Jonas Eliasson: How to solve traffic jams

249,400 views ・ 2012-11-27

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
0
0
7000
Prevoditelj: Ivana Čović Recezent: Danijela Rako
00:16
Hi. I'm here to talk about congestion,
1
16985
2917
Pozdrav, ovdje sam da govorim o gužvi,
00:19
namely road congestion.
2
19902
1354
to jest, prometnoj gužvi.
00:21
Road congestion is a pervasive phenomenon.
3
21256
2261
Gužva u prometu je sveprisutna pojava.
00:23
It exists in basically all of the cities all around the world,
4
23517
2860
Praktički postoji u svim gradovima u svijetu,
00:26
which is a little bit surprising when you think about it.
5
26377
1948
što je malo iznenađujuće kad razmislite o tome.
00:28
I mean, think about how different cities are, actually.
6
28325
2963
Razmislite malo o tome kako su gradovi zapravo različiti.
00:31
I mean, you have the typical European cities,
7
31288
1762
Naime, postoje tipični europski gradovi
00:33
with a dense urban core, good public transportation
8
33050
2992
sa napučenim urbanim sredinama, većinom dobrim javnim prijevozom
00:36
mostly, not a lot of road capacity.
9
36042
2455
bez puno prostora na cestama.
00:38
But then, on the other hand, you have the American cities.
10
38497
2449
S druge strane, imamo i američke gradove.
00:40
It's moving by itself, okay.
11
40946
2791
Kreće se samo od sebe (stranice na prezentaciji).
00:43
Anyway, the American cities:
12
43737
3006
Američki gradovi:
00:46
lots of roads dispersed over large areas,
13
46743
2928
puno cesta raspršenih po velikim područjima,
00:49
almost no public transportation.
14
49671
1459
gotovo da i nema javnog prijevoza.
00:51
And then you have the emerging world cities,
15
51130
2210
Imamo i rastuće svjetske gradove
00:53
with a mixed variety of vehicles,
16
53340
1526
s različitim oblicima prijevoza,
00:54
mixed land-use patterns, also rather dispersed
17
54866
2542
različitio iskorištenim područjima također jako raspršenim,
00:57
but often with a very dense urban core.
18
57408
2599
ali često s gustom urbanom sredinom.
01:00
And traffic planners all around the world have tried
19
60007
2402
Inžinjeri prometa u cijelom svijetu pokušali su
01:02
lots of different measures: dense cities or dispersed cities,
20
62409
3654
s različitim modelima: napučeni gradovi ili raspršeni gradovi,
01:06
lots of roads or lots of public transport
21
66063
2551
mnogo cesta ili mnogo oblika javnog prijevoza
01:08
or lots of bike lanes or more information,
22
68614
2786
ili puno biciklističkih staza ili više informacija
01:11
or lots of different things, but nothing seems to work.
23
71400
3794
ili mnogo različitih ostalih stvari, ali ništa nije upalilo.
01:15
But all of these attempts have one thing in common.
24
75194
3003
Svi ovi pokušaji imaju jednu zajedničku stvar.
01:18
They're basically attempts at figuring out
25
78197
2351
To su zapravo pokušaji osmišljavanja
01:20
what people should do instead of rush hour car driving.
26
80548
3327
što bi ljudi trebali napraviti umjesto vožnje u udarnim terminima.
01:23
They're essentially, to a point, attempts at planning
27
83875
3112
To su, do neke mjere, pokušaji onoga što bi ljudi trebali raditi.
01:26
what other people should do, planning their life for them.
28
86987
3202
Planiranje njihovog života.
01:30
Now, planning a complex social system
29
90189
2452
Planiranje složenog društvenog sustava je jako teško.
01:32
is a very hard thing to do, and let me tell you a story.
30
92641
3075
Dopustite mi da vam ispričam priču.
01:35
Back in 1989, when the Berlin Wall fell,
31
95716
2727
Kad je pao Berlinski zid, 1989.,
01:38
an urban planner in London got a phone call
32
98443
2622
jedan urbanist u Londonu je zaprimio telefonski poziv
01:41
from a colleague in Moscow saying, basically,
33
101065
2550
kolege u Moskvi koji je rekao:
01:43
"Hi, this is Vladimir. I'd like to know,
34
103615
2518
"Bok, ovo je Vladimir. Želio bih znati
01:46
who's in charge of London's bread supply?"
