Jonas Eliasson: How to solve traffic jams

250,383 views ใƒป 2012-11-27

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Yunhi Maeng ๊ฒ€ํ† : K Bang
00:16
Hi. I'm here to talk about congestion,
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €๋Š” ๊ตํ†ต ์ •์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ 
00:19
namely road congestion.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์„ฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
Road congestion is a pervasive phenomenon.
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๊ตํ†ต ์ •์ฒด๋Š” ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
It exists in basically all of the cities all around the world,
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋„์‹œ์— ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
which is a little bit surprising when you think about it.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
00:28
I mean, think about how different cities are, actually.
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๋„์‹œ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
00:31
I mean, you have the typical European cities,
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์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์€
00:33
with a dense urban core, good public transportation
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๋ฐ€์ง‘๋œ ๋„์‹œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€์— ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
00:36
mostly, not a lot of road capacity.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋„๋กœ ํ™•๋ณด์œจ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋†’์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
But then, on the other hand, you have the American cities.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:40
It's moving by itself, okay.
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(์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜ผ์ž ์›€์ง์ด๋„ค์š”.)
00:43
Anyway, the American cities:
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ํ•˜์—ฌํŠผ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์€
00:46
lots of roads dispersed over large areas,
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๋„“์€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋งŽ์€ ๋„๋กœ๋ง์ด ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
00:49
almost no public transportation.
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๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์ฃ .
00:51
And then you have the emerging world cities,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์ œ ๋ง‰ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
with a mixed variety of vehicles,
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์ด ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ตํ†ต ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
00:54
mixed land-use patterns, also rather dispersed
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ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ํ† ์ง€ ์ด์šฉ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
00:57
but often with a very dense urban core.
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์ข…์ข… ๋„์‹œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฐ€์ง‘๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
And traffic planners all around the world have tried
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ตํ†ต๊ณ„ํš๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ•ด ์™”์ฃ :
01:02
lots of different measures: dense cities or dispersed cities,
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ฒ™๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ๊ณผ๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋œ ๋„์‹œ,
01:06
lots of roads or lots of public transport
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๋งŽ์€ ๋„๋กœ, ํ˜น์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต์ˆ˜๋‹จ, ํ˜น์€ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ „์šฉ๋„๋กœ,
01:08
or lots of bike lanes or more information,
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๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด, ๊ทธ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„์„
01:11
or lots of different things, but nothing seems to work.
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์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:15
But all of these attempts have one thing in common.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ๋„์—๋Š” ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
They're basically attempts at figuring out
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์›Œ์— ์šด์ „์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์—
01:20
what people should do instead of rush hour car driving.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•ด์•ผํ•  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
They're essentially, to a point, attempts at planning
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์š”์ ์€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผํ• ์ง€
01:26
what other people should do, planning their life for them.
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๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
01:30
Now, planning a complex social system
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์ด์ œ, ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
01:32
is a very hard thing to do, and let me tell you a story.
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ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
01:35
Back in 1989, when the Berlin Wall fell,
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1989๋…„, ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์ด ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ,
01:38
an urban planner in London got a phone call
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๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ํ•œ ๋„์‹œ ๊ณ„ํš๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šคํฌ๋ฐ”์— ์žˆ๋Š”
01:41
from a colleague in Moscow saying, basically,
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๋™๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
"Hi, this is Vladimir. I'd like to know,
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"๋‚˜ ๋ธ”๋ผ๋””๋ฏธ๋ฅด์ธ๋ฐ, ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ๋นต๊ณต๊ธ‰์€
01:46
who's in charge of London's bread supply?"
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ฑ…์ž„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ข€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค„๋ž˜?"
01:49
And the urban planner in London goes,
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
"What do you mean, who's in charge of London's โ€”
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"๋ฌด์Šจ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์•ผ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฑธ ์ฑ…์ž„์ง€๋ƒ๋‹ˆ,
01:52
I mean, no one is in charge."
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—†์–ด."
01:54
"Oh, but surely someone must be in charge.
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"ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ…์ž„์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ๋˜์ž–์•„.
01:55
I mean, it's a very complicated system. Someone must control all of this."
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ธ๋ฐ ์ฑ…์ž„์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—†๊ฒ ์–ด?"
01:59
"No. No. No one is in charge.
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"์•„๋‹ˆ, ์•„๋‹ˆ, ์ •๋ง ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์—†์–ด.
