Jonas Eliasson: How to solve traffic jams

249,781 views ・ 2012-11-27

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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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Prevoditelj: Ivana Čović Recezent: Danijela Rako
00:16
Hi. I'm here to talk about congestion,
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Pozdrav, ovdje sam da govorim o gužvi,
00:19
namely road congestion.
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to jest, prometnoj gužvi.
00:21
Road congestion is a pervasive phenomenon.
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Gužva u prometu je sveprisutna pojava.
00:23
It exists in basically all of the cities all around the world,
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Praktički postoji u svim gradovima u svijetu,
00:26
which is a little bit surprising when you think about it.
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što je malo iznenađujuće kad razmislite o tome.
00:28
I mean, think about how different cities are, actually.
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Razmislite malo o tome kako su gradovi zapravo različiti.
00:31
I mean, you have the typical European cities,
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Naime, postoje tipični europski gradovi
00:33
with a dense urban core, good public transportation
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sa napučenim urbanim sredinama, većinom dobrim javnim prijevozom
00:36
mostly, not a lot of road capacity.
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bez puno prostora na cestama.
00:38
But then, on the other hand, you have the American cities.
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S druge strane, imamo i američke gradove.
00:40
It's moving by itself, okay.
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Kreće se samo od sebe (stranice na prezentaciji).
00:43
Anyway, the American cities:
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Američki gradovi:
00:46
lots of roads dispersed over large areas,
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puno cesta raspršenih po velikim područjima,
00:49
almost no public transportation.
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gotovo da i nema javnog prijevoza.
00:51
And then you have the emerging world cities,
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Imamo i rastuće svjetske gradove
00:53
with a mixed variety of vehicles,
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s različitim oblicima prijevoza,
00:54
mixed land-use patterns, also rather dispersed
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različitio iskorištenim područjima također jako raspršenim,
00:57
but often with a very dense urban core.
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ali često s gustom urbanom sredinom.
01:00
And traffic planners all around the world have tried
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Inžinjeri prometa u cijelom svijetu pokušali su
01:02
lots of different measures: dense cities or dispersed cities,
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s različitim modelima: napučeni gradovi ili raspršeni gradovi,
01:06
lots of roads or lots of public transport
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mnogo cesta ili mnogo oblika javnog prijevoza
01:08
or lots of bike lanes or more information,
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ili puno biciklističkih staza ili više informacija
01:11
or lots of different things, but nothing seems to work.
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ili mnogo različitih ostalih stvari, ali ništa nije upalilo.
01:15
But all of these attempts have one thing in common.
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Svi ovi pokušaji imaju jednu zajedničku stvar.
01:18
They're basically attempts at figuring out
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To su zapravo pokušaji osmišljavanja
01:20
what people should do instead of rush hour car driving.
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što bi ljudi trebali napraviti umjesto vožnje u udarnim terminima.
01:23
They're essentially, to a point, attempts at planning
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To su, do neke mjere, pokušaji onoga što bi ljudi trebali raditi.
01:26
what other people should do, planning their life for them.
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Planiranje njihovog života.
01:30
Now, planning a complex social system
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Planiranje složenog društvenog sustava je jako teško.
01:32
is a very hard thing to do, and let me tell you a story.
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Dopustite mi da vam ispričam priču.
01:35
Back in 1989, when the Berlin Wall fell,
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Kad je pao Berlinski zid, 1989.,
01:38
an urban planner in London got a phone call
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jedan urbanist u Londonu je zaprimio telefonski poziv
01:41
from a colleague in Moscow saying, basically,
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kolege u Moskvi koji je rekao:
01:43
"Hi, this is Vladimir. I'd like to know,
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"Bok, ovo je Vladimir. Želio bih znati
01:46
who's in charge of London's bread supply?"
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tko je zadužen za londonsku opskrbu kruha?"
01:49
And the urban planner in London goes,
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Na to će londonski urbanist -
01:50
"What do you mean, who's in charge of London's —
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"Kako mislite tko je zadužen za londonsku ...
01:52
I mean, no one is in charge."
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Mislim, nije nitko zadužen."
01:54
"Oh, but surely someone must be in charge.
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"Oh, pa zasigurno netko mora biti zadužen."
01:55
I mean, it's a very complicated system. Someone must control all of this."
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Hoću reći, to je jako kompliciran sustav. Sigurno netko tim upravlja."
01:59
"No. No. No one is in charge.
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"Ne, ne. Nitko.
02:02
I mean, it basically -- I haven't really thought of it.
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Zapravo -- nisam baš o tome razmišljao.
02:05
It basically organizes itself."
