Lesley Hazleton: The doubt essential to faith

381,174 views ใƒป 2013-06-24

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Writing biography is a strange thing to do.
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ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื–ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
00:18
It's a journey into the foreign territory
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ื–ื” ืžืกืข ืœื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ืจื”
00:20
of somebody else's life,
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ,
00:24
a journey, an exploration that can take you places
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ืžืกืข, ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชืš ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
00:26
you never dreamed of going
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ืฉืœื ื—ืœืžืช ืขืœื™ื”ื
00:29
and still can't quite believe you've been,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืš ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื,
00:31
especially if, like me, you're an agnostic Jew
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ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“, ืื ืืชื” ื›ืžื•ื ื™, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” ืื’ื ื•ืกื˜ื™ืช
00:34
and the life you've been exploring
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ืงืจืช
00:36
is that of Muhammad.
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ืžื“.
00:41
Five years ago, for instance,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ,
00:44
I found myself waking each morning in misty Seattle
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ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืกื™ืื˜ืœ ื”ืขืจืคื™ืœื™ืช
00:47
to what I knew was an impossible question:
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ืœืžื” ืฉื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืคืฉืจื™ืช:
00:50
What actually happened
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ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงืจื”
00:54
one desert night,
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ืœื™ืœื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืื—ื“,
00:55
half the world and almost half of history away?
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื—ืฆื™ ืขื•ืœื ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”?
00:59
What happened, that is,
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”, ื”ื•ื ืฉ...,
01:00
on the night in the year 610
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ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 610
01:03
when Muhammad received the first revelation of the Koran
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื—ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ
01:06
on a mountain just outside Mecca?
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ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื›ื”?
01:11
This is the core mystical moment of Islam,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ ื‘ืื™ืกืœื,
01:15
and as such, of course,
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ื•ื›ื›ื–ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
01:17
it defies empirical analysis.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืืชื’ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืืžืคื™ืจื™.
01:20
Yet the question wouldn't let go of me.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืฉืืœื” ืœื ื”ืจืคืชื” ืžืžื ื™.
01:24
I was fully aware that for someone as secular as I am,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช ื›ืžื•ื ื™,
01:27
just asking it could be seen
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ืจืง ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื” ื›ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช
01:29
as pure chutzpah.
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ื›ื—ื•ืฆืคื” ื’ืžื•ืจื”.
01:32
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:35
And I plead guilty as charged,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืืฉืžื”,
01:37
because all exploration, physical or intellectual,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื”, ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืื• ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช,
01:41
is inevitably in some sense an act of transgression,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข , ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
01:45
of crossing boundaries.
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ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
01:49
Still, some boundaries are larger than others.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื™ื.
01:55
So a human encountering the divine,
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ืื– ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืŸ-ืื ื•ืฉ ืคื•ื’ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™,
01:58
as Muslims believe Muhammad did,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืขืฉื”,
02:01
to the rationalist, this is a matter not of fact
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืกื˜, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
02:04
but of wishful fiction,
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ืืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ืœืช,
02:05
and like all of us, I like to think of myself as rational.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืœื ื•, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืœืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช.
02:09
Which might be why when I looked at the earliest accounts
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ื•ื–ื• ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:12
we have of that night,
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื”,
02:14
what struck me even more than what happened
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื“ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”
02:17
was what did not happen.
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื” ืฉืœื ืงืจื”.
02:22
Muhammad did not come floating off the mountain
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ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืœื ื™ืจื“ ืžื”ื”ืจ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจื—ืฃ
02:25
as though walking on air.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืœืš ืขืœ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
02:28
He did not run down shouting, "Hallelujah!"
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืฅ ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืขืง, "ื”ืœืœื•ื™ื”!"
02:31
and "Bless the Lord!"
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ื•"ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื”ืืœ!"
02:33
He did not radiate light and joy.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืงืจืŸ ืžืื•ืจ ื•ืžืฉืžื—ื”.
