Laura Carstensen: Older people are happier

129,917 views ・ 2012-04-19

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Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Tilen Pigac - EFZG
00:15
People are living longer and societies are getting grayer.
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Ljudi žive duže
i društva postaju sivija.
Slušate o tome cijelo vrijeme.
00:20
You hear about it all the time.
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Čitate o tome u novinama.
00:22
You read about it in your newspapers.
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Slušate o tome na tv-u.
00:24
You hear about it on your television sets.
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Ponekad sam zabrinuta
00:26
Sometimes, I'm concerned
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00:27
that we hear about it so much that we've come to accept longer lives
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da toliko slušamo o tome
da smo počeli prihvaćati duži život
00:32
with a kind of a complacency, even ease.
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s dozom zadovoljstva,
čak spokoja.
No bez greške,
00:37
But make no mistake, longer lives can --
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duži život može
00:41
and, I believe, will improve quality of life at all ages.
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i vjerujem da će
unaprijediti kvalitetu života
u svim životnim dobima.
Da bismo ovo stavili u perspektivu,
00:48
Now to put this in perspective, let me just zoom out for a minute.
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dozvolite mi da se odmaknem na minutu.
Više je godina dodano
00:53
More years were added to average life expectancy in the 20th century
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na očekivani prosječni životni vijek
u 20. stoljeću,
no što je dodano
01:00
than all years added across all prior millennia
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tijekom cijelog prošlog tisućljeća
ljudske evolucije sveukupno.
01:07
of human evolution combined.
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U treptaj oka
01:10
In the blink of an eye,
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smo gotovo udvostručili duljinu vremena
01:12
we nearly doubled the length of time that we're living.
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koje živimo.
01:16
So if you ever feel like you don't have this aging thing quite pegged,
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Pa ako ste ikada osjećali da niste baš povezali sve ovo vezano uz starenje
nemojte se zabrinjavati.
01:20
don't kick yourself.
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01:21
It's brand new.
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To je prava novost.
01:23
And because fertility rates fell across that very same period
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Zato što su stope plodnosti pale
tokom samog perioda
kada je očekivani životni vijek rastao,
01:28
that life expectancy was going up,
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01:31
that pyramid that has always represented the distribution of age in the population,
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ta piramida
koja je uvijek predstavljala distribuciju godina u populaciji
s mnogo mladih na dnu
01:37
with many young ones at the bottom winnowed to a tiny peak of older people
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obavijenih malim šiljkom starijih ljudi
01:42
who make it and survive to old age,
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koji su uspjeli i preživjeli do starosti
01:44
is being reshaped into a rectangle.
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je preoblikovana
u pravokutnik.
A sada, ako ste tip osobe
01:50
And now, if you're the kind of person
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koja se ježi od statistike populacije
01:52
who can get chills from population statistics,
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01:54
(Laughter)
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01:55
these are the ones that should do it.
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to su ti koji bi to trebali raditi
01:57
Because what that means
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jer to znači
01:59
is that for the first time in the history of the species,
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da je po prvi puta u povijesti čovječanstva
većina djece rođena
02:03
the majority of babies born in the developed world
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u Razvijenom Svijetu
02:06
are having the opportunity to grow old.
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i ima mogućnost
odrasti.
Kako se to dogodilo?
02:12
How did this happen?
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02:14
Well, we're no genetically hardier than our ancestors were 10,000 years ago.
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Pa, nismo genetički jači no što su naši preci bili
prije 10.000 godina.
Ovaj porast u očekivanom trajanju životnog vijeka
02:19
This increase in life expectancy is the remarkable product of culture --
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je nevjerojatan proizvod kulture --
teško iskušenje
02:24
the crucible that holds science and technology
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koje drži znanost i tehnologiju
02:27
and wide-scale changes in behavior that improve health and well-being.
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i širok raspon promjena u ponašanju
koje su poboljšale zdravlje i blagostanje.