02:02
I mean, it basically -- I haven't really thought of it.
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๋‚ด ๋ง์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฑด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณธ ์ ๋„ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด์•ผ.
02:05
It basically organizes itself."
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ง๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง€.:"
02:07
It organizes itself.
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์ €์ ˆ๋กœ ์กฐ์ง๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
That's an example of a complex social system
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ
02:13
which has the ability of self-organizing,
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๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
and this is a very deep insight.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๊นŠ์ด์žˆ๋Š” ํ†ต์ฐฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
When you try to solve really complex social problems,
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์•„์ฃผ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค ํ•  ๋•Œ,
02:21
the right thing to do is most of the time
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ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„
02:23
to create the incentives.
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๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
You don't plan the details,
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์ž์„ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„,
02:27
and people will figure out what to do,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ• ์ง€,
02:29
how to adapt to this new framework.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ‹€์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ ์‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
And let's now look at how we can use this insight
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๊ตํ†ต ํ˜ผ์žก์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
02:35
to combat road congestion.
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์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
02:36
This is a map of Stockholm, my hometown.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์ธ ์Šคํ†กํ™€๋ฆ„์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
Now, Stockholm is a medium-sized city, roughly two million people,
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์Šคํ†กํ™€๋ฆ„์€ ์•ฝ ์ธ๊ตฌ 2๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋„์‹œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
but Stockholm also has lots of water and lots of water
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์Šคํ†กํ™€๋ฆ„์—๋Š” ๊ฐ•์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
means lots of bridges -- narrow bridges, old bridges --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ฃ .
02:48
which means lots of road congestion.
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์ฆ‰, ๊ตํ†ต์ฒด์ฆ์ด ์‹ฌํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
And these red dots show the most congested parts,
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์ด ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์ ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ˜ผ์žกํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ๋ฐ,
02:55
which are the bridges that lead into the inner city.
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๋„์‹œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋“ค ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
And then someone came up with the idea that,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
03:00
apart from good public transport,
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๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ˆ์„ ์Ÿ์•„ ๋ถ“์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ 
03:02
apart from spending money on roads,
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๋ณ‘๋ชฉํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฐจ์—
03:04
let's try to charge drivers one or two euros at these bottlenecks.
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1~2 ์œ ๋กœ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ง•์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ž๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
Now, one or two euros, that isn't really a lot of money,
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1~2 ์œ ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ํฐ ์•ก์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
I mean compared to parking charges and running costs, etc.,
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์ฃผ์ฐจ๋ฃŒ, ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„๊ฐ’ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
so you would probably expect that car drivers
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์ฆ‰, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์šด์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ ์€ ์•ก์ˆ˜์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
03:17
wouldn't really react to this fairly small charge.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
03:19
You would be wrong.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํ‹€๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
One or two euros was enough to make 20 percent of cars
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๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์›Œ๋•Œ 20%์˜ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๋Š”๋ฐ 1~2 ์œ ๋กœ๋กœ๋„
03:25
disappear from rush hours.
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
Now, 20 percent, well, that's a fairly huge figure, you might think,
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20%๋ฉด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
but you've still got 80 percent left of the problem, right?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 80%๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
03:33
Because you still have 80 percent of the traffic.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ 80%์˜ ๊ตํ†ต๋Ÿ‰์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
Now, that's also wrong, because traffic happens to be
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ‹€๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ตํ†ต์€
03:38
a nonlinear phenomenon, meaning that
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๋น„์„ ํ˜•์  ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ . ์ฆ‰,
03:41
once you reach above a certain capacity threshold
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์ผ๋‹จ ์–ด๋–ค ํ•œ๊ณ„ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๋ฉด,
03:44
then congestion starts to increase really, really rapidly.
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ํ˜ผ์žก์€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
But fortunately, it also works the other way around.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„, ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
03:49
If you can reduce traffic even somewhat, then congestion
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ตํ†ต๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‹ค์†Œ๋ผ๋„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
03:53
will go down much faster than you might think.
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ํ˜ผ์žก์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ค„์–ด๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
Now, congestion charges were introduced in Stockholm
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2006๋…„ 1์›” 3์ผ ํ˜ผ์žก์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
on January 3, 2006, and the first picture here is a picture
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜ผ์žก์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋˜๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ „์ธ 1์›” 2์ผ
04:04
of Stockholm, one of the typical streets, January 2.
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์Šคํ†กํ™€๋ฆ„์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๋„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
The first day with the congestion charges looked like this.