02:37
There were no choirs of angels,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื”ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœืื›ื™ื,
02:38
no music of the spheres, no elation, no ecstasy,
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ืœื 'ืžื•ืกื™ืงืช ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช', ืœื ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช, ืœื ืืงืกื˜ื–ื”,
02:42
no golden aura surrounding him,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืงืฃ ื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘,
02:45
no sense of an absolute, fore-ordained role
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ืฉื•ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช, ืื• ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื• ืžืจืืฉ
02:50
as the messenger of God.
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ื›ืฉืœื™ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ.
02:53
That is, he did none of the things
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:56
that might make it easy to cry foul,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื ืœืขื’,
02:58
to put down the whole story as a pious fable.
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ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื’ื“ื” ืงื ืื™.
03:03
Quite the contrary.
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ื”ื”ืคืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
03:06
In his own reported words,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื“ื•ื•ื—ื• ื›ืฉืœื•,
03:10
he was convinced at first
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”
03:12
that what had happened couldn't have been real.
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ืฉืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™.
03:18
At best, he thought, it had to have been a hallucination --
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘, ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ื™ื” --
03:20
a trick of the eye or the ear, perhaps,
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ืืฉืœื™ื™ื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช ืื• ืฉืžื™ืขืชื™ืช , ืื•ืœื™,
03:22
or his own mind working against him.
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ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ื• ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ื ื’ื“ื•.
03:24
At worst, possession --
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื’ืจื•ืข, ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” --
03:27
that he'd been seized by an evil jinn,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ื•ื– ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืฉื“ ืžืจื•ืฉืข,
03:29
a spirit out to deceive him,
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ืจื•ื— ืฉื‘ืื” ืœืชืขืชืข ื‘ื•,
03:31
even to crush the life out of him.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืกื—ื•ื˜ ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” .
03:34
In fact, he was so sure that he could only be majnun,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’'ื ื•ืŸ (ืžืฉื•ื’ืข),
03:37
possessed by a jinn,
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ืื—ื•ื– ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืง ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื“,
03:38
that when he found himself still alive,
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ืฉื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™,
03:40
his first impulse was to finish the job himself,
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ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•,
03:45
to leap off the highest cliff
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ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ืžื”ืฆื•ืง ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:48
and escape the terror of what he'd experienced
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ื•ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืžื”ืื™ืžื” ืฉื—ื•ื•ื”
03:52
by putting an end to all experience.
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืงืฅ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”.
03:59
So the man who fled down the mountain that night
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ืื– ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ืจื— ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื”ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืœื™ืœื”
04:02
trembled not with joy
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ืจืขื“ ื•ืœื ืžืฉืžื—ื”
04:04
but with a stark, primordial fear.
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ืืœื ืžืคื—ื“ ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ ื—ื–ืง.
04:09
He was overwhelmed not with conviction, but by doubt.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืœื ืžื™ื“ื™ืขื”, ืืœื ืžืกืคืง.
04:15
And that panicked disorientation,
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ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœ,
04:18
that sundering of everything familiar,
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ืฉื ื™ืชืง ืื•ืชื• ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื›ืจ,
04:20
that daunting awareness of something
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ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื–ื• ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืžื•ืจื
04:24
beyond human comprehension,
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
04:27
can only be called a terrible awe.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืงืจื ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื™ืจืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื ื•ืจืื”.
04:34
This might be somewhat difficult to grasp
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ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื ื”
04:37
now that we use the word "awesome"
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ื›ืขืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ื ื•ืจื" (ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืจืื”)
04:39
to describe a new app or a viral video.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ ืื• ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื•ื™ืจืืœื™.
04:44
With the exception perhaps of a massive earthquake,
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ืœื‘ื“ ืื•ืœื™ ืžืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช,
04:47
we're protected from real awe.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ืžื™ืจืื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
04:49
We close the doors and hunker down,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืชื•ืคืคื™ื,
04:51
convinced that we're in control,
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ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”,
04:54
or, at least, hoping for control.
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ืื•, ืœืคื—ื•ืช, ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
04:57
We do our best to ignore the fact that
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉ...
04:59
we don't always have it,
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ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื–ื”,
05:01
and that not everything can be explained.
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ื•ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ.