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Upravlja samim sobom."
02:07
It organizes itself.
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Upravlja samim sobom.
02:10
That's an example of a complex social system
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To je primjer složenog društvenog sustava
02:13
which has the ability of self-organizing,
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koji ima sposobnost samoorganizacije,
02:16
and this is a very deep insight.
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a ovo je jako dubok uvid u to.
02:18
When you try to solve really complex social problems,
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Kada pokušate riješiti zaista složene društvene probleme,
02:21
the right thing to do is most of the time
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u većini slučajeva najbolja stvar koju možete napraviti
02:23
to create the incentives.
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je da stvorite incijativu.
02:25
You don't plan the details,
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Ne isplanirate detalje,
02:27
and people will figure out what to do,
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a ljudi će sami osmisliti što treba napraviti
02:29
how to adapt to this new framework.
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i kako se prilagoditi novom okviru.
02:31
And let's now look at how we can use this insight
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Pogledajmo kako možete iskoristiti ovaj uvid
02:35
to combat road congestion.
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u borbi protiv prometnih gužvi.
02:36
This is a map of Stockholm, my hometown.
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Ovo je karta Stockholma, mog rodnog grada.
02:39
Now, Stockholm is a medium-sized city, roughly two million people,
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Stockholm je grad srednje veličine sa otprilike 2 milijuna građana,
02:42
but Stockholm also has lots of water and lots of water
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ali Stockholm također ima mnogo vode,
02:45
means lots of bridges -- narrow bridges, old bridges --
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što znači ima mnogo mostova -- uskih mostova, starih mostova --
02:48
which means lots of road congestion.
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što znači mnogo prometnih gužvi.
02:51
And these red dots show the most congested parts,
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Crvene točke pokazuju najzagušenije dijelove -
02:55
which are the bridges that lead into the inner city.
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mostove koji vode u unutarnji dio grada.
02:57
And then someone came up with the idea that,
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Onda je netko došao na ideju da,
03:00
apart from good public transport,
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osim dobrog javnog prijevoza
03:02
apart from spending money on roads,
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i trošenja novca na ceste,
03:04
let's try to charge drivers one or two euros at these bottlenecks.
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pokuša naplatiti vozačima euro ili dva na mjestima uskog grla.
03:09
Now, one or two euros, that isn't really a lot of money,
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Jedan ili dva eura, to zbilja nije puno novca,
03:12
I mean compared to parking charges and running costs, etc.,
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pogotovo kad to uspoređujemo sa cijenama parkinga, goriva, itd.
03:14
so you would probably expect that car drivers
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vjerojatno ne bi očekivali nikakvu reakciju vozača
03:17
wouldn't really react to this fairly small charge.
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na ovako sitne naplate.
03:19
You would be wrong.
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Bili bi u krivu.
03:21
One or two euros was enough to make 20 percent of cars
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Jedan ili dva eura su bila dovoljna da razrijede promet
03:25
disappear from rush hours.
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za 20% u udarnim terminima na cestama.
03:27
Now, 20 percent, well, that's a fairly huge figure, you might think,
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Mislili bi da je 20% velika brojka,
03:31
but you've still got 80 percent left of the problem, right?
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ali opet imate ostalih 80% problema, zar ne?
03:33
Because you still have 80 percent of the traffic.
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Zato što još uvijek postoji 80% prometa.
03:35
Now, that's also wrong, because traffic happens to be
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To je isto pogrešno zato što je promet
03:38
a nonlinear phenomenon, meaning that
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nelinearna pojava, što znači da jednom
03:41
once you reach above a certain capacity threshold
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kad pređete prag nekog kapaciteta,
03:44
then congestion starts to increase really, really rapidly.
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zagušenost se onda počinje naglo povećavati.
03:47
But fortunately, it also works the other way around.
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Na sreću, ovo također ima suprotan efekt
03:49
If you can reduce traffic even somewhat, then congestion
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Ako barem malo reducirate promet, onda će se zagušenost
03:53
will go down much faster than you might think.
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smanjiti još brže nego što to očekivate.
03:56
Now, congestion charges were introduced in Stockholm
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Naknade na zagušenost su po prvi put uvedene u Stockholmu,
03:59
on January 3, 2006, and the first picture here is a picture
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3. siječnja 2006. godine, a ovo je prva slika Stockholma,
04:04
of Stockholm, one of the typical streets, January 2.
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tj. jedna od tamošnjih tipičnih ulica, 2. siječnja.
04:08
The first day with the congestion charges looked like this.
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Prvi dan uvođenja naknada na zagušenost prometa izgledalo je ovako.
