Jonas Eliasson: How to solve traffic jams

250,383 views ใƒป 2012-11-27

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Orr Schlesinger ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:16
Hi. I'm here to talk about congestion,
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ื”ื™ื™. ื‘ืืชื™ ืœื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ืขืœ ืขื•ืžืกื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ,
00:19
namely road congestion.
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ืื• ื‘ืฉืžื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ, ืคืงืงื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”.
00:21
Road congestion is a pervasive phenomenon.
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ืขื•ืžืก ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ื ืคื•ืฆื”.
00:23
It exists in basically all of the cities all around the world,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:26
which is a little bit surprising when you think about it.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ื™ ืžืคืชื™ืข ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
00:28
I mean, think about how different cities are, actually.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืจื™ื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
00:31
I mean, you have the typical European cities,
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื•ืช,
00:33
with a dense urban core, good public transportation
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ืขื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ืฃ, ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช
00:36
mostly, not a lot of road capacity.
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ื•ืœืจื•ื‘, ืœืœื ื ืคื— ืชื ื•ืขื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืจื‘ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื.
00:38
But then, on the other hand, you have the American cities.
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช.
00:40
It's moving by itself, okay.
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ื–ื” ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•... ืื•ืงื™ื™.
00:43
Anyway, the American cities:
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช:
00:46
lots of roads dispersed over large areas,
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ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
00:49
almost no public transportation.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืœื ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช.
00:51
And then you have the emerging world cities,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—,
00:53
with a mixed variety of vehicles,
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ืขื ืขืจื‘ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘,
00:54
mixed land-use patterns, also rather dispersed
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ืขื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืงืจืงืข ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ
00:57
but often with a very dense urban core.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขื ืžืจื›ื– ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ืฆืคื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:00
And traffic planners all around the world have tried
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ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื™ืกื•
01:02
lots of different measures: dense cities or dispersed cities,
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ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ืขืจื™ื ืฆืคื•ืคื•ืช ืื• ืžืคื•ื–ืจื•ืช,
01:06
lots of roads or lots of public transport
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ืขื ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื• ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช
01:08
or lots of bike lanes or more information,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ืข,
01:11
or lots of different things, but nothing seems to work.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“.
01:15
But all of these attempts have one thing in common.
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืฉ ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืื—ื“.
01:18
They're basically attempts at figuring out
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
01:20
what people should do instead of rush hour car driving.
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ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก.
01:23
They're essentially, to a point, attempts at planning
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืชื›ื ืŸ
01:26
what other people should do, planning their life for them.
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื.
01:30
Now, planning a complex social system
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ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช
01:32
is a very hard thing to do, and let me tell you a story.
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
01:35
Back in 1989, when the Berlin Wall fell,
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ื‘-1989, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืคืœื” ื—ื•ืžืช ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ,
01:38
an urban planner in London got a phone call
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ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื—ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ
01:41
from a colleague in Moscow saying, basically,
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ืžืงื•ืœื’ื” ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ืฉืืžืจ ืœื•,
01:43
"Hi, this is Vladimir. I'd like to know,
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"ื”ื™ื™, ื–ื” ื•ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ. ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื“ืขืช,
01:46
who's in charge of London's bread supply?"
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ืžื™ ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืœื—ื ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ?"
01:49
And the urban planner in London goes,
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ื”ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืžืœื•ื ื•ื“ื•ืŸ ืขื ื” ืœื•:
01:50
"What do you mean, who's in charge of London's โ€”
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"ืœืžื” ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื‘-ืžื™ ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืœื—ื --
01:52
I mean, no one is in charge."
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืื—ืจืื™ ืื—ื“."
01:54
"Oh, but surely someone must be in charge.
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"ืื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืื—ืจืื™.
01:55
I mean, it's a very complicated system. Someone must control all of this."
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื–ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช. ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื”."
01:59
"No. No. No one is in charge.
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"ืœื. ืœื. ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืื—ืจืื™.
02:02
I mean, it basically -- I haven't really thought of it.
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ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ -- ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
02:05
It basically organizes itself."
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืืจื’ื ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื”."
02:07
It organizes itself.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืืจื’ื ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื”.
