Laura Carstensen: Older people are happier

132,666 views ใƒป 2012-04-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
People are living longer and societies are getting grayer.
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ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื™ื
ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืžืืคื™ืจื”.
00:20
You hear about it all the time.
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ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
00:22
You read about it in your newspapers.
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ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื.
ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”,
00:24
You hear about it on your television sets.
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00:26
Sometimes, I'm concerned
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื“ืื™ื’ ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”,
00:27
that we hear about it so much that we've come to accept longer lives
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชืจื’ืœื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:32
with a kind of a complacency, even ease.
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ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืงืœื™ืœื•ืช.
ืืš ืืœ ืชื˜ืขื•,
00:37
But make no mistake, longer lives can --
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื,
00:41
and, I believe, will improve quality of life at all ages.
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื
ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœื™ื.
00:48
Now to put this in perspective, let me just zoom out for a minute.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
ืืจื—ื™ื‘ ืœืจื’ืข ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜
00:53
More years were added to average life expectancy in the 20th century
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ื ื•ืกืคื• ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืœืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช
ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20
01:00
than all years added across all prior millennia
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ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืกืคื•
ื‘ื›ืœ ืืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช
01:07
of human evolution combined.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื’ื ื™ื—ื“.
01:10
In the blink of an eye,
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ื‘ื‘ืช-ืื—ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื›ืคืœื ื• ืืช ืžืฉืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
01:12
we nearly doubled the length of time that we're living.
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01:16
So if you ever feel like you don't have this aging thing quite pegged,
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ืื– ื’ื ืื ืืชืŸ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ืชืŸ ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช,
01:20
don't kick yourself.
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ืืœ ืชื›ืขืกื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื›ืŸ.
01:21
It's brand new.
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
01:23
And because fertility rates fell across that very same period
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ื•ืขืงื‘ ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”
01:28
that life expectancy was going up,
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ื‘ื” ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœืชื”.
01:31
that pyramid that has always represented the distribution of age in the population,
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ืื•ืชื” ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”,
ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื™ืฆื’ื” ืืช ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”,
01:37
with many young ones at the bottom winnowed to a tiny peak of older people
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ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ืคื™ืกื’ื” ื–ืขื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื
01:42
who make it and survive to old age,
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ืฉืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืขื“ ื–ืงื ื”
01:44
is being reshaped into a rectangle.
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ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื”
ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืžืœื‘ืŸ.
01:50
And now, if you're the kind of person
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ืื ืืชืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชืจื’ืฉ ืžื ืชื•ื ื™ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื --
01:52
who can get chills from population statistics,
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01:54
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:55
these are the ones that should do it.
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-- ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืจื’ืฉ ืืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื,
01:57
Because what that means
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01:59
is that for the first time in the history of the species,
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ืฉืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™-ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
02:03
the majority of babies born in the developed world
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—
02:06
are having the opportunity to grow old.
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ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช
ืœื”ื–ื“ืงืŸ.
02:12
How did this happen?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืจื”?
02:14
Well, we're no genetically hardier than our ancestors were 10,000 years ago.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ืกื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•
ืžืœืคื ื™ 10,000 ืฉื ื”.
02:19
This increase in life expectancy is the remarkable product of culture --
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ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืจืื•ื™-ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช --
ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืชื•ืš
02:24
the crucible that holds science and technology
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ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
02:27
and wide-scale changes in behavior that improve health and well-being.
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ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™-ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช,
ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:34
Through cultural changes, our ancestors largely eliminated early death
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื,
ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื—ื™ืกืœื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืœื-ืขืช,
02:40
so that people can now live out their full lives.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืขืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
02:44
Now there are problems associated with aging --
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ื™ืฉ ืืžื ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช --
02:47
diseases, poverty, loss of social status.
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ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ืขื•ื ื™, ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
02:50
It's hardly time to rest on our laurels.
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืœื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ื•ื— ืขืœ ื–ืจื™ ื”ื“ืคื ื”.
ืืš ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช,
02:53
But the more we learn about aging,
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02:55
the clearer it becomes that a sweeping downward course
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ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœื”, ื›ืžื’ืžื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช,
02:59
is grossly inaccurate.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืื“ ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ืง.