35
106133
3022
tko je zadužen za londonsku opskrbu kruha?"
01:49
And the urban planner in London goes,
36
109155
1653
Na to će londonski urbanist -
01:50
"What do you mean, who's in charge of London's —
37
110808
1970
"Kako mislite tko je zadužen za londonsku ...
01:52
I mean, no one is in charge."
38
112778
1271
Mislim, nije nitko zadužen."
01:54
"Oh, but surely someone must be in charge.
39
114049
1882
"Oh, pa zasigurno netko mora biti zadužen."
01:55
I mean, it's a very complicated system. Someone must control all of this."
40
115931
3656
Hoću reći, to je jako kompliciran sustav. Sigurno netko tim upravlja."
01:59
"No. No. No one is in charge.
41
119587
3106
"Ne, ne. Nitko.
02:02
I mean, it basically -- I haven't really thought of it.
42
122693
2601
Zapravo -- nisam baš o tome razmišljao.
02:05
It basically organizes itself."
43
125294
2589
Upravlja samim sobom."
02:07
It organizes itself.
44
127883
2577
Upravlja samim sobom.
02:10
That's an example of a complex social system
45
130460
2843
To je primjer složenog društvenog sustava
02:13
which has the ability of self-organizing,
46
133303
2728
koji ima sposobnost samoorganizacije,
02:16
and this is a very deep insight.
47
136031
2588
a ovo je jako dubok uvid u to.
02:18
When you try to solve really complex social problems,
48
138619
3313
Kada pokušate riješiti zaista složene društvene probleme,
02:21
the right thing to do is most of the time
49
141932
1716
u većini slučajeva najbolja stvar koju možete napraviti
02:23
to create the incentives.
50
143648
1591
je da stvorite incijativu.
02:25
You don't plan the details,
51
145239
1944
Ne isplanirate detalje,
02:27
and people will figure out what to do,
52
147183
2620
a ljudi će sami osmisliti što treba napraviti
02:29
how to adapt to this new framework.
53
149803
1860
i kako se prilagoditi novom okviru.
02:31
And let's now look at how we can use this insight
54
151663
3491
Pogledajmo kako možete iskoristiti ovaj uvid
02:35
to combat road congestion.
55
155154
1636
u borbi protiv prometnih gužvi.
02:36
This is a map of Stockholm, my hometown.
56
156790
2232
Ovo je karta Stockholma, mog rodnog grada.
02:39
Now, Stockholm is a medium-sized city, roughly two million people,
57
159022
3641
Stockholm je grad srednje veličine sa otprilike 2 milijuna građana,
02:42
but Stockholm also has lots of water and lots of water
58
162663
2789
ali Stockholm također ima mnogo vode,
02:45
means lots of bridges -- narrow bridges, old bridges --
59
165452
3277
što znači ima mnogo mostova -- uskih mostova, starih mostova --
02:48
which means lots of road congestion.
60
168729
3035
što znači mnogo prometnih gužvi.
02:51
And these red dots show the most congested parts,
61
171764
3640
Crvene točke pokazuju najzagušenije dijelove -
02:55
which are the bridges that lead into the inner city.
62
175404
2577
mostove koji vode u unutarnji dio grada.
02:57
And then someone came up with the idea that,
63
177981
2526
Onda je netko došao na ideju da,
03:00
apart from good public transport,
64
180507
1837
osim dobrog javnog prijevoza
03:02
apart from spending money on roads,
65
182344
2601
i trošenja novca na ceste,
03:04
let's try to charge drivers one or two euros at these bottlenecks.
66
184945
4215
pokuša naplatiti vozačima euro ili dva na mjestima uskog grla.
03:09
Now, one or two euros, that isn't really a lot of money,
67
189160
2924
Jedan ili dva eura, to zbilja nije puno novca,
03:12
I mean compared to parking charges and running costs, etc.,
68
192084
2657
pogotovo kad to uspoređujemo sa cijenama parkinga, goriva, itd.
03:14
so you would probably expect that car drivers
69
194741
2718
vjerojatno ne bi očekivali nikakvu reakciju vozača
03:17
wouldn't really react to this fairly small charge.
70
197459
2438
na ovako sitne naplate.
03:19
You would be wrong.
71
199897
1300
Bili bi u krivu.
03:21
One or two euros was enough to make 20 percent of cars
72
201197
4028
Jedan ili dva eura su bila dovoljna da razrijede promet
03:25
disappear from rush hours.