02:10
That's an example of a complex social system
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ื–ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช
02:13
which has the ability of self-organizing,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™,
02:16
and this is a very deep insight.
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ื–ื• ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืžืื•ื“.
02:18
When you try to solve really complex social problems,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžื ืกื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“,
02:21
the right thing to do is most of the time
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืขืžื™ื
02:23
to create the incentives.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื.
02:25
You don't plan the details,
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ืืชื” ืœื ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื,
02:27
and people will figure out what to do,
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
02:29
how to adapt to this new framework.
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ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.
02:31
And let's now look at how we can use this insight
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ืื™ืš ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช
02:35
to combat road congestion.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืก ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื.
02:36
This is a map of Stockholm, my hometown.
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ื–ืืช ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื•ืงื”ื•ืœื, ืฉืžืžื ื” ืื ื™ ื‘ื.
02:39
Now, Stockholm is a medium-sized city, roughly two million people,
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ืฉื˜ื•ืงื”ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™, ืขื ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
02:42
but Stockholm also has lots of water and lots of water
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื˜ื•ืงื”ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื
02:45
means lots of bridges -- narrow bridges, old bridges --
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ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื’ืฉืจื™ื -- ื’ืฉืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื, ื’ืฉืจื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื -
02:48
which means lots of road congestion.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื•ืžืก ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื.
02:51
And these red dots show the most congested parts,
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:55
which are the bridges that lead into the inner city.
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ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ืฉืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ.
02:57
And then someone came up with the idea that,
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ื•ืื– ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
03:00
apart from good public transport,
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ืฉื—ื•ืฅ ืžืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
03:02
apart from spending money on roads,
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ื•ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืฉืงืขื” ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื,
03:04
let's try to charge drivers one or two euros at these bottlenecks.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ืกื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ื™ื•ืจื• ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื”ืœืœื•.
03:09
Now, one or two euros, that isn't really a lot of money,
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ื™ื•ืจื• ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ื–ื” ืœื ืžื—ื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
03:12
I mean compared to parking charges and running costs, etc.,
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื—ื ื™ื” ื•ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื˜ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘, ื•ื›ื•'.
03:14
so you would probably expect that car drivers
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืชืฆืคื• ืฉื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
03:17
wouldn't really react to this fairly small charge.
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ืœื ื™ื’ื™ื‘ื• ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืคืขื•ื˜ ื”ื–ื”.
03:19
You would be wrong.
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ืืชื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื.
03:21
One or two euros was enough to make 20 percent of cars
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ื™ื•ืจื• ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœ20% ืžื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
03:25
disappear from rush hours.
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ืœื”ื™ืขืœื ืžืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก.
03:27
Now, 20 percent, well, that's a fairly huge figure, you might think,
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20 ืื—ื•ื–, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“, ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื—,
03:31
but you've still got 80 percent left of the problem, right?
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืืจืชื ืขื 80 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:33
Because you still have 80 percent of the traffic.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืืจืชื ืขื 80 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื ืคื— ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”.
03:35
Now, that's also wrong, because traffic happens to be
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ื–ืืช ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื ื•ื˜ื”
03:38
a nonlinear phenomenon, meaning that
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืคืขื” ืœื ืœื™ื ืืจื™ืช, ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื”
03:41
once you reach above a certain capacity threshold
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื ืคื— ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืขืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื
03:44
then congestion starts to increase really, really rapidly.
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ื”ืขื•ืžืก ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืจ.
03:47
But fortunately, it also works the other way around.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื’ื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš.
03:49
If you can reduce traffic even somewhat, then congestion
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ืื ืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืื– ื”ืขื•ืžืก
03:53
will go down much faster than you might think.
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ื™ืจื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
03:56
Now, congestion charges were introduced in Stockholm
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ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืขื•ืžืก ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื›ื ืกื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื˜ื•ืงื”ื•ืœื
03:59
on January 3, 2006, and the first picture here is a picture
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ื‘-3 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2006, ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืืŸ
04:04
of Stockholm, one of the typical streets, January 2.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื, ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™, ื‘-2 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ.
