• ืจืฉื™ืžื”
03:56
of all the big things that we can do in the world,
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
03:58
and said, which of them should we do first?
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ื•ืฉืืœื ื• - ืžื” ืžืืœื• ื ืขืฉื” ืงื•ื“ื?
04:01
So it doesn't mean that we are not prioritizing --
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืชืขื“ืคื™ื,
04:04
any decision is a prioritization, so of course we are still prioritizing,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ืชืขื“ื•ืฃ, ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืขื“ืคื™ื,
04:08
if only implicitly -- and that's unlikely to be as good
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ืจืง ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ - ื•ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘
04:11
as if we actually did the prioritization,
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ืžืœืชืขื“ืฃ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื•
04:13
and went in and talked about it.
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ื•ื“ื ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื.
04:15
So what I'm proposing is really to say that we have,
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื,
04:17
for a very long time, had a situation when we've had a menu of choices.
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ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืชืคืจื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
04:21
There are many, many things we can do out there,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
04:23
but we've not had the prices, nor the sizes.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ื›ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื™ืงืคื™ื.
04:26
We have not had an idea.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื.
04:28
Imagine going into a restaurant and getting this big menu card,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื”, ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชืคืจื™ื˜ ืขื ืง,
04:31
but you have no idea what the price is.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื•ืช.
04:33
You know, you have a pizza; you've no idea what the price is.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืคื™ืฆื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื”.
04:35
It could be at one dollar; it could be 1,000 dollars.
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ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืœืจ ืื—ื“ ืื• 1,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
04:37
It could be a family-size pizza;
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ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืฆื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช,
04:39
it could be a very individual-size pizza, right?
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ืื• ืคื™ืฆื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
04:41
We'd like to know these things.
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ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื ื“ืข ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
04:43
And that is what the Copenhagen Consensus is really trying to do --
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ืงื•ืคื ื”ื’ืŸ ืžื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ.
04:45
to try to put prices on these issues.
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ืžื ืกื” ืœืชืžื—ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
04:48
And so basically, this has been the Copenhagen Consensus' process.
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ื• ื’ื•ื‘ืฉ ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ืงื•ืคื ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื–ื”:
04:51
We got 30 of the world's best economists, three in each area.
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ืงื™ื‘ืฆื ื• 30 ืžื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื”,
04:55
So we have three of world's top economists write about climate change.
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ื›ืš ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื
04:58
What can we do? What will be the cost
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ื‘ื“ืงื• ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืขืœื•ืช,
05:01
and what will be the benefit of that?
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ื•ืžื” ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื™ืง.
05:02
Likewise in communicable diseases.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช,
05:04
Three of the world's top experts saying, what can we do?
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื - ืžื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
05:07
What would be the price?
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ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ,
05:08
What should we do about it, and what will be the outcome?
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ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
05:11
And so on.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
05:12
Then we had some of the world's top economists,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืฆื ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
05:14
eight of the world's top economists, including three Nobel Laureates,
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ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื”ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืชื ื™ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ,
05:18
meet in Copenhagen in May 2004.
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ื‘ืงื•ืคื ื”ื’ืŸ ื‘ืžืื™ 2004.
05:21
We called them the "dream team."
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ืงืจืื ื• ืœื”ื "ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช".
05:23
The Cambridge University prefects decided to call them
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ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื’' ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื”ื
05:26
the Real Madrid of economics.
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืจื™ืืœ ืžื“ืจื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” [ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื”].
05:28
That works very well in Europe, but it doesn't really work over here.
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ื–ื” ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
05:30
And what they basically did was come out with a prioritized list.
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ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื‘ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžืชื•ืขื“ืคืช.
05:34
And then you ask, why economists?
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ื•ืืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื - ืœืžื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื?
05:36
And of course, I'm very happy you asked that question -- (Laughter) --
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืฉืืœืชื [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
05:38
because that's a very good question.
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ื›ื™ ื–ืืช ืฉืืœื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืช.
05:40
The point is, of course, if you want to know about malaria,
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืœืจื™ื”,
05:43
you ask a malaria expert.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืžืœืจื™ื”.
05:45
If you want to know about climate, you ask a climatologist.
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืืงืœื™ื.
05:47
But if you want to know which of the two you should deal with first,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืชืขื“ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื,
05:50
you can't ask either of them, because that's not what they do.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืขืฆืžื, ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืชืขื“ื•ืคื™ื.