Kroz kulturne promjene,
02:34
Through cultural changes, our ancestors largely eliminated early death
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naši su preci
uvelike eliminirali ranu smrt
02:40
so that people can now live out their full lives.
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pa ljudi sada mogu u potpunosti živjeti svoje živote.
02:44
Now there are problems associated with aging --
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Postoje problemi povezani sa starenjem --
02:47
diseases, poverty, loss of social status.
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bolesti, neimaština, gubitak društvenog statusa.
02:50
It's hardly time to rest on our laurels.
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Teško je počivati na lovorikama.
No, što više učimo o starenju,
02:53
But the more we learn about aging,
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postaje nam sve jasnije
02:55
the clearer it becomes that a sweeping downward course
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da je zamahivanje nizbrdnim tokom
veoma netočno.
02:59
is grossly inaccurate.
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Starenje donosi neke prilično nevjerojatne napretke --
03:02
Aging brings some rather remarkable improvements --
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03:05
increased knowledge, expertise --
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povećava znanje, stručnost --
i emocionalne aspekte životnog poboljšanja.
03:09
and emotional aspects of life improve.
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Točno je,
03:15
That's right, older people are happy.
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stariji ljudi su sretni.
03:19
They're happier than middle-aged people, and younger people, certainly.
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Sretniji su od ljudi u srednjim godinama,
i zasigurno od mlađih ljudi.
03:23
(Laughter)
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Studija za studijom
03:24
Study after study is coming to the same conclusion.
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dolazi do istog zaključka.
03:27
The CDC recently conducted a survey
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Centri za kontrolu bolesti su nedavno proveli anketu
03:30
where they asked respondents simply to tell them
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u kojoj su ispitanike jednostavno pitali da im kažu
03:33
whether they experienced significant psychological distress
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da li su doživjeli značajnu psihološku opasnost
u proteklom tjednu.
03:36
in the previous week.
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03:37
And fewer older people answered affirmatively to that question
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Manje starijih ljudi je potvrdno odgovorilo na to pitanje
od ljudi u srednjim godinama,
03:41
than middle-aged people, and younger people as well.
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i također mlađih ljudi.
Nedavna Gallupova anketa
03:45
And a recent Gallup poll asked participants
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je pitala učesnike
03:48
how much stress and worry and anger they had experienced the previous day.
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koliko stresa, brige i ljutnje
su doživjeli u proteklom danu.
03:52
And stress, worry, anger
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Stres, briga i ljutnja
opadaju s godinama.
03:57
all decrease with age.
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04:00
Now social scientists call this the paradox of aging.
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Društveni znanstvenici nazivaju ovo paradoksom starenja.
04:03
I mean, after all, aging is not a piece of cake.
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Na kraju svega, starenje nije lako.
Upitali smo razne vrste pitanja
04:07
So we've asked all sorts of questions to see if we could undo this finding.
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da bismo vidjeli možemo li ponoviti ovo saznanje.
04:12
We've asked whether it may be that the current generations of older people
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Pitali smo da li je moguće
da trenutne generacije starijih ljudi
jesu i oduvijek su bile
04:18
are and always have been the greatest generations.
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najčuvenije generacije.
04:21
That is that younger people today may not typically experience
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Stvar je u tome da mlađi ljudi danas
možda ne mogu tipično doživjeti ta poboljšanja
04:25
these improvements as they grow older.
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za vrijeme starenja.
04:28
We've asked,
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Pitali smo
04:29
well, maybe older people are just trying to put a positive spin
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da li možda stariji ljudi samo pokušavaju staviti pozitivan krug
04:33
on an otherwise depressing existence.
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na inače depresivno postojanje.
(Smijeh)
04:36
(Laughter)
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No što smo više pokušavali poreći ovo saznanje,
04:38
But the more we've tried to disavow this finding,
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04:40
the more evidence we find to support it.
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pronalazili smo sve više dokaza
koji ga podržavaju.