73
205225
2384
za 20% u udarnim terminima na cestama.
03:27
Now, 20 percent, well, that's a fairly huge figure, you might think,
74
207609
3551
Mislili bi da je 20% velika brojka,
03:31
but you've still got 80 percent left of the problem, right?
75
211160
2207
ali opet imate ostalih 80% problema, zar ne?
03:33
Because you still have 80 percent of the traffic.
76
213367
1869
Zato što još uvijek postoji 80% prometa.
03:35
Now, that's also wrong, because traffic happens to be
77
215236
3267
To je isto pogrešno zato što je promet
03:38
a nonlinear phenomenon, meaning that
78
218503
2692
nelinearna pojava, što znači da jednom
03:41
once you reach above a certain capacity threshold
79
221195
3141
kad pređete prag nekog kapaciteta,
03:44
then congestion starts to increase really, really rapidly.
80
224336
3168
zagušenost se onda počinje naglo povećavati.
03:47
But fortunately, it also works the other way around.
81
227504
2460
Na sreću, ovo također ima suprotan efekt
03:49
If you can reduce traffic even somewhat, then congestion
82
229964
3331
Ako barem malo reducirate promet, onda će se zagušenost
03:53
will go down much faster than you might think.
83
233295
3629
smanjiti još brže nego što to očekivate.
03:56
Now, congestion charges were introduced in Stockholm
84
236924
2891
Naknade na zagušenost su po prvi put uvedene u Stockholmu,
03:59
on January 3, 2006, and the first picture here is a picture
85
239815
4604
3. siječnja 2006. godine, a ovo je prva slika Stockholma,
04:04
of Stockholm, one of the typical streets, January 2.
86
244419
3983
tj. jedna od tamošnjih tipičnih ulica, 2. siječnja.
04:08
The first day with the congestion charges looked like this.
87
248402
3813
Prvi dan uvođenja naknada na zagušenost prometa izgledalo je ovako.
04:12
This is what happens when you take away
88
252215
2920
Ovo se dogodi kad reducirate
04:15
20 percent of the cars from the streets.
89
255135
2065
20% vozila s ulica.
04:17
You really reduce congestion quite substantially.
90
257200
2710
U velikoj mjeri se reducira i zagušenost prometa.
04:19
But, well, as I said, I mean, car drivers adapt, right?
91
259910
3658
Ali, kako sam i rekao, vozači automobila se prilagode, zar ne?
04:23
So after a while they would all come back because they
92
263568
2502
I nakon nekog vremena se vrate zato što su se
04:26
have sort of gotten used to charges.
93
266070
1948
na neki način navikli na ove naknade.
04:28
Wrong again. It's now six and a half years ago
94
268018
3676
Opet pogrešno. Prošlo je 6 i pol godina otkako su
04:31
since the congestion charges were introduced in Stockholm,
95
271694
1983
naknade na zagušenost prometa uvedene u Stockholm,
04:33
and we basically have the same low traffic levels still.
96
273677
3989
i mi još uvijek imamo niske stope cestovnog prometa.
04:37
But you see, there's an interesting gap here in the time series
97
277666
2271
Postoji zanimljiv jaz u vremenskim okvirima
04:39
in 2007.
98
279937
1463
u 2007. godini.
04:41
Well, the thing is that, the congestion charges,
99
281400
2389
Naknade na zagušenost prometa
04:43
they were introduced first as a trial, so they were introduced
100
283789
3096
su prvotno uvedene kao pokus
04:46
in January and then abolished again at the end of July,
101
286885
3969
u siječnju, a poslije ukinute u srpnju referendumom,
04:50
followed by a referendum, and then they were reintroduced
102
290854
2594
pa opet uvedene 2007.
04:53
again in 2007, which of course was a wonderful scientific opportunity.
103
293448
4200
Naravno, to je bila divna prilika za znanstvenike.
04:57
I mean, this was a really fun experiment to start with,
104
297648
4137
Naime, bilo je jako zabavno započeti s takvim pokusom
05:01
and we actually got to do it twice.
105
301785
1781
i mi smo ga čak uspjeli izvesti dva puta.
05:03
And personally, I would like to do this every once a year or so,
106
303566
2109
Osobno, volio bih ga izvesti barem jednom godišnje,
05:05
but they won't let me do that.
107
305675
1488
ali neki mi to ne dopuštaju.