05:53
That is what economists do.
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ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื.
05:55
They prioritize.
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ื”ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืชืขื“ื•ืฃ.
05:56
They make that in some ways disgusting task of saying, which one should we do first,
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ื”ื ืืœื• ืฉืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžื’ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, ืžื” ื‘ืชืขื“ื•ืฃ ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
06:01
and which one should we do afterwards?
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ื•ืžื” ื‘ืชืขื“ื•ืฃ ื ืžื•ืš ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš.
06:03
So this is the list, and this is the one I'd like to share with you.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ืืช ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขืžื›ื.
06:06
Of course, you can also see it on the website,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
06:08
and we'll also talk about it more, I'm sure, as the day goes on.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืกืคืง ืฉืขื•ื“ ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ื•ื.
06:11
They basically came up with a list where they said
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ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื
06:13
there were bad projects -- basically, projects
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ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืœืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื
06:16
where if you invest a dollar, you get less than a dollar back.
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื, ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืœืจ ื—ื–ืจื”.
06:19
Then there's fair projects, good projects and very good projects.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื, ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
06:23
And of course, it's the very good projects we should start doing.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
06:25
I'm going to go from backwards
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ืื ื™ ืืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ืกื•ืฃ,
06:27
so that we end up with the best projects.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ืกื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
06:29
These were the bad projects.
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ืื– ืืœื• ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื:
06:31
As you might see the bottom of the list was climate change.
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื”.
06:35
This offends a lot of people, and that's probably one of the things
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ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
06:39
where people will say I shouldn't come back, either.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ.
06:41
And I'd like to talk about that, because that's really curious.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ืชื›ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืกืงืจืŸ.
06:43
Why is it it came up?
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ืœืžื” ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื”?
06:45
And I'll actually also try to get back to this
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ื•ืื ื™ ื’ื ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”,
06:47
because it's probably one of the things
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื
06:49
that we'll disagree with on the list that you wrote down.
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื.
06:51
The reason why they came up with saying that Kyoto --
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืืžืจื” ืฉืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ืงื™ื•ื˜ื•,
06:54
or doing something more than Kyoto -- is a bad deal
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ืื• ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื•, ื”ื•ื ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืจืข,
06:56
is simply because it's very inefficient.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ื™ืขื™ืœ.
06:58
It's not saying that global warming is not happening.
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ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœื ืืžืจื” ืฉื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชื•ืคืขื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
07:00
It's not saying that it's not a big problem.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”.
07:02
But it's saying that what we can do about it
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืืžืจื” ืฉื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื ื•,
07:04
is very little, at a very high cost.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื•ื“.
07:07
What they basically show us, the average of all macroeconomic models,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื”ืจืื• ืœื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื›ื•ืœื
07:11
is that Kyoto, if everyone agreed, would cost about 150 billion dollars a year.
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ื™ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืงื™ื•ื˜ื•, ื”ื•ื ื™ืขืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื 150 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”.
07:16
That's a substantial amount of money.
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ื•ื–ื• ืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:18
That's two to three times the global development aid
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื™ 2 ืœืคื™ 3 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื
07:20
that we give the Third World every year.
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ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
07:22
Yet it would do very little good.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื ืฉื™ื’ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช.
07:24
All models show it will postpone warming for about six years in 2100.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืงื™ื•ื˜ื• ื™ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื‘ื›-6 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘-2100.
07:28
So the guy in Bangladesh who gets a flood in 2100 can wait until 2106.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆืฃ ื‘-2100, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆืฃ ืจืง ื‘-2106.
07:32
Which is a little good, but not very much good.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
07:34
So the idea here really is to say, well, we've spent a lot of money doing a little good.
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ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆืื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ.
07:39
And just to give you a sense of reference,
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ื•ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืžืกื’ืจืช ืœื™ื™ื—ื•ืก,
07:41
the U.N. actually estimate that for half that amount,
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื•ืžื“ื ื™ ื”ืื•"ื, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื•,
07:43
for about 75 billion dollars a year,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›-75 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”,
07:45
we could solve all major basic problems in the world.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
07:48
We could give clean drinking water, sanitation, basic healthcare
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกืคืง ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื”, ืชื‘ืจื•ืื”, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™
07:51
and education to every single human being on the planet.