04:44
Years ago, my colleagues and I embarked on a study
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Prije mnogo godina, moji kolege i ja smo se udružili u istraživanje
gdje smo pratili istu grupu ljudi tokom perioda od 10 godina.
04:47
where we followed the same group of people over a 10-year period.
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Izvorno je uzorak bio između 18 i 94 godine.
04:50
Originally, the sample was aged 18 to 94.
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04:53
And we studied whether and how their emotional experiences changed
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Proučavali smo da li i kako se njihovi emocionalni doživljaji mijenjanju
kako su starili.
04:57
as they grew older.
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Naši sudionici su nosili elektronske dojavljivače
04:59
Our participants would carry electronic pagers
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tjedan dana
05:02
for a week at a time,
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05:03
and we'd page them throughout the day and evenings at random times.
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i mi bismo im se javljali tokom dana i večeri u nasumična doba.
Svaki puta kada bismo im se javili
05:07
And every time we paged them,
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zamolili bismo ih da nam odgovore na nekoliko pitanja --
05:09
we'd ask them to answer several questions --
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Na skali od jedan do sedam, koliko ste trenutno sretni?
05:11
"On a one to seven scale, how happy are you right now?"
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Koliko ste trenutno tužni?
05:14
"How sad are you right now?"
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05:15
"How frustrated are you right now?" --
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Koliko ste trenutno frustrirani? --
05:17
so that we could get a sense of the kinds of emotions and feelings they were having
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kako bismo mogli dobiti osjećaj
toga koju vrstu emocija i osjećaja su imali
u svojim dnevnim životima.
05:22
in their day-to-day lives.
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Upotrebljavajući ovo intenzivno istraživanje
05:24
And using this intense study of individuals,
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pojedinaca,
05:27
we find that it's not one particular generation
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otkrili smo da nije jedna određena generacija
05:31
that's doing better than the others,
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ta kojoj ide bolje od ostalih
05:33
but the same individuals over time
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već su isti pojedinci tijekom vremena
05:36
come to report relatively greater positive experience.
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prijavljivali relativno veće
pozitivno iskustvo.
Vidite ovu blagu krizu
05:41
Now you see this slight downturn at very advanced ages.
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u vrlo visokoj životnoj dobi.
I postoji blaga kriza.
05:46
And there is a slight downturn.
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05:47
But at no point does it return to the levels we see in early adulthood.
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No ni u jednom trenu se ne vraća
na razine koje vidimo
u ranoj zreloj dobi.
05:53
Now it's really too simplistic to say that older people are "happy."
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Zaista je prejednostavno
reći da su stariji ljudi "sretni."
06:01
In our study, they are more positive.
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U našem su istraživanju pozitivniji
no skloniji su od mlađih ljudi
06:05
But they're also more likely than younger people
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doživljavanju miješanih emocija --
06:07
to experience mixed emotions --
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06:09
sadness at the same time you experience happiness;
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tuga u isto vrijeme kad doživljavate sreću;
znate, ta suza u oku
06:12
you know, that tear in the eye when you're smiling at a friend.
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kad se smiješite prijatelju.
06:16
And other research has shown that older people seem to engage with sadness
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Drugo istraživanje je pokazalo
da se stariji ljudi tugom bave
ležernije.
06:21
more comfortably.
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06:22
They're more accepting of sadness than younger people are.
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Lakše prihvaćaju tugu od mlađih ljudi.
06:25
And we suspect that this may help to explain
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Sumnjamo kako bi to moglo pomoći objašnjenju
06:28
why older people are better than younger people
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zašto su stariji ljudi bolji od mlađih ljudi
06:31
at solving hotly charged emotional conflicts and debates.
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u rješavanju veoma nabijenih emocionalnih konflikata i rasprava.
Stariji ljudi mogu sagledati nepravdu
06:37
Older people can view injustice with compassion,
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sa sažaljenjem,
no ne i očajanjem.
06:42
but not despair.