05:07
But it was fun anyway.
108
307163
2185
Ali svejedno je bilo zabavno.
05:09
So, we followed up. What happened?
109
309348
3385
No, što se dogodilo?
05:12
This is the last day with the congestion charges, July 31,
110
312733
3866
Ovo je posljednji dan naknada za zagušenost, 31. srpnja,
05:16
and you see the same street but now it's summer,
111
316599
1778
vidite istu ulicu, samo što je sad ljeto,
05:18
and summer in Stockholm is a very nice
112
318377
1744
a ljeto u Stockholmu je jako ugodno
05:20
and light time of the year,
113
320121
2250
i vedro doba godine,
05:22
and the first day without the congestion charges
114
322371
2843
i prvoga dana ukinutih naknada
05:25
looked like this.
115
325214
1367
grad je izgledao ovako.
05:26
All the cars were back again, and you even have to admire
116
326581
2663
Sva vozila su se vratila, morate se čak diviti i vozačima.
05:29
the car drivers. They adapt so extremely quickly.
117
329244
2910
Oni su se prilagodili jako brzo.
05:32
The first day they all came back.
118
332154
2247
Prvi dan su se svi vratili.
05:34
And this effect hanged on. So 2007 figures looked like this.
119
334401
5350
Ovaj efekt se nastavio. U 2007. brojke su izgledale ovako.
05:39
Now these traffic figures are really exciting
120
339751
2331
Ove brojke u prometu su poprilično uzbuđujuće,
05:42
and a little bit surprising and very useful to know,
121
342082
2651
pomalo iznenađujuće i jako korisne,
05:44
but I would say that the most surprising slide here
122
344733
2759
ali rekao bih da je najiznenađujući slide kojega
05:47
I'm going to show you today is not this one. It's this one.
123
347492
4030
ću vam danas pokazati nije ovaj, nego ovaj.
05:51
This shows public support for congestion pricing of Stockholm,
124
351522
3331
Ovo pokazuje javnu podršku za naknade na zagušenje u Stockholmu,
05:54
and you see that when congestion pricing were introduced
125
354853
2669
i kad su se naknade uvele početkom proljeća 2006.
05:57
in the beginning of Spring 2006, people were fiercely against it.
126
357522
4317
ljudi su se tome žestoko protivili.
06:01
Seventy percent of the population didn't want this.
127
361839
3028
70% stanovništva ovo nije željelo.
06:04
But what happened when the congestion charges
128
364867
1648
Ono što se dogodilo dok su naknade još bile na snazi
06:06
were there is not what you would expect, that people hated it more and more.
129
366515
3461
nije ono što biste očekivali, da će ih ljudi mrziti sve više i više.
06:09
No, on the contrary, they changed, up to a point
130
369976
3153
Baš suprotno, brojke su se promijenile do točke
06:13
where we now have 70 percent support for keeping the charges,
131
373129
3701
gdje imamo 70% podrške građana za naknade,
06:16
meaning that -- I mean, let me repeat that:
132
376830
1841
što znači -- želim reći. ponovit ću:
06:18
70 percent of the population in Stockholm
133
378671
2807
70% stanovništva u Stockholmu želi sačuvati
06:21
want to keep a price for something that used to be free.
134
381478
3993
cijenu nečega što je prije bilo besplatno.
06:25
Okay. So why can that be? Why is that?
135
385471
3626
U redu ali zašto je to tako?
06:29
Well, think about it this way. Who changed?
136
389097
3000
Promislite na ovaj način, tko se promijenio?
06:32
I mean, the 20 percent of the car drivers that disappeared,
137
392097
2626
Onih 20% nestalih vozača
06:34
surely they must be discontent in a way.
138
394723
1945
su zasigurno bili nezadovoljni.
06:36
And where did they go? If we can understand this,
139
396668
2334
Gdje su oni otišli? Ako možemo ovo razumjeti,
06:39
then maybe we can figure out how people can be so happy with this.
140
399002
4130
onda možda možemo shvatiti kako ljudi mogu biti sretni ovime.
06:43
Well, so we did this huge interview survey
141
403132
2402
Napravili smo ogromnu anketu
06:45
with lots of travel services, and tried to figure out
142
405534
1835
s puno prometnih službi i pokušali shvatiti
06:47
who changed, and where did they go?
143
407369
1755
tko se promijenio i gdje su oni otišli?