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ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
07:54
So we have to ask ourselves, do we want to spend twice the amount
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• -
07:58
on doing very little good?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“?
07:59
Or half the amount on doing an amazing amount of good?
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ืื• ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืขืœื•ืช ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื?
08:02
And that is really why it becomes a bad project.
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื’ืจื•ืข.
08:05
It's not to say that if we had all the money in the world, we wouldn't want to do it.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช.
08:08
But it's to say, when we don't, it's just simply not our first priority.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื•, ื–ืืช ืœื ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
08:12
The fair projects -- notice I'm not going to comment on all these --
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ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื -- ื•ืื ื™ ืื“ืœื’ ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื.
08:15
but communicable diseases, scale of basic health services -- just made it,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกืฃ,
08:19
simply because, yes, scale of basic health services is a great thing.
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ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื”ื“ืจ,
08:22
It would do a lot of good, but it's also very, very costly.
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ื”ื™ื ืชื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
08:25
Again, what it tells us is suddenly
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ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืœื ื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”
08:27
we start thinking about both sides of the equation.
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ื›ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื”.
08:29
If you look at the good projects, a lot of sanitation and water projects came in.
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ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ ืชื‘ืจื•ืื” ื•ืžื™ื.
08:33
Again, sanitation and water is incredibly important,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืชื‘ืจื•ืื” ื•ืžื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
08:35
but it also costs a lot of infrastructure.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช.
08:38
So I'd like to show you the top four priorities
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช 4 ื”ืชืขื“ื•ืคื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื,
08:40
which should be at least the first ones that we deal with
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ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข,
08:43
when we talk about how we should deal with the problems in the world.
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
08:46
The fourth best problem is malaria -- dealing with malaria.
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ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืœืจื™ื” - ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืžืœืจื™ื”.
08:50
The incidence of malaria is about a couple of [million] people get infected every year.
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ื›ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืœืจื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” [ื›ื›ื”ื "ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœ-200 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ] .
08:54
It might even cost up towards a percentage point of GDP
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ื•ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœื›ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™,
08:58
every year for affected nations.
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ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื•ืขื•ืช.
09:00
If we invested about 13 billion dollars over the next four years,
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ืื ื ืฉืงื™ืข ื›-13 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš 4 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
09:04
we could bring that incidence down to half.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืœื›ื—ืฆื™.
09:06
We could avoid about 500,000 people dying,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืžืœืžื•ืช,
09:09
but perhaps more importantly, we could avoid about a [million] people
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืœ - ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื›ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื™ืฉ [ื›ื›ื”ื "ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœ-100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ]
09:12
getting infected every year.
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ืžืœื”ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
09:13
We would significantly increase their ability
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™
09:15
to deal with many of the other problems that they have to deal with --
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ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
09:18
of course, in the long run, also to deal with global warming.
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ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš ื’ื ืขื ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ืช.
09:22
This third best one was free trade.
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ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืกื—ืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™.
09:25
Basically, the model showed that if we could get free trade,
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืจืื• ืฉืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื“ื ืกื—ืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™,
09:28
and especially cut subsidies in the U.S. and Europe,
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ื•ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืืจื”"ื‘,
09:31
we could basically enliven the global economy
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช,
09:35
to an astounding number of about 2,400 billion dollars a year,
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืกื›ื•ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ 2,400 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”.
09:39
half of which would accrue to the Third World.
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ืžืชื•ื›ื ื›ื—ืฆื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.
09:41
Again, the point is to say that we could actually pull
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื
09:44
two to three hundred million people out of poverty,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 200 ืœ-300 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืžื—ื™ื™ ืขื•ื ื™,
09:47
very radically fast, in about two to five years.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืžืื•ื“ - ื‘ื™ืŸ 2 ืœ-5 ืฉื ื™ื.
09:50
That would be the third best thing we could do.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ื• ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
09:52
The second best thing would be to focus on malnutrition.
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืจืขื‘ ื•ืชืช-ืชื–ื•ื ื”.
09:56
Not just malnutrition in general, but there's a very cheap way
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ืœื ืชืช-ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื‘, ืืœื ื“ืจืš ืžืื•ื“ ื–ื•ืœื”
09:59
of dealing with malnutrition, namely, the lack of micronutrients.
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื.
10:02
Basically, about half of the world's population is lacking in
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ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืžื—ืกื•ืจ
10:05
iron, zinc, iodine and vitamin A.