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06:44
And all things being equal,
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I sve su stvari jednake,
06:46
older people direct their cognitive resources, like attention and memory,
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stariji ljudi upravljaju svojim kognitivnim izvorima,
poput pažnje i pamćenja
06:50
to positive information more than negative.
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do pozitivne informacije više od negativne.
06:53
If we show older, middle-aged, younger people images,
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Ako pokažemo starijim, mlađim i ljudima srednje dobi slike
poput ove koju vidite na ekranu
06:57
like the ones you see on the screen,
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06:59
and we later ask them to recall all the images that they can,
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i kasnije ih pitamo
da se prisjete slika koje su vidjeli,
stariji ljudi, ali ne i mlađi ljudi,
07:05
older people, but not younger people,
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07:07
remember more positive images than negative images.
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se sjećaju više pozitivnih slika
od negativnih.
07:11
We've asked older and younger people to view faces in laboratory studies,
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Upitali smo starije i mlađe ljude
da pogledaju lica u laboratorijskim istraživanjima,
neka koja se mršte, a neka koja se smiju.
07:16
some frowning, some smiling.
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07:17
Older people look toward the smiling faces and away from the frowning, angry faces.
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Stariji ljudi gledaju prema nasmiješenim licima
i miču pogled s namrštenih, ljutih lica.
U dnevnom životu,
07:24
In day-to-day life, this translates into greater enjoyment and satisfaction.
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je ovo prevedeno kao veći užitak
i zadovoljstvo.
07:31
But as social scientists, we continue to ask about possible alternatives.
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No, kao društveni znanstvenici, nastavili smo ispitivati
o mogućim alternativama.
Rekli smo da možda stariji ljudi
07:36
We've said, well, maybe older people report more positive emotions
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prijavljuju više pozitivnih emocija
07:39
because they're cognitively impaired.
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zato što su kognitivno oštećeni.
07:42
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
Rekli smo, može li biti
07:46
We've said, could it be
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07:47
that positive emotions are simply easier to process than negative emotions,
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da su pozitivne emocije jednostavno jednostavnije za obradu od negativnih emocija,
pa se prebacite na pozitivne emocije?
07:51
and so you switch to the positive emotions?
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Možda su neuralni centri u našem mozgu
07:54
Maybe our neural centers in our brain
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degradirani tako
07:56
are degraded such that we're unable to process negative emotions anymore.
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da nismo više u mogućnosti obrađivati negativne emocije.
08:00
But that's not the case.
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No to nije slučaj.
08:02
The most mentally sharp older adults
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Većina mentalno jakih starijih odraslih osoba
su oni koji najčešće pokazuju ovaj efekt pozitivnosti.
08:06
are the ones who show this positivity effect the most.
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Pod uvjetima gdje je to zaista važno,
08:10
And under conditions where it really matters,
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08:12
older people do process the negative information
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stariji ljudi obrađuju negativnu informaciju
jednako dobro kao i pozitivnu informaciju.
08:15
just as well as the positive information.
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08:17
So how can this be?
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Kako je to moguće?
U našem istraživanju,
08:21
Well, in our research,
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otkrili smo da su te promjene
08:23
we've found that these changes are grounded fundamentally
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bitno temeljene
u jedinstvenoj ljudskoj sposobnosti da kontrolira vrijeme --
08:27
in the uniquely human ability to monitor time --
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ne samo vrijeme na satu i kalendaru,
08:30
not just clock time and calendar time, but lifetime.
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već životno vrijeme.
08:34
And if there's a paradox of aging,
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I ako postoji paradoks starenja,
08:36
it's that recognizing that we won't live forever
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to je prepoznavanje da nećemo živjeti zauvijek
08:39
changes our perspective on life in positive ways.
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koje mijenja naš pogled na svijet
na pozitivne načine.
Kad su vremenski obzori dugi i nejasni,
08:45
When time horizons are long and nebulous, as they typically are in youth,
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kao što obično jesu u mladosti,
ljudi se stalno pripremaju,
08:50
people are constantly preparing,
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08:52
trying to soak up all the information they possibly can,
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pokušavajući upiti sve informacije koje mogu
riskirajući, istražujući.