05:04
Yet whether you're a rationalist or a mystic,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื” ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืกื˜ ืื• ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ,
05:08
whether you think the words Muhammad heard that night
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ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืฉืžืข ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื”
05:10
came from inside himself or from outside,
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ื‘ืื• ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื• ืื• ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
05:15
what's clear is that he did experience them,
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื
05:19
and that he did so with a force that would shatter
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ื•ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืขื ื›ื•ื— ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื ืคืฅ
05:22
his sense of himself and his world
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ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื•
05:24
and transform this otherwise modest man
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ื•ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืฆื ื•ืข ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช
05:27
into a radical advocate for social and economic justice.
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ืœืชื•ืžืš ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ ื‘ืฆื“ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™.
05:34
Fear was the only sane response,
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ืคื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืคื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”,
05:39
the only human response.
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ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
05:44
Too human for some,
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ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ื™ื,
05:47
like conservative Muslim theologians who maintain that
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ,ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื
05:49
the account of his wanting to kill himself
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ืฉื”ืชืื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•
05:51
shouldn't even be mentioned, despite the fact
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ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
05:54
that it's in the earliest Islamic biographies.
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ืฉื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืกืœืืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:58
They insist that he never doubted
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ื”ื ืžืชืขืงืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืคืงืคืง
06:01
for even a single moment, let alone despaired.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืจื’ืข ืื—ื“, ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื ื ื›ื ืข ืœื™ื™ืื•ืฉ.
06:08
Demanding perfection, they refuse to tolerate
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ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืฉืœืžื•ืช, ื”ื ืžืกืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื
06:11
human imperfection.
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ืขื ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
06:16
Yet what, exactly, is imperfect about doubt?
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ืืš ืžื”, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง, ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœื ื‘ืกืคืง?
06:23
As I read those early accounts, I realized it was
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ื›ืฉืงืจืืชื™ ืชืื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืืœื”, ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื”
06:26
precisely Muhammad's doubt that brought him alive for me,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืกืคืง ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื” ืื•ืชื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื™,
06:30
that allowed me to begin to see him in full,
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ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื,
06:33
to accord him the integrity of reality.
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ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ืืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
06:36
And the more I thought about it,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
06:38
the more it made sense that he doubted,
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคืง,
06:41
because doubt is essential to faith.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืกืคืง ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืืžื•ื ื”.
06:48
If this seems a startling idea at first,
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ืื ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
06:51
consider that doubt, as Graham Greene once put it,
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ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืกืคืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื’ืจื”ืื ื’ืจื™ืŸ ื ื™ืกื— ื–ืืช ืคืขื,
06:54
is the heart of the matter.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
06:58
Abolish all doubt, and what's left is not faith,
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ื‘ื˜ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืงื•ืช, ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื–ื• ืœื ืืžื•ื ื”,
07:03
but absolute, heartless conviction.
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ืืœื ื”ืจืฉืขื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื•ื—ืกืจืช ืœื‘.
07:08
You're certain that you possess the Truth --
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ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื. ืฉืืชื ืื•ื—ื–ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช --
07:12
inevitably offered with an implied uppercase T --
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ืฉืžื•ืฆืขืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข ืขื ื' ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช --
07:16
and this certainty quickly devolves
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ื•ื–ื• ืœื‘ื˜ื— ืžืชื“ืจื“ืจืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
07:19
into dogmatism and righteousness,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆื“ืงื ื•ืช,
07:22
by which I mean a demonstrative, overweening pride
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ืฉื‘ื–ืืช ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื’ืื•ื•ื” ื™ื”ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืคื’ื ืชื™ืช
07:26
in being so very right,
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ื‘ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฆื•ื“ืง,
07:30
in short, the arrogance of fundamentalism.
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ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื”ืฉื—ืฆื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื–ื.
07:38
It has to be one of the multiple ironies of history
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ื–ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
07:42
that a favorite expletive of Muslim fundamentalists
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ืฉืื•ืชื” ืงืœื™ืฉืื” ืฉื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืงื ืื™ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื
07:45
is the same one once used by the Christian fundamentalists
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ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืื—ืช ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืงื ืื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื
07:49
known as Crusaders:
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ืฉืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ื:
07:51
"infidel," from the Latin for "faithless."