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ื‘ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ืื‘ืฅ, ื™ื•ื“ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ A.
10:07
If we invest about 12 billion dollars,
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ืื ื ืฉืงื™ืข ื›-12 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ,
10:09
we could make a severe inroad into that problem.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื•.
10:12
That would be the second best investment that we could do.
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ื–ืืช ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
10:15
And the very best project would be to focus on HIV/AIDS.
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ื•ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืื™ื™ื“ืก.
10:20
Basically, if we invest 27 billion dollars over the next eight years,
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ืื ื ืฉืงื™ืข 27 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ 8 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
10:24
we could avoid 28 new million cases of HIV/AIDS.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืž-28 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื ืฉืื™ ืื™ื™ื“ืก.
10:28
Again, what this does and what it focuses on is saying
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื.
10:32
there are two very different ways that we can deal with HIV/AIDS.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืื™ื™ื“ืก.
10:35
One is treatment; the other one is prevention.
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ื”ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื ื™ืขื”.
10:38
And again, in an ideal world, we would do both.
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ื•ื’ื ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ.
10:41
But in a world where we don't do either, or don't do it very well,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืืฃ ืื—ืช, ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
10:44
we have to at least ask ourselves where should we invest first.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืงื•ื“ื.
10:48
And treatment is much, much more expensive than prevention.
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ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืกื“ืจื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžื ื™ืขื”.
10:51
So basically, what this focuses on is saying, we can do a lot more
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
10:55
by investing in prevention.
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ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืข"ื™ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื ื™ืขื”.
10:57
Basically for the amount of money that we spend,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื ืฉืงื™ืข,
10:59
we can do X amount of good in treatment,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ,
11:02
and 10 times as much good in prevention.
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ืื• ืคื™ ืขืฉืจ ืžื›ืš ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื ื™ืขื”.
11:05
So again, what we focus on is prevention rather than treatment,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžื ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
11:08
at first rate.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
11:09
What this really does is that it makes us think about our priorities.
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ื–ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžื›ืจื™ื—ื” ืื•ืชื” ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
11:13
I'd like to have you look at your priority list and say,
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืชืขื“ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ื•ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง,
11:17
did you get it right?
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ื”ืื ืงืœืขืชื ืœืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื ื•?
11:19
Or did you get close to what we came up with here?
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ืื• ื”ืื ื”ื’ืขืชื ืงืจื•ื‘?
11:21
Well, of course, one of the things is climate change again.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
11:25
I find a lot of people find it very, very unlikely that we should do that.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื›ืš.
11:28
We should also do climate change,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
11:30
if for no other reason, simply because it's such a big problem.
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ื•ืœื• ื‘ืฉืœ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.
11:33
But of course, we don't do all problems.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ, ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
11:36
There are many problems out there in the world.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
11:38
And what I want to make sure of is, if we actually focus on problems,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ,
11:42
that we focus on the right ones.
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ื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
11:44
The ones where we can do a lot of good rather than a little good.
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ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ื•ืœื ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ.
11:47
And I think, actually -- Thomas Schelling,
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ืชื•ืžืืก ืฉืœื™ื ื’,
11:50
one of the participants in the dream team, he put it very, very well.
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ืื—ื“ ืž"ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช", ื‘ื™ื˜ื ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘:
11:54
One of things that people forget, is that in 100 years,
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ืคืจื˜ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ 100 ืฉื ื”,
11:57
when we're talking about most of the climate change impacts will be,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื™ืชืžืžืฉื• ื‘ืžืœื•ืื,
12:00
people will be much, much richer.
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
12:02
Even the most pessimistic impact scenarios of the U.N.
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ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื
12:06
estimate that the average person in the developing world in 2100
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ื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืฉื‘-2100, ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™
12:09
will be about as rich as we are today.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื™ืจ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื•ืืชื ื›ื™ื•ื.
12:11
Much more likely, they will be two to four times richer than we are.
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ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื™ืจ ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืคื™ ืืจื‘ืข.
12:15
And of course, we'll be even richer than that.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:17
But the point is to say, when we talk about saving people,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ
12:21
or helping people in Bangladesh in 2100,
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ืื• ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ ื‘-2100,
12:24
we're not talking about a poor Bangladeshi.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื ื™,
12:26
We're actually talking about a fairly rich Dutch guy.
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ืืœื ื‘ื“ื ื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืขืฉื™ืจ.