04:08
The first day with the congestion charges looked like this.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื—ืœื• ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืžืก ื ืจืื” ื›ืš.
04:12
This is what happens when you take away
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ื›ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื
04:15
20 percent of the cars from the streets.
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20 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘.
04:17
You really reduce congestion quite substantially.
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ืื ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช.
04:19
But, well, as I said, I mean, car drivers adapt, right?
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจืชื™, ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
04:23
So after a while they would all come back because they
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ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
04:26
have sort of gotten used to charges.
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ืฉื”ื ื”ืชืจื’ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
04:28
Wrong again. It's now six and a half years ago
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ื˜ืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช. ืขื‘ืจื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื™ื
04:31
since the congestion charges were introduced in Stockholm,
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ืžืื– ืฉื”ื•ื›ื ืกื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืžืก ื‘ืฉื˜ื•ืงื”ื•ืœื,
04:33
and we basically have the same low traffic levels still.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
04:37
But you see, there's an interesting gap here in the time series
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืจื•ื•ื— ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
04:39
in 2007.
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ื‘2007.
04:41
Well, the thing is that, the congestion charges,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืžืก,
04:43
they were introduced first as a trial, so they were introduced
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ื”ื•ื›ื ืกื• ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื›ื ื™ืกื•ื™, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื”ื—ืœื•
04:46
in January and then abolished again at the end of July,
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ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ ื•ื”ื•ืคืกืงื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืœื™.
04:50
followed by a referendum, and then they were reintroduced
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžืฉืืœ ืฉื ืขืจืš, ื”ื ื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ
04:53
again in 2007, which of course was a wonderful scientific opportunity.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007, ืžื” ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื ืคืœืื”.
04:57
I mean, this was a really fun experiment to start with,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื ื—ืžื“ ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”,
05:01
and we actually got to do it twice.
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ื•ื™ืฆื ืœื ื• ืœืขืจื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืคืขืžื™ื™ื.
05:03
And personally, I would like to do this every once a year or so,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื ื”,
05:05
but they won't let me do that.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
05:07
But it was fun anyway.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ืฃ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”.
05:09
So, we followed up. What happened?
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ืื– ื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ืžืขืงื‘, ื•ืžื” ืงืจื”?
05:12
This is the last day with the congestion charges, July 31,
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื—ืœื• ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืžืก, ื”-31 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™,
05:16
and you see the same street but now it's summer,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืจืง ืฉื”ืคืขื ื–ื” ืงื™ืฅ,
05:18
and summer in Stockholm is a very nice
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื•ืืจืช ื•ื”ืžืื•ื“ ื ื—ืžื“ื”
05:20
and light time of the year,
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ื‘ืฉื˜ื•ืงื”ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื”,
05:22
and the first day without the congestion charges
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืœื ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืžืก
05:25
looked like this.
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ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื ืจืื” ื›ืš.
05:26
All the cars were back again, and you even have to admire
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืจื•, ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืฅ ืืช
05:29
the car drivers. They adapt so extremely quickly.
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ื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื ืžืกืชื’ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืจ.
05:32
The first day they all came back.
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื ื—ื–ืจื• ื›ื•ืœื.
05:34
And this effect hanged on. So 2007 figures looked like this.
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ื•ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš. ื›ืš ืฉ2007 ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืš.
05:39
Now these traffic figures are really exciting
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ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื
05:42
and a little bit surprising and very useful to know,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืงืฆืช ืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื,
05:44
but I would say that the most surprising slide here
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืจืง ืฉื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:47
I'm going to show you today is not this one. It's this one.
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ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช. ื–ืืช ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:51
This shows public support for congestion pricing of Stockholm,
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ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืžืก ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื•ืงื”ื•ืœื,
05:54
and you see that when congestion pricing were introduced
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืžืก ื”ื•ืคืขืœื•
05:57
in the beginning of Spring 2006, people were fiercely against it.
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ 2006, ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื—ืจืฅ.
06:01
Seventy percent of the population didn't want this.
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70 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืืœื™ื”ื.
06:04
But what happened when the congestion charges
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืžืก
06:06
were there is not what you would expect, that people hated it more and more.