08:56
taking risks, exploring.
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Možemo provoditi vrijeme s ljudima koje čak ni ne volimo
08:58
We might spend time with people we don't even like
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jer je to na neki način zanimljivo.
09:01
because it's somehow interesting.
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09:03
We might learn something unexpected.
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Možemo naučiti nešto neočekivano.
09:05
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
09:07
We go on blind dates.
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Idemo na spojeve na slijepo.
09:09
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
Znate, na kraju svega,
09:12
You know, after all,
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09:13
if it doesn't work out, there's always tomorrow.
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ako ne uspije, uvijek postoji sutra.
Ljudi iznad 50.
09:17
People over 50 don't go on blind dates.
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ne idu na spojeve na slijepo.
09:19
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
Kako starimo,
09:27
As we age, our time horizons grow shorter and our goals change.
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naši vremenski obzori se smanjuju
i naši se ciljevi mijenjaju.
09:33
When we recognize that we don't have all the time in the world,
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Kad prepoznamo da nemamo svo vrijeme ovog svijeta,
09:36
we see our priorities most clearly.
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najjasnije vidimo svoje prioritete.
Manje marimo za trivijalne stvari.
09:39
We take less notice of trivial matters.
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Uživamo u životu.
09:42
We savor life.
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Zahvalniji smo,
09:44
We're more appreciative,
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otvoreniji izmirenju.
09:46
more open to reconciliation.
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09:48
We invest in more emotionally important parts of life,
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Ulažemo u emocionalno važnije dijelove života,
09:51
and life gets better,
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i život postaje bolji,
09:54
so we're happier day-to-day.
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pa smo iz dana u dan sretniji.
09:57
But that same shift in perspective
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No taj isti pomak u perspektivi
09:59
leads us to have less tolerance than ever for injustice.
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nas vodi do manje tolerancije no ikad
za nepravdu.
Do 2015.
10:05
By 2015,
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u SAD-u će biti više ljudi
10:07
there will be more people in the United States
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koji imaju više od 60 godina
10:10
over the age of 60 than under 15.
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nego što ima ljudi ispod 15 godina.
Što će se dogoditi društvima
10:15
What will happen to societies that are top-heavy with older people?
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koja su prepuna starijim ljudima?
Brojevi neće odrediti
10:20
The numbers won't determine the outcome.
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ishod.
10:24
Culture will.
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Kultura hoće.
10:27
If we invest in science and technology
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Ako uložimo u znanost i tehnologiju
10:30
and find solutions for the real problems that older people face
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i pronađemo rješenja za stvarne probleme
s kojima se stariji ljudi suočavaju
10:35
and we capitalize on the very real strengths of older people,
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i kapitaliziramo se
na same stvarne snage
starijih ljudi,
onda dodane godine života
10:42
then added years of life can dramatically improve quality of life at all ages.
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dramatično mogu poboljšati kvalitetu života
u svim godinama.
Društva s milijunima
10:49
Societies with millions of talented, emotionally stable citizens
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talentiranih, emocionalno stabilnih stanovnika
10:53
who are healthier and better educated than any generations before them,
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koji su zdraviji i školovaniji
od bilo koje generacije prije njih,
10:58
armed with knowledge about the practical matters of life
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potkovani znanjem
o praktičnim stvarima života
11:02
and motivated to solve the big issues
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i motivirani
rješavanjem velikih problema
mogu biti bolja društva
11:07
can be better societies than we have ever known.
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no što je ikada poznato.
Moj otac, koji ima 92 godine
11:14
My father, who is 92, likes to say,
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voli reći
"Prestanimo pričati samo o
11:19
"Let's stop talking only about how to save the old folks
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tome kako spasiti starce
11:22
and start talking about how to get them to save us all."
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i počnimo pričati o tome
kako da oni spase sve nas."
Hvala vam.
11:29
Thank you.
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11:30
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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