12:28
And so the real point, of course, is to say,
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื”ืจื‘ื”,
12:30
do we want to spend a lot of money helping a little,
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ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืžืขื˜ ืœื“ื ื™ ืขืฉื™ืจ,
12:34
100 years from now, a fairly rich Dutch guy?
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ 100 ืฉื ื™ื ืžื”ื™ื•ื?
12:36
Or do we want to help real poor people, right now, in Bangladesh,
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ืื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช, ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ?
12:41
who really need the help, and whom we can help very, very cheaply?
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืขื–ืจืชื ื•, ื•ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ื–ื•ืœ?
12:44
Or as Schelling put it, imagine if you were a rich -- as you will be --
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฉืœื™ื ื’ ื ื™ืกื— ื–ืืช - ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืกื™ื ื™ ืขืฉื™ืจ,
12:49
a rich Chinese, a rich Bolivian, a rich Congolese, in 2100,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื›ืŸ ืชื”ื™ื•, ืื• ื‘ื•ืœื™ื‘ื™ืื ื™ ืขืฉื™ืจ, ืื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘-2100,
12:54
thinking back on 2005, and saying, "How odd that they cared so much
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ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ 2005, ื•ืชื•ื”ื” "ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉื”ื ื“ืื’ื• ื›ืš ื›ืš ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™
13:00
about helping me a little bit through climate change,
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื;
13:04
and cared so fairly little about helping my grandfather
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืื’ื• ื›ื” ืžืขื˜ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืกื‘ื ืฉืœื™,
13:08
and my great grandfather, whom they could have helped so much more,
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ื•ืœืื‘ื ืฉืœื•, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
13:11
and who needed the help so much more?"
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ื•ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœืขื–ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช".
13:14
So I think that really does tell us why it is
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš,
13:17
we need to get our priorities straight.
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ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
13:19
Even if it doesn't accord to the typical way we see this problem.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื ื™ืกืชืจื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
13:22
Of course, that's mainly because climate change has good pictures.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉ ื›ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ืžืฆื˜ืœืžื™ื ื ื”ื“ืจ.
13:27
We have, you know, "The Day After Tomorrow" -- it looks great, right?
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ "ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืžื—ืจ" - ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื ื”ื“ืจ, ืœื?
13:30
It's a good film in the sense that
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ื–ื” ืกืจื˜ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื
13:33
I certainly want to see it, right, but don't expect Emmerich
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ืžื•ืฉืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื•. ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชืฆืคื• ืžืืžืจื™ืš [ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜]
13:36
to cast Brad Pitt in his next movie
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ืœืœื”ืง ืืช ื‘ืจืื“ ืคื™ื˜ ืœืกืจื˜ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœื•,
13:39
digging latrines in Tanzania or something. (Laughter)
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ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืžื—ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื ื–ื ื™ื” [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
13:41
It just doesn't make for as much of a movie.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกืจื˜ ืคื•ื˜ื•ื’ื ื™.
13:43
So in many ways, I think of the Copenhagen Consensus
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ืงื•ืคื ื”ื’ืŸ
13:45
and the whole discussion of priorities
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืกื“ืจื™ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื™ื,
13:47
as a defense for boring problems.
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ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื’ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืขืฉืžืžื•ืช ืžื“ื™.
13:50
To make sure that we realize it's not about making us feel good.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘,
13:54
It's not about making things that have the most media attention,
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ื•ืœื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ ื ืจื—ื‘,
13:59
but it's about making places where we can actually do the most good.
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ืืœื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
14:02
The other objections, I think, that are important to say,
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ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ, ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉืืกื•ืจ
14:05
is that I'm somehow -- or we are somehow -- positing a false choice.
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ื‘ืืžืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™.
14:09
Of course, we should do all things,
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ื•ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
14:11
in an ideal world -- I would certainly agree.
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ ืฉืœื.
14:13
I think we should do all things, but we don't.
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ื’ื ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช.
14:15
In 1970, the developed world decided we were going to spend
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ื‘-1970, ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื— ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื›ืคื•ืœ
14:19
twice as much as we did, right now, than in 1970, on the developing world.
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ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช.
14:25
Since then our aid has halved.
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ืžืื– ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืฉืœื ื• ืงื•ืฆืฅ ืœื—ืฆื™.
14:27
So it doesn't look like we're actually on the path
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ
14:30
of suddenly solving all big problems.