03:02
Aging brings some rather remarkable improvements --
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ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืœืœืช ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ --
03:05
increased knowledge, expertise --
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ื™ื“ืข ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช --
03:09
and emotional aspects of life improve.
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ื•ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืชืคืจื™ื ื’ื ื”ื.
03:15
That's right, older people are happy.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืื“,
ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื.
03:19
They're happier than middle-aged people, and younger people, certainly.
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ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื”,
ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.
03:23
(Laughter)
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03:24
Study after study is coming to the same conclusion.
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ืชื” ื”ืžืกืงื ื”.
03:27
The CDC recently conducted a survey
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ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœื‘ืงืจืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืขืจืš ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืกืงืจ
03:30
where they asked respondents simply to tell them
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ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžื”ื ืฉืืœื™ื ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืืžืจื• ืœื”ื
03:33
whether they experienced significant psychological distress
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ื”ืื ื—ื•ื• ืžืฆื•ืงื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืงื•ื“ื.
03:36
in the previous week.
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03:37
And fewer older people answered affirmatively to that question
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ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืขื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื•
03:41
than middle-aged people, and younger people as well.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื”,
ื•ื’ื ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:45
And a recent Gallup poll asked participants
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ื•ืกืงืจ "ื’ืืœื•ืค" ืฉื ืขืจืš ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื•
ื›ืžื” ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื•ื“ืื’ื” ื•ื›ืขืก ื”ื ื—ื•ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืงื•ื“ื.
03:48
how much stress and worry and anger they had experienced the previous day.
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03:52
And stress, worry, anger
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ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื”, ื”ื“ืื’ื” ื•ื”ื›ืขืก
03:57
all decrease with age.
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ืคื•ื—ืชื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืœ.
04:00
Now social scientists call this the paradox of aging.
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ืื ืฉื™ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื›ื ื™ื ื–ืืช "ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช".
04:03
I mean, after all, aging is not a piece of cake.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
04:07
So we've asked all sorts of questions to see if we could undo this finding.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื ื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืกืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆื ื”ื–ื”.
04:12
We've asked whether it may be that the current generations of older people
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ืฉืืœื ื• ื”ืื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื
04:18
are and always have been the greatest generations.
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ื”ื - ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื• - ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:21
That is that younger people today may not typically experience
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
ืœื ื™ื—ื•ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœื›ืฉื™ื–ื“ืงื ื•.
04:25
these improvements as they grow older.
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04:28
We've asked,
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ืฉืืœื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืื•ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™
04:29
well, maybe older people are just trying to put a positive spin
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04:33
on an otherwise depressing existence.
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ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื ื”ืžื“ื›ื ืžื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช.
04:36
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
04:38
But the more we've tried to disavow this finding,
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ืืš ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื›ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืžืฆื ื”ื–ื”,
04:40
the more evidence we find to support it.
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ืžืฆืื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื•.
04:44
Years ago, my colleagues and I embarked on a study
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ืขืžื™ืชื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืคืชื—ื ื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ
04:47
where we followed the same group of people over a 10-year period.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืขืงื‘ื ื• ืื—ืจื™ ืื•ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš 10 ืฉื ื™ื.
04:50
Originally, the sample was aged 18 to 94.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ, ื”ืžื“ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืœื™ื 18-94.
04:53
And we studied whether and how their emotional experiences changed
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ื—ืงืจื ื• ื”ืื ื•ืื™ืš ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื ื• ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•.
04:57
as they grew older.
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ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื ืฉืื• ืื™ืชื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช
04:59
Our participants would carry electronic pagers
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05:02
for a week at a time,
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ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืจืฆื•ืฃ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื,
05:03
and we'd page them throughout the day and evenings at random times.
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ื”ืชืงืฉืจื ื• ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืืงืจืื™ื™ื,
05:07
And every time we paged them,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ืชืงืฉืจื ื• ืืœื™ื”ื
ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ื ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืืœื•ืช:
05:09
we'd ask them to answer several questions --
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05:11
"On a one to seven scale, how happy are you right now?"
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"ื‘ืกื•ืœื ืฉืœ 1 ืขื“ 7, ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืฉืจ ืืชื” ื›ืจื’ืข?"
05:14
"How sad are you right now?"
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"ื›ืžื” ืขืฆื•ื‘ ืืชื” ื›ืจื’ืข?" "ื›ืžื” ืžืชื•ืกื›ืœ ืืชื” ื›ืจื’ืข?"