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ํ˜ผ์žก์„ธ ๋ถ€๊ณผ ์ฒซ๋‚ ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
This is what happens when you take away
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„๋กœ์—์„œ 20%์˜ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด
04:15
20 percent of the cars from the streets.
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๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:17
You really reduce congestion quite substantially.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ตํ†ต ํ˜ผ์žก์„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆํ‹ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
But, well, as I said, I mean, car drivers adapt, right?
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์•ž์„œ ๋งํ–ˆ๋“ฏ, ์šด์ „์ž๋“ค์ด ์ ์‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
So after a while they would all come back because they
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์˜ค๋ž˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ˜ผ์žก์„ธ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด,
04:26
have sort of gotten used to charges.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋„๋กœ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:28
Wrong again. It's now six and a half years ago
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ‹€๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 6๋…„ ๋ฐ˜์ „์˜ ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
04:31
since the congestion charges were introduced in Stockholm,
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์Šคํ†กํ™€๋ฆ„์€ ์ด ํ˜ผ์žก ํ†ตํ–‰๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋œ ์ด๋ž˜๋กœ
04:33
and we basically have the same low traffic levels still.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ตํ†ต ํ˜ผ์žก์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
But you see, there's an interesting gap here in the time series
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, 2007๋…„์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜
04:39
in 2007.
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์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
Well, the thing is that, the congestion charges,
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์ด ํ˜ผ์žก ํ†ตํ–‰๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š”
04:43
they were introduced first as a trial, so they were introduced
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์‹œ๋ฒ”์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ž…๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์–ด์„œ, 1์›”์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
04:46
in January and then abolished again at the end of July,
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์‹œ๋ฏผ ํˆฌํ‘œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 7์›” ๋ง์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
followed by a referendum, and then they were reintroduced
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 2007๋…„์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
again in 2007, which of course was a wonderful scientific opportunity.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
I mean, this was a really fun experiment to start with,
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์‹œ์ž‘๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ •๋ง ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:01
and we actually got to do it twice.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‘๋ฒˆ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:03
And personally, I would like to do this every once a year or so,
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ €๋Š” 1๋…„์— ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ ์ •๋„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
but they won't let me do that.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:07
But it was fun anyway.
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ํ•˜์—ฌํŠผ ์ฐธ ์žฌ๋ฏธ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
So, we followed up. What happened?
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ํ•˜์—ฌํŠผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ถ”์ ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋•Œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด ๋‚ฌ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”?
05:12
This is the last day with the congestion charges, July 31,
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ 7์›” 31์ผ ํ˜ผ์žกํ†ตํ–‰๋ฃŒ ๋ถ€๊ณผ
05:16
and you see the same street but now it's summer,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰๋‚  ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ž์„œ ๋ณด์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋„๋กœ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋•Œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์ด์—์š”.
05:18
and summer in Stockholm is a very nice
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์Šคํ†กํ™€๋ฆ„์˜ ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์€ ๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„์„œ
05:20
and light time of the year,
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1๋…„์ค‘ ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์€ ๋•Œ์ด์ฃ .
05:22
and the first day without the congestion charges
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜ผ์žก ํ†ตํ–‰๋ฃŒ ํ์ง€ ์ฒซ๋‚ ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์€
05:25
looked like this.
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์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
All the cars were back again, and you even have to admire
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ฐจ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„์™”์ฃ . ์šด์ „์ž๋“ค์„ ์นญ์ฐฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ •๋„์˜€์–ด์š”.
05:29
the car drivers. They adapt so extremely quickly.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ ์‘์€ ์ •๋ง ๋นจ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
The first day they all came back.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ฒซ ๋‚  ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
And this effect hanged on. So 2007 figures looked like this.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ณ„์†๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ . 2007๋…„ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
Now these traffic figures are really exciting
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ตํ†ต ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ์ •๋ง ํฅ๋ฏธ์ง„์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ 
05:42
and a little bit surprising and very useful to know,
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์ข€ ๋†€๋ž๊ธฐ ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„์ฃผ ์œ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
but I would say that the most surprising slide here
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์€
05:47
I'm going to show you today is not this one. It's this one.
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๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
This shows public support for congestion pricing of Stockholm,
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋Š” ํ˜ผ์žกํ†ตํ–‰๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์ง€๋„์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
05:54
and you see that when congestion pricing were introduced
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2006๋…„ ๋ด„ ํ˜ผ์žกํ†ตํ–‰๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
05:57
in the beginning of Spring 2006, people were fiercely against it.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
Seventy percent of the population didn't want this.