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
14:32
Likewise, people are also saying, but what about the Iraq war?
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ื˜ืขื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง.
14:35
You know, we spend 100 billion dollars --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืขืœื™ื” 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
14:37
why don't we spend that on doing good in the world?
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ืœืžื” ืฉืœื ื ืฉืงื™ืข ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื?
14:39
I'm all for that.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
14:40
If any one of you guys can talk Bush into doing that, that's fine.
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ื•ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื‘ื•ืฉ ืœื”ืจืชื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื”ื“ืจ.
14:42
But the point, of course, is still to say,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืœื ืžืฉืชื ื” -
14:44
if you get another 100 billion dollars,
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ื’ื ืื ื ืฉื™ื’ ืขื•ื“ 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ,
14:46
we still want to spend that in the best possible way, don't we?
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื?
14:49
So the real issue here is to get ourselves back
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืชืืคืก ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•,
14:51
and think about what are the right priorities.
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ื•ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
14:53
I should just mention briefly, is this really the right list that we got out?
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ืื ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื ื•.
14:57
You know, when you ask the world's best economists,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
15:00
you inevitably end up asking old, white American men.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
15:03
And they're not necessarily, you know,
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ื•ื–ืืช ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:05
great ways of looking at the entire world.
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ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื“ืจื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
15:09
So we actually invited 80 young people from all over the world
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ืื– ื”ื–ืžื ื• 80 ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
15:11
to come and solve the same problem.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
15:13
The only two requirements were that they were studying at the university,
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ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื,
15:17
and they spoke English.
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ื•ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
15:19
The majority of them were, first, from developing countries.
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช.
15:22
They had all the same material but they could go vastly
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ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขื ืื•ืชื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ
15:24
outside the scope of discussion, and they certainly did,
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ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืื›ืŸ ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช
15:27
to come up with their own lists.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžืฉืœื”ื.
15:29
And the surprising thing was that the list was very similar --
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ื•ื”ื”ืคืชืขื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื•ืช,
15:31
with malnutrition and diseases at the top
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ืขื ืชืช-ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื”,
15:34
and climate change at the bottom.
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ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช.
15:36
We've done this many other times.
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ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช.
15:37
There's been many other seminars and university students, and different things.
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ืงื™ื™ืžื ื• ืกืžื™ื ืจื™ื ืขื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื•ืช, ื•ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
15:40
They all come out with very much the same list.
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ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื”.
15:43
And that gives me great hope, really, in saying that I do believe
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืœื ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš
15:47
that there is a path ahead to get us to start thinking about priorities,
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ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
15:52
and saying, what is the important thing in the world?
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืื•ืœ "ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื"?
15:54
Of course, in an ideal world, again we'd love to do everything.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœ.
15:57
But if we don't do it, then we can start thinking about where should we start?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื.
16:01
I see the Copenhagen Consensus as a process.
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ืงื•ืคื ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
16:03
We did it in 2004,
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘-2004,
16:05
and we hope to assemble many more people,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื,
16:06
getting much better information for 2008, 2012.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื™ื“ืข ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงืจืืช 2008 ื•-2012.
16:10
Map out the right path for the world --
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ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ืœื.
16:12
but also to start thinking about political triage.
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ื•ื’ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืขื•ืฉื™ื "ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื" ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™.
16:15
To start thinking about saying, "Let's do
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ืœื”ืชืจื’ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ "ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
16:17
not the things where we can do very little at a very high cost,
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืฉื™ื’ ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
16:20
not the things that we don't know how to do,
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ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
16:22
but let's do the great things where we can do an enormous
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ืืœื ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’
16:25
amount of good, at very low cost, right now."
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ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืฆื•ื, ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื".
16:29
At the end of the day, you can disagree
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ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื
16:31
with the discussion of how we actually prioritize these,
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ืขื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืชืขื“ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืœื™ื”ืŸ,
16:33
but we have to be honest and frank about saying,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื™ื ืขื ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช
16:36
if there's some things we do, there are other things we don't do.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
16:39
If we worry too much about some things,
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ืื ื ื ืกื” ืœื˜ืคืœ ืœืขื•ืžืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื,
16:41
we end by not worrying about other things.
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ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื ื ื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
16:43
So I hope this will help us make better priorities,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืชืขื“ืฃ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
16:45
and think about how we better work for the world.
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ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
16:47
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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