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"ื›ื•ืคืจ (infidel)" ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœ"ื—ืกืจ ืืžื•ื ื”".
07:57
Doubly ironic, in this case, because their absolutism
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ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื›ืคืœื™ื™ื, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ืฉื”ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™ื–ื ืฉืœื”ื
08:01
is in fact the opposite of faith.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื”ืคืš ืžืืžื•ื ื”.
08:06
In effect, they are the infidels.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ื”ื™ื ื ื”ื›ื•ืคืจื™ื.
08:11
Like fundamentalists of all religious stripes,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื,
08:14
they have no questions, only answers.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืฉืืœื•ืช, ืจืง ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
08:18
They found the perfect antidote to thought
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ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”
08:21
and the ideal refuge of the hard demands of real faith.
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ื•ืืช ื”ืžืคืœื˜ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืžื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
08:25
They don't have to struggle for it like Jacob
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ื”ื ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง ืœืžืขื ื” ื›ืžื• ื™ืขืงื‘
08:27
wrestling through the night with the angel,
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ืฉื ืื‘ืง ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืขื ื”ืžืœืืš,
08:29
or like Jesus in his 40 days and nights in the wilderness,
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ืื• ื›ืžื• ื™ืฉื• ื‘-40 ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ,
08:32
or like Muhammad, not only that night on the mountain,
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ืื• ื›ืžื• ืžื•ื—ืžื“, ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจ,
08:35
but throughout his years as a prophet,
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ืืœื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ื ื‘ื™ื.
08:38
with the Koran constantly urging him not to despair,
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ืขื ื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื“ื•ื—ืง ื‘ื• ืœื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืืฉ,
08:42
and condemning those who most loudly proclaim
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ื•ืžื’ื ื™ื ืืช ืžื™ ืฉืžื›ืจื™ื– ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ืจื
08:45
that they know everything there is to know
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื“ืขืช
08:49
and that they and they alone are right.
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ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื ื•ืจืง ื”ื, ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื.
08:56
And yet we, the vast and still far too silent majority,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืื ื•, ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืงื˜ ืžื“ื™,
09:03
have ceded the public arena to this extremist minority.
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ื•ื™ืชืจื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
09:09
We've allowed Judaism to be claimed
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ืืคืฉืจื ื• ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ื“ื‘ืจื• ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืžื”,
09:11
by violently messianic West Bank settlers,
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ืžืชื ื—ืœื™ื ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช,
09:15
Christianity by homophobic hypocrites
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ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื
09:18
and misogynistic bigots,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืงื ืื™ื ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ื ื™ื™ื,
09:21
Islam by suicide bombers.
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ืœืื™ืกืœืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืชืื‘ื“ื™ื.
09:26
And we've allowed ourselves to be blinded to the fact that
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ื•ืืคืฉืจื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื•. ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
09:28
no matter whether they claim to be Christians,
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ืฉืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื ื”ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื,
09:31
Jews or Muslims,
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ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืื• ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื,
09:32
militant extremists are none of the above.
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ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ืืœื”.
09:38
They're a cult all their own, blood brothers
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ื”ื ื›ืช ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื, ืื—ื™ื ื‘ื“ื
09:44
steeped in other people's blood.
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ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื“ืžื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
09:49
This isn't faith.
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ื–ื• ืื™ื ื ื” ืืžื•ื ื”.
09:51
It's fanaticism, and we have to stop confusing the two.
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ื–ื• ืคื ืื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื.
09:56
We have to recognize that real faith has no easy answers.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช.
10:01
It's difficult and stubborn.
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ื”ื™ื ืงืฉื” ื•ืขืงืฉื ื™ืช.
10:06
It involves an ongoing struggle,
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืžืชืžืฉืš,
10:08
a continual questioning of what we think we know,
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ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžืชืžื“ืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
10:11
a wrestling with issues and ideas.
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ืžืื‘ืง ืขื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
10:13
It goes hand in hand with doubt,
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื“ ืขื ืกืคืง,
10:17
in a never-ending conversation with it,
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ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื’ืžืจืช ืืชื•.