05:15
"How frustrated are you right now?" --
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05:17
so that we could get a sense of the kinds of emotions and feelings they were having
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ื•ื›ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื•ืฉื’
ืื™ืœื• ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœื”ื.
05:22
in their day-to-day lives.
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05:24
And using this intense study of individuals,
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ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ืขืจืš ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
05:27
we find that it's not one particular generation
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืœื ื“ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืฆืœื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืื—ืจื™ื,
05:31
that's doing better than the others,
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05:33
but the same individuals over time
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ืืœื ืฉืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
05:36
come to report relatively greater positive experience.
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ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
05:41
Now you see this slight downturn at very advanced ages.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืคื™ืœื” ื”ืงืœื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืžืื“.
ื•ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ื ืคื™ืœื” ืงืœื”.
05:46
And there is a slight downturn.
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05:47
But at no point does it return to the levels we see in early adulthood.
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ืืš ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืจืžื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช.
05:53
Now it's really too simplistic to say that older people are "happy."
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืคืฉื˜ื ื™ ืžื“ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื "ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื".
06:01
In our study, they are more positive.
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ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื,
06:05
But they're also more likely than younger people
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ืืš ื’ื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื—ื•ื• ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื --
06:07
to experience mixed emotions --
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06:09
sadness at the same time you experience happiness;
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ืขืฆื‘ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื•ืฉืจ;
06:12
you know, that tear in the eye when you're smiling at a friend.
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ืื•ืชื” ื“ืžืขื” ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืžื—ื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืืœ ื—ื‘ืจ.
06:16
And other research has shown that older people seem to engage with sadness
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ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืจืื•
ืฉื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:21
more comfortably.
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06:22
They're more accepting of sadness than younger people are.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžื”ื.
06:25
And we suspect that this may help to explain
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
06:28
why older people are better than younger people
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
06:31
at solving hotly charged emotional conflicts and debates.
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ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื•-ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื.
06:37
Older people can view injustice with compassion,
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ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื™-ืฆื“ืง ื‘ื—ืžืœื”,
ืืš ืœื ื‘ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ.
06:42
but not despair.
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06:44
And all things being equal,
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ื•ื›ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื,
ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืขืœื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื”ื ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
06:46
older people direct their cognitive resources, like attention and memory,
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ื›ืžื• ืชืฉื•ืžืช-ืœื‘ ื•ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ,
06:50
to positive information more than negative.
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ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื™ืœื™.
06:53
If we show older, middle-aged, younger people images,
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ืื ืžืจืื™ื ืœืงืฉื™ืฉ, ืœืื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืœืฆืขื™ืจ
06:57
like the ones you see on the screen,
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ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš,
06:59
and we later ask them to recall all the images that they can,
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ื•ืื—ืจ ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžื”ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช,
07:05
older people, but not younger people,
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ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืš ืœื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
07:07
remember more positive images than negative images.
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช.
07:11
We've asked older and younger people to view faces in laboratory studies,
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื, ื—ืœืงื ื–ื•ืขืคื™ื, ื—ืœืงื ืžื—ื™ื™ื›ื™ื.
07:16
some frowning, some smiling.
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07:17
Older people look toward the smiling faces and away from the frowning, angry faces.
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ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื›ื™ื
ื•ื”ืกื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื”ื–ื•ืขืคื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื•ืขืกื™ื.
07:24
In day-to-day life, this translates into greater enjoyment and satisfaction.
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ืื” ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืง.
07:31
But as social scientists, we continue to ask about possible alternatives.
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ืืš ื›ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช.
07:36
We've said, well, maybe older people report more positive emotions
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ืืžืจื ื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื
07:39
because they're cognitively impaired.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืคื’ื•ืขื™ื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
07:42
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:46
We've said, could it be
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ืืžืจื ื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื‘ื“ ืจื’ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืžืืฉืจ ืฉืœื™ืœื™,
07:47
that positive emotions are simply easier to process than negative emotions,
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07:51
and so you switch to the positive emotions?
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื?
07:54
Maybe our neural centers in our brain
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—ื ื• ื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉื• ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš
07:56
are degraded such that we're unable to process negative emotions anymore.
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ืฉืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื.
08:00
But that's not the case.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืš.