06:49
And it turned out that they don't know themselves. (Laughter)
144
409124
4414
Ispalo je tako da ni oni sami ne znaju. (Smijeh)
06:53
For some reason, the car drivers are --
145
413538
4848
Zbog nekog razlog, vozači -- su uvjereni da voze
06:58
they are confident they actually drive the same way that they used to do.
146
418386
3496
istim načinom kako su i prije vozili.
07:01
And why is that? It's because that travel patterns
147
421882
2256
Zašto je to tako? Zato što načini putovanja
07:04
are much less stable than you might think.
148
424138
2399
su manje-više stabilni nego što to možete zamisliti.
07:06
Each day, people make new decisions, and people change
149
426537
2831
Svakim danom ljudi donose nove odluke i mijenjaju se,
07:09
and the world changes around them, and each day
150
429368
2425
mijenja se svijet oko njih i svakim danom sve te odluke
07:11
all of these decisions are sort of nudged ever so slightly
151
431793
3253
se polako guraju po strani
07:15
away from rush hour car driving
152
435046
1967
daleko od vožnje u udarnim terminima
07:17
in a way that people don't even notice.
153
437013
2584
na način na koji ljudi to ne zamijete.
07:19
They're not even aware of this themselves.
154
439597
2045
Čak ni oni sami toga nisu svjesni.
07:21
And the other question, who changed their mind?
155
441642
2801
Drugo pitanje, tko je promijenio njihovo razmišljanje?
07:24
Who changed their opinion, and why?
156
444443
1966
Tko je promijenio njihovo mišljenje i zašto?
07:26
So we did another interview survey, tried to figure out
157
446409
2526
Ponovno smo napravili anketu i pokušali shvatiti
07:28
why people changed their mind, and what type of group changed their minds?
158
448935
4376
zašto su ljudi promijenili svoje razmišljanje i koje su to bile grupe?
07:33
And after analyzing the answers, it turned out that
159
453311
2893
Nakon analiziranja odgovora, ispalo je da je više od pola
07:36
more than half of them believe that they haven't changed their minds.
160
456204
3885
njih vjerovalo da nisu promijenili razmišljanje.
07:40
They're actually confident that they have
161
460089
2287
Zapravo su uvjereni da im se čitavo vrijeme
07:42
liked congestion pricing all along.
162
462376
2689
sviđala ideja uspostavljanja naknada.
07:45
Which means that we are now in a position
163
465065
1719
To znači da smo mi sad u položaju gdje smo
07:46
where we have reduced traffic across this toll cordon
164
466784
2993
reducirali promet preko naplatnih lanaca
07:49
with 20 percent, and reduced congestion by enormous numbers,
165
469777
3211
za 20% i reducirali zagušenost za ogromne brojke,
07:52
and people aren't even aware that they have changed,
166
472988
3547
i ljudi čak nisu svjesni da su se promijenili
07:56
and they honestly believe that they have liked this all along.
167
476535
3911
i uistinu su vjerovali da im se to čitavo vrijeme svidjelo.
08:00
This is the power of nudges when trying to solve
168
480446
3474
Ovo je moć "gurkanja" u pokušaju rješavanja
08:03
complex social problems, and when you do that,
169
483920
2632
složenih društvenih problema, a kad to napravite,
08:06
you shouldn't try to tell people how to adapt.
170
486552
3630
ne biste trebali ljudima govoriti kako se prilagoditi.
08:10
You should just nudge them in the right direction.
171
490182
2187
Trebate ih samo pogurati u pravom smjeru.
08:12
And if you do it right,
172
492369
1722
Ako to učinite kako treba,
08:14
people will actually embrace the change,
173
494091
2052
ljudi će prihvatiti promjenu,
08:16
and if you do it right, people will actually even like it.
174
496143
3062
i ako to učinite dobro, ljudima će se to čak i svidjeti.
08:19
Thank you. (Applause)
175
499205
3325
Hvala. (Pljesak)
O ovoj web stranici

Ova stranica će vas upoznati s YouTube videozapisima koji su korisni za učenje engleskog jezika. Vidjet ćete lekcije engleskog koje vode vrhunski profesori iz cijelog svijeta. Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove prikazane na svakoj video stranici da biste reproducirali video s tog mjesta. Titlovi se pomiču sinkronizirano s reprodukcijom videozapisa. Ako imate bilo kakvih komentara ili zahtjeva, obratite nam se putem ovog obrasca za kontakt.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7