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ื”ืชืžืฉื›ื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื” ืฉืชืฆืคื•, ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉื ืื• ืื•ืชื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:09
No, on the contrary, they changed, up to a point
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ืœื. ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ื”ื ื”ืฉืชื ื•, ืขื“ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื”
06:13
where we now have 70 percent support for keeping the charges,
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ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฉ 70 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ื,
06:16
meaning that -- I mean, let me repeat that:
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ืžื” ืฉืžืจืื” ืขืœ ื–ื” -- ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”:
06:18
70 percent of the population in Stockholm
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70 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื•ืงื”ื•ืœื
06:21
want to keep a price for something that used to be free.
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ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืคืขื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
06:25
Okay. So why can that be? Why is that?
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ืื•ืงื™ื™. ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช? ืžื” ืงืจื”?
06:29
Well, think about it this way. Who changed?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืš. ืžื™ ื”ืฉืชื ื”?
06:32
I mean, the 20 percent of the car drivers that disappeared,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, 20 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืœืžื•,
06:34
surely they must be discontent in a way.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื ืœื ืฉื‘ืขื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืžื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
06:36
And where did they go? If we can understand this,
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ื•ืœืืŸ ื”ื ื”ืœื›ื•? ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”,
06:39
then maybe we can figure out how people can be so happy with this.
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ืžื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
06:43
Well, so we did this huge interview survey
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืกืงืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช
06:45
with lots of travel services, and tried to figure out
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ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืกืขื•ืช, ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
06:47
who changed, and where did they go?
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ืžื™ ื”ืฉืชื ื”, ื•ืœืืŸ ื”ื ื”ืœื›ื•?
06:49
And it turned out that they don't know themselves. (Laughter)
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ื•ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืื™ื ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:53
For some reason, the car drivers are --
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ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื --
06:58
they are confident they actually drive the same way that they used to do.
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ื”ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
07:01
And why is that? It's because that travel patterns
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ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื”? ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืจื’ืœื™ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื”
07:04
are much less stable than you might think.
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ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘.
07:06
Each day, people make new decisions, and people change
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื
07:09
and the world changes around them, and each day
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ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
07:11
all of these decisions are sort of nudged ever so slightly
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ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื˜
07:15
away from rush hour car driving
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก
07:17
in a way that people don't even notice.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
07:19
They're not even aware of this themselves.
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ื”ื ืขืฆืžื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื–ื”.
07:21
And the other question, who changed their mind?
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ืกืงืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื?
07:24
Who changed their opinion, and why?
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ืžื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื, ื•ืžื“ื•ืข?
07:26
So we did another interview survey, tried to figure out
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ืื– ื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืกืงืจ ืขื ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
07:28
why people changed their mind, and what type of group changed their minds?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื“ืขืชื, ื•ืื™ื–ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื”?
07:33
And after analyzing the answers, it turned out that
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ืื—ืจื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ
07:36
more than half of them believe that they haven't changed their minds.
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ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื ืฉืืœื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื“ืขืชื.
07:40
They're actually confident that they have
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื
07:42
liked congestion pricing all along.
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ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืžืก ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
07:45
Which means that we are now in a position
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘
07:46
where we have reduced traffic across this toll cordon
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ืจื“ื ื• ืืช ื ืคื— ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื’ืจื” ื”ื–ื”
07:49
with 20 percent, and reduced congestion by enormous numbers,
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ื‘ 20 ืื—ื•ื–, ื•ื”ืคื—ืชื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ืจืžืชื™ืช,
07:52
and people aren't even aware that they have changed,
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืฉืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ื”ื,
07:56
and they honestly believe that they have liked this all along.
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ื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
08:00
This is the power of nudges when trying to solve
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ื— ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ
08:03
complex social problems, and when you do that,
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ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช,
08:06
you shouldn't try to tell people how to adapt.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
08:10
You should just nudge them in the right direction.
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
08:12
And if you do it right,
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ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
08:14
people will actually embrace the change,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™,
08:16
and if you do it right, people will actually even like it.
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ื•ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืื”ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื•.
08:19
Thank you. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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