04:12
This is what happens when you take away
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Ovo se dogodi kad reducirate
04:15
20 percent of the cars from the streets.
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20% vozila s ulica.
04:17
You really reduce congestion quite substantially.
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U velikoj mjeri se reducira i zagušenost prometa.
04:19
But, well, as I said, I mean, car drivers adapt, right?
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Ali, kako sam i rekao, vozači automobila se prilagode, zar ne?
04:23
So after a while they would all come back because they
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I nakon nekog vremena se vrate zato što su se
04:26
have sort of gotten used to charges.
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na neki način navikli na ove naknade.
04:28
Wrong again. It's now six and a half years ago
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Opet pogrešno. Prošlo je 6 i pol godina otkako su
04:31
since the congestion charges were introduced in Stockholm,
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naknade na zagušenost prometa uvedene u Stockholm,
04:33
and we basically have the same low traffic levels still.
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i mi još uvijek imamo niske stope cestovnog prometa.
04:37
But you see, there's an interesting gap here in the time series
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Postoji zanimljiv jaz u vremenskim okvirima
04:39
in 2007.
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u 2007. godini.
04:41
Well, the thing is that, the congestion charges,
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Naknade na zagušenost prometa
04:43
they were introduced first as a trial, so they were introduced
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su prvotno uvedene kao pokus
04:46
in January and then abolished again at the end of July,
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u siječnju, a poslije ukinute u srpnju referendumom,
04:50
followed by a referendum, and then they were reintroduced
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pa opet uvedene 2007.
04:53
again in 2007, which of course was a wonderful scientific opportunity.
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Naravno, to je bila divna prilika za znanstvenike.
04:57
I mean, this was a really fun experiment to start with,
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Naime, bilo je jako zabavno započeti s takvim pokusom
05:01
and we actually got to do it twice.
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i mi smo ga čak uspjeli izvesti dva puta.
05:03
And personally, I would like to do this every once a year or so,
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Osobno, volio bih ga izvesti barem jednom godišnje,
05:05
but they won't let me do that.
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ali neki mi to ne dopuštaju.
05:07
But it was fun anyway.
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Ali svejedno je bilo zabavno.
05:09
So, we followed up. What happened?
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No, što se dogodilo?
05:12
This is the last day with the congestion charges, July 31,
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Ovo je posljednji dan naknada za zagušenost, 31. srpnja,
05:16
and you see the same street but now it's summer,
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vidite istu ulicu, samo što je sad ljeto,
05:18
and summer in Stockholm is a very nice
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a ljeto u Stockholmu je jako ugodno
05:20
and light time of the year,
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i vedro doba godine,
05:22
and the first day without the congestion charges
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i prvoga dana ukinutih naknada
05:25
looked like this.
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grad je izgledao ovako.
05:26
All the cars were back again, and you even have to admire
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Sva vozila su se vratila, morate se čak diviti i vozačima.
05:29
the car drivers. They adapt so extremely quickly.
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Oni su se prilagodili jako brzo.
05:32
The first day they all came back.
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Prvi dan su se svi vratili.
05:34
And this effect hanged on. So 2007 figures looked like this.
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Ovaj efekt se nastavio. U 2007. brojke su izgledale ovako.
05:39
Now these traffic figures are really exciting
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Ove brojke u prometu su poprilično uzbuđujuće,
05:42
and a little bit surprising and very useful to know,
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pomalo iznenađujuće i jako korisne,
05:44
but I would say that the most surprising slide here
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ali rekao bih da je najiznenađujući slide kojega
05:47
I'm going to show you today is not this one. It's this one.
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ću vam danas pokazati nije ovaj, nego ovaj.
05:51
This shows public support for congestion pricing of Stockholm,
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Ovo pokazuje javnu podršku za naknade na zagušenje u Stockholmu,
05:54
and you see that when congestion pricing were introduced
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i kad su se naknade uvele početkom proljeća 2006.
05:57
in the beginning of Spring 2006, people were fiercely against it.
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ljudi su se tome žestoko protivili.
06:01
Seventy percent of the population didn't want this.
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70% stanovništva ovo nije željelo.
06:04
But what happened when the congestion charges
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Ono što se dogodilo dok su naknade još bile na snazi
06:06
were there is not what you would expect, that people hated it more and more.
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nije ono što biste očekivali, da će ih ljudi mrziti sve više i više.