10:20
and sometimes in conscious defiance of it.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืจืกื” ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
10:26
And this conscious defiance is why I, as an agnostic,
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ื•ื”ืชืจืกื” ืžื•ื“ืขืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื , ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื™, ื›ืื’ื ื•ืกื˜ื™ืช,
10:31
can still have faith.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืืžื•ื ื”.
10:35
I have faith, for instance, that peace in the Middle East
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืืžื•ื ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
10:38
is possible despite the ever-accumulating mass of evidence
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ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช
10:43
to the contrary.
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ืฉื”ื”ืคืš ืžื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”.
10:46
I'm not convinced of this.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขืช ื‘ื–ื”.
10:48
I can hardly say I believe it.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ื–ื”.
10:50
I can only have faith in it,
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ืื ื™ ืจืง ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืš.
10:52
commit myself, that is, to the idea of it,
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ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
10:56
and I do this precisely because of the temptation
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื™
10:59
to throw up my hands in resignation
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ืœื”ืจื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื•ื•ืชืจ.
11:01
and retreat into silence.
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ื•ืœืกื’ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื“ืžืžื”.
11:05
Because despair is self-fulfilling.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืื•ืฉ ืžื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
11:09
If we call something impossible,
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
11:12
we act in such a way that we make it so.
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ืื ื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ืืช, ืฉื ื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืš.
11:16
And I, for one, refuse to live that way.
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ื•ืื ื™, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืกืจื‘ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ื›ื”.
11:21
In fact, most of us do,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช,
11:24
whether we're atheist or theist
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืืชืื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืื• ืชืื™ืกื˜ื™ื
11:27
or anywhere in between or beyond, for that matter,
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ืื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืื• ืžืขื‘ืจ, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
11:31
what drives us is that, despite our doubts
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ืžื” ืฉืžื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื ื• ื–ื” ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืกืคืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
11:36
and even because of our doubts,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืกืคืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
11:38
we reject the nihilism of despair.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ.
11:42
We insist on faith in the future
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ืื ื• ืžืชืขืงืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“
11:46
and in each other.
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™.
11:50
Call this naive if you like.
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ืงืจืื• ืœื–ื” ื ืื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืื ืชืจืฆื•.
11:54
Call it impossibly idealistic if you must.
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ืงืจืื• ืœื–ื” ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืื ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื.
11:57
But one thing is sure:
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—:
11:59
Call it human.
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ืงืจืื• ืœื–ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
12:03
Could Muhammad have so radically changed his world
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ื”ืื ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™
12:06
without such faith, without the refusal
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ืœืœื ืืžื•ื ื” ื›ื–ื•, ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืกื™ืจื•ื‘
12:09
to cede to the arrogance of closed-minded certainty?
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ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฆืจืช-ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ื?
12:13
I think not.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืš.
12:17
After keeping company with him as a writer
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืชื• ื›ืกื•ืคืจืช
12:19
for the past five years, I can't see
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช
12:22
that he'd be anything but utterly outraged
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ืขื ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“
12:27
at the militant fundamentalists who claim to speak
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ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืชื™ื™ืžืจื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ
12:30
and act in his name in the Middle East and elsewhere today.
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ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืžื• ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
12:36
He'd be appalled at the repression of half the population
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื“ืขื–ืข ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”
12:40
because of their gender.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื.
12:43
He'd be torn apart by the bitter divisiveness of sectarianism.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ืงืจืข ืœื’ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื”ืขื“ืชื™ ื”ืžืจ.
12:51
He'd call out terrorism for what it is,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืžื•
12:54
not only criminal but an obscene travesty
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ืœื ืจืง ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ืืœื ื›ื ื›ืœืขื’ ื’ืก
12:59
of everything he believed in and struggled for.
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื—ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื•.
13:03
He'd say what the Koran says: Anyone who takes a life
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ : ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ื•ื˜ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื
13:09
takes the life of all humanity.
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ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
13:12
Anyone who saves a life, saves the life of all humanity.
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
13:19
And he'd commit himself fully
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
13:22
to the hard and thorny process of making peace.
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ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ืกื‘ื•ืš ื•ื”ื“ื•ืงืจื ื™ ืฉืœ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื.
13:29
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
13:31
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:35
Thank you. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื”. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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