08:02
The most mentally sharp older adults
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ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช
08:06
are the ones who show this positivity effect the most.
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ื”ื ื’ื ืืœื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
08:10
And under conditions where it really matters,
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ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘
08:12
older people do process the negative information
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ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืื›ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื™ืœื™
ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™.
08:15
just as well as the positive information.
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08:17
So how can this be?
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ืื ื›ืš, ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ?
08:21
Well, in our research,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•
08:23
we've found that these changes are grounded fundamentally
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื ื˜ืจ ื–ืžืŸ --
08:27
in the uniquely human ability to monitor time --
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08:30
not just clock time and calendar time, but lifetime.
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ืœื ืจืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ืืœื ื’ื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžื.
08:34
And if there's a paradox of aging,
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ื•ืื ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช,
08:36
it's that recognizing that we won't live forever
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ื”ืจื™ื”ื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืœื ื ื—ื™ื” ืœื ืฆื—
08:39
changes our perspective on life in positive ways.
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ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคืชื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
08:45
When time horizons are long and nebulous, as they typically are in youth,
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ื›ืฉืื•ืคืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ื•ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ,
ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ,
08:50
people are constantly preparing,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช,
08:52
trying to soak up all the information they possibly can,
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ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืžื™ื“ืข ืจื‘ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื•,
08:56
taking risks, exploring.
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ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื.
08:58
We might spend time with people we don't even like
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ืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื—ื‘ื‘ื™ื
09:01
because it's somehow interesting.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
09:03
We might learn something unexpected.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ืœืžื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืœืชื™-ืฆืคื•ื™.
09:05
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:07
We go on blind dates.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืช.
09:09
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:12
You know, after all,
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ื›ื™ ื›ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ, ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—, ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืจ.
09:13
if it doesn't work out, there's always tomorrow.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขืœ ื’ื™ืœ 50
09:17
People over 50 don't go on blind dates.
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ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืช.
09:19
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:27
As we age, our time horizons grow shorter and our goals change.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื
ืื•ืคืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชืงืจื‘
ื•ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช.
09:33
When we recognize that we don't have all the time in the world,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื,
09:36
we see our priorities most clearly.
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ืื ื• ืžื–ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
09:39
We take less notice of trivial matters.
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ืื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื.
09:42
We savor life.
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ืื ื• ืžืชืขื ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
09:44
We're more appreciative,
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
09:46
more open to reconciliation.
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ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืคื™ื™ืก.
09:48
We invest in more emotionally important parts of life,
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
09:51
and life gets better,
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:54
so we're happier day-to-day.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•.
09:57
But that same shift in perspective
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืฉืงืคื”
09:59
leads us to have less tolerance than ever for injustice.
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ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืžืื™-ืคืขื ื›ืœืคื™ ืื™-ืฆื“ืง.
10:05
By 2015,
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ืขื“ 2015,
10:07
there will be more people in the United States
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-60
10:10
over the age of 60 than under 15.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-15.
10:15
What will happen to societies that are top-heavy with older people?
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ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื?
10:20
The numbers won't determine the outcome.
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ืœื ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืขื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”,
10:24
Culture will.
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ืืœื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
10:27
If we invest in science and technology
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ืื ื ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืžื“ืข ื•ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
10:30
and find solutions for the real problems that older people face
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ื ืžืฆื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื
10:35
and we capitalize on the very real strengths of older people,
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ื•ื ื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื,
10:42
then added years of life can dramatically improve quality of life at all ages.
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ื›ื™-ืื– ืชื•ืกืคืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื
ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืคืจ ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœื™ื.
ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื
10:49
Societies with millions of talented, emotionally stable citizens
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ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช
10:53
who are healthier and better educated than any generations before them,
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื•ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื”ื,
10:58
armed with knowledge about the practical matters of life
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ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ืข ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
11:02
and motivated to solve the big issues
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ื•ื—ื“ื•ืจื™ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
11:07
can be better societies than we have ever known.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉืื™-ืคืขื ื”ื›ืจื ื•.
11:14
My father, who is 92, likes to say,
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ืื‘ื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ 92, ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ,
"ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืคืกื™ืง ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืจืง ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื
11:19
"Let's stop talking only about how to save the old folks
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11:22
and start talking about how to get them to save us all."
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"ื•ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืื•ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•."
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:29
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
11:30
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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