06:09
No, on the contrary, they changed, up to a point
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Baš suprotno, brojke su se promijenile do točke
06:13
where we now have 70 percent support for keeping the charges,
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gdje imamo 70% podrške građana za naknade,
06:16
meaning that -- I mean, let me repeat that:
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što znači -- želim reći. ponovit ću:
06:18
70 percent of the population in Stockholm
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70% stanovništva u Stockholmu želi sačuvati
06:21
want to keep a price for something that used to be free.
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cijenu nečega što je prije bilo besplatno.
06:25
Okay. So why can that be? Why is that?
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U redu ali zašto je to tako?
06:29
Well, think about it this way. Who changed?
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Promislite na ovaj način, tko se promijenio?
06:32
I mean, the 20 percent of the car drivers that disappeared,
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Onih 20% nestalih vozača
06:34
surely they must be discontent in a way.
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su zasigurno bili nezadovoljni.
06:36
And where did they go? If we can understand this,
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Gdje su oni otišli? Ako možemo ovo razumjeti,
06:39
then maybe we can figure out how people can be so happy with this.
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onda možda možemo shvatiti kako ljudi mogu biti sretni ovime.
06:43
Well, so we did this huge interview survey
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Napravili smo ogromnu anketu
06:45
with lots of travel services, and tried to figure out
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s puno prometnih službi i pokušali shvatiti
06:47
who changed, and where did they go?
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tko se promijenio i gdje su oni otišli?
06:49
And it turned out that they don't know themselves. (Laughter)
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Ispalo je tako da ni oni sami ne znaju. (Smijeh)
06:53
For some reason, the car drivers are --
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Zbog nekog razlog, vozači -- su uvjereni da voze
06:58
they are confident they actually drive the same way that they used to do.
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istim načinom kako su i prije vozili.
07:01
And why is that? It's because that travel patterns
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Zašto je to tako? Zato što načini putovanja
07:04
are much less stable than you might think.
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su manje-više stabilni nego što to možete zamisliti.
07:06
Each day, people make new decisions, and people change
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Svakim danom ljudi donose nove odluke i mijenjaju se,
07:09
and the world changes around them, and each day
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mijenja se svijet oko njih i svakim danom sve te odluke
07:11
all of these decisions are sort of nudged ever so slightly
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se polako guraju po strani
07:15
away from rush hour car driving
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daleko od vožnje u udarnim terminima
07:17
in a way that people don't even notice.
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na način na koji ljudi to ne zamijete.
07:19
They're not even aware of this themselves.
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Čak ni oni sami toga nisu svjesni.
07:21
And the other question, who changed their mind?
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Drugo pitanje, tko je promijenio njihovo razmišljanje?
07:24
Who changed their opinion, and why?
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Tko je promijenio njihovo mišljenje i zašto?
07:26
So we did another interview survey, tried to figure out
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Ponovno smo napravili anketu i pokušali shvatiti
07:28
why people changed their mind, and what type of group changed their minds?
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zašto su ljudi promijenili svoje razmišljanje i koje su to bile grupe?
07:33
And after analyzing the answers, it turned out that
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Nakon analiziranja odgovora, ispalo je da je više od pola
07:36
more than half of them believe that they haven't changed their minds.
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njih vjerovalo da nisu promijenili razmišljanje.
07:40
They're actually confident that they have
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Zapravo su uvjereni da im se čitavo vrijeme
07:42
liked congestion pricing all along.
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sviđala ideja uspostavljanja naknada.
07:45
Which means that we are now in a position
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To znači da smo mi sad u položaju gdje smo
07:46
where we have reduced traffic across this toll cordon
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reducirali promet preko naplatnih lanaca
07:49
with 20 percent, and reduced congestion by enormous numbers,
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za 20% i reducirali zagušenost za ogromne brojke,
07:52
and people aren't even aware that they have changed,
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i ljudi čak nisu svjesni da su se promijenili
07:56
and they honestly believe that they have liked this all along.
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i uistinu su vjerovali da im se to čitavo vrijeme svidjelo.
08:00
This is the power of nudges when trying to solve
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Ovo je moć "gurkanja" u pokušaju rješavanja
08:03
complex social problems, and when you do that,
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složenih društvenih problema, a kad to napravite,
08:06
you shouldn't try to tell people how to adapt.
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ne biste trebali ljudima govoriti kako se prilagoditi.
08:10
You should just nudge them in the right direction.
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Trebate ih samo pogurati u pravom smjeru.
08:12
And if you do it right,
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Ako to učinite kako treba,
08:14
people will actually embrace the change,
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ljudi će prihvatiti promjenu,
08:16
and if you do it right, people will actually even like it.
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i ako to učinite dobro, ljudima će se to čak i svidjeti.
08:19
Thank you. (Applause)
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Hvala. (Pljesak)
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