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์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 70%๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
06:04
But what happened when the congestion charges
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ํ†ตํ–‰๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ ์  ๋”
06:06
were there is not what you would expect, that people hated it more and more.
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์‹ซ์–ดํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
No, on the contrary, they changed, up to a point
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์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ 70%์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
06:13
where we now have 70 percent support for keeping the charges,
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ํ˜ผ์žก์„ธ ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด 70%์ •๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋ฅด๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
meaning that -- I mean, let me repeat that:
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€
06:18
70 percent of the population in Stockholm
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์Šคํ†กํ™€๋ฆ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 70%๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „์— ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์—
06:21
want to keep a price for something that used to be free.
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์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
Okay. So why can that be? Why is that?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ, ์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
06:29
Well, think about it this way. Who changed?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ . ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ๋‚˜์š”?
06:32
I mean, the 20 percent of the car drivers that disappeared,
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๋„๋กœ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ๊ทธ 20%์˜ ์šด์ „์ž๋“ค์€
06:34
surely they must be discontent in a way.
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
And where did they go? If we can understand this,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ”์ฃ ? ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฑธ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
06:39
then maybe we can figure out how people can be so happy with this.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ˜ผ์žก์„ธ์— ๋งŒ์กฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
Well, so we did this huge interview survey
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์šด์†ก์—…์ฒด์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์•„
06:45
with lots of travel services, and tried to figure out
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ 20%๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
06:47
who changed, and where did they go?
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์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
And it turned out that they don't know themselves. (Laughter)
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ž์‹ ๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์›ƒ์Œ)
06:53
For some reason, the car drivers are --
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์–ด๋–ค ์ด์œ ์—์„ ์ง€ ์šด์ „์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ --
06:58
they are confident they actually drive the same way that they used to do.
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์˜ˆ์ „๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์šด์ „ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
And why is that? It's because that travel patterns
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์™œ์ผ๊นŒ์š”? ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตํ†ต ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค
07:04
are much less stable than you might think.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋œ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:06
Each day, people make new decisions, and people change
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๋งค์ผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
and the world changes around them, and each day
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๊ทธ๋“ค ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์„ธ์ƒ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งค์ผ
07:11
all of these decisions are sort of nudged ever so slightly
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด์—
07:15
away from rush hour car driving
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๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์›Œ์ผ๋•Œ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์Šต๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
07:17
in a way that people don't even notice.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
They're not even aware of this themselves.
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค๋„ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋Š๋ผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
And the other question, who changed their mind?
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€, ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
Who changed their opinion, and why?
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”? ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
07:26
So we did another interview survey, tried to figure out
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์™œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š”์ง€,
07:28
why people changed their mind, and what type of group changed their minds?
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„ ๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
And after analyzing the answers, it turned out that
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์ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ, ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
07:36
more than half of them believe that they haven't changed their minds.
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์ž์‹ ์ด ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พผ์ ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
They're actually confident that they have
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ญ‰ ํ†ตํ–‰๋ฃŒ ๋ถ€๊ณผ์—
07:42
liked congestion pricing all along.
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ํ˜ธ์˜์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
Which means that we are now in a position
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ†ตํ–‰๋ฃŒ ์ง•์ˆ˜์—†์ด 20%๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ตํ†ต๋Ÿ‰์„
07:46
where we have reduced traffic across this toll cordon
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์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ„์น˜์— ์™€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
with 20 percent, and reduced congestion by enormous numbers,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ˜ผ์žก์„ ์ค„์˜€์Œ์—๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
07:52
and people aren't even aware that they have changed,
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ๋ณ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
and they honestly believe that they have liked this all along.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ง€์ง€ํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
This is the power of nudges when trying to solve
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค ํ•  ๋•Œ์˜
08:03
complex social problems, and when you do that,
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๋„›์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค ํ•  ๋•Œ,
08:06
you shouldn't try to tell people how to adapt.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ ์‘ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์ผ๋Ÿฌ์ค„ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
You should just nudge them in the right direction.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์˜ณ์€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด์ง ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ€๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
And if you do it right,
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์˜ณ๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด,
08:14
people will actually embrace the change,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
and if you do it right, people will actually even like it.
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์˜ณ์€ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:19
Thank you. (Applause)
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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