What separates us from chimpanzees? | Jane Goodall

525,058 views ใƒป 2007-05-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yochai Blumenfeld ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:26
Good morning everyone. First of all, it's been fantastic
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ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื›ื•ืœื. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช -- ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืคืœื
00:30
being here over these past few days.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
00:33
And secondly, I feel it's a great honor to kind of wind up
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช, ื–ื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ื
00:37
this extraordinary gathering of people,
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ืืช ื”ืืกื™ืคื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ื–ืืช --
00:39
these amazing talks that we've had.
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ื”ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื ื•.
00:42
I feel that I've fitted in, in many ways,
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ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ืชืืžืชื™, ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
00:45
to some of the things that I've heard.
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ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™.
00:48
I came directly here
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ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืœื“ืจืš -- ื‘ืืชื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจ ืœื›ืืŸ
00:52
from the deep, deep tropical rainforest in Ecuador,
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ืžืชื•ืš ืขืžืงื™-ืขืžืงื™ ื™ืขืจ ื”ื’ืฉื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืืงื•ื•ื“ื•ืจ,
00:57
where I was out -- you could only get there by a plane --
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ -- ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื ืจืง ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืก --
01:00
with indigenous people with paint on their faces
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ืขื ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ืฆื‘ืข ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื
01:04
and parrot feathers on their headdresses,
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ื•ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื”ื.
01:06
where these people are fighting to try and keep the oil companies,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜,
01:11
and keep the roads, out of their forests.
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ื•ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉืืจื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
01:15
They're fighting to develop their own way of living within the forest
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ื”ื ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ืœืคืชื— ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืขืจ
01:19
in a world that's clean, a world that isn't contaminated,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืงื™, ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืจืขืœ,
01:22
a world that isn't polluted.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื–ื•ื”ื.
01:25
And what was so amazing to me, and what fits right in
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™, ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืชืื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจ
01:28
with what we're all talking about here at TED,
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ืืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ TED,
01:31
is that there, right in the middle of this rainforest,
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ื”ื•ื, ืฉืžืžืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื™ืขืจ ื”ื’ืฉื,
01:34
was some solar panels -- the first in that part of Ecuador --
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ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืงื•ืœื˜ ืฉืžืฉ -- ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืงื•ื•ื“ื•ืจ --
01:39
and that was mainly to bring water up by pump
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ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื”
01:42
so that the women wouldn't have to go down.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื ื” ืœืจื“ืช.
01:44
The water was cleaned, but because they got a lot of batteries,
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ื”ืžื™ื ื ื•ืงื•, ืื‘ืœ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช
01:47
they were able to store a lot of electricity.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืื’ื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืฉืžืœ.
01:50
So every house -- and there were, I think, eight houses
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ื›ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช -- ื•ื”ื™ื• ืฉื, ื ื“ืžื” ืœื™, ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื™ื
01:52
in this little community -- could have light
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช -- ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืื•ืจ
01:55
for, I think it was about half an hour each evening.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš, ื ื“ืžื” ืœื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืจื‘.
01:58
And there is the Chief, in all his regal finery, with a laptop computer.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’, ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื ื™ื™ื“.
02:04
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:06
And this man, he has been outside, but he's gone back,
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ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืจ,
02:11
and he was saying, "You know, we have suddenly jumped into
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืืช ื™ื•ื“ืขืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืชืื•ื ืงืคืฆื ื• ืœืชื•ืš
02:17
a whole new era, and we didn't even know about the white man
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ืชืงื•ืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืœื‘ืŸ
02:21
50 years ago, and now here we are with laptop computers,
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ืœืคื ื™ 50 ืฉื ื”, ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื,
02:24
and there are some things we want to learn from the modern world.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
02:27
We want to know about health care.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
02:30
We want to know about what other people do -- we're interested in it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื -- ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”.
02:34
And we want to learn other languages.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉืคื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช.
02:36
We want to know English and French and perhaps Chinese,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืกื™ื ื™ืช,
02:40
and we're good at languages."
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช."
02:42
So there he is with his little laptop computer,
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื•,
02:46
but fighting against the might of the pressures --
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืœื—ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืœื—ืฆื™ื --
02:50
because of the debt, the foreign debt of Ecuador --
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืืงื•ื•ื“ื•ืจ --
02:53
fighting the pressure of World Bank, IMF, and of course
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ื ืœื—ื ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
02:57
the people who want to exploit the forests and take out the oil.
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื•ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื ืคื˜.
03:02
And so, coming directly from there to here.
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ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ืื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื ืœื›ืืŸ.
03:06
But, of course, my real field of expertise
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™
03:09
lies in an even different kind of civilization --
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ื ืžืฆื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” --
03:13
I can't really call it a civilization.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
03:16
A different way of life, a different being.
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ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื”, ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
03:20
We've talked earlier -- this wonderful talk by Wade Davis
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืงื•ื“ื -- ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ื ืคืœืื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ืก
03:25
about the different cultures of the humans around the world --
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ืขืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื --
03:28
but the world is not composed only of human beings;
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื,
03:33
there are also other animal beings.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:35
And I propose to bring into this TED conference,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื›ื ืก ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ TED,
03:38
as I always do around the world, the voice of the animal kingdom.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืืช ืงื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:42
Too often we just see a few slides, or a bit of film,
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช, ืื• ืงื˜ืข ืกืจื˜,
03:45
but these beings have voices that mean something.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•.
03:48
And so, I want to give you a greeting,
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ื•ื›ืš, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ืจืš ืืชื›ื,
03:50
as from a chimpanzee in the forests of Tanzania --
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ื›ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื˜ื ื–ื ื™ื” --
03:54
Ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh!
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(ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืงื•ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื)
04:01
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
04:10
I've been studying chimpanzees in Tanzania since 1960.
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ื—ืงืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื ื–ื ื™ื” ืžืื– 1960.
04:15
During that time, there have been modern technologies
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช
04:19
that have really transformed the way
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ
04:21
that field biologists do their work.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื.
04:24
For example, for the first time, a few years ago,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื
04:27
by simply collecting little fecal samples
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืฆื•ืื”
04:30
we were able to have them analyzed -- to have DNA profiling done --
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื ืชื— ืื•ืชื -- ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ DNA --
04:35
so for the first time, we actually know which male chimps
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ื–ื” ืžื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื
04:39
are the fathers of each individual infant.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืื‘ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืจ.
04:42
Because the chimps have a very promiscuous mating society.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชื™ืจื ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช.
04:46
So this opens up a whole new avenue of research.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ.
04:49
And we use GSI -- geographic whatever it is, GSI --
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ GSI -- ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขื ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”, GSI --
04:56
to determine the range of the chimps.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื.
05:00
And we're using -- you can see that I'm not really into this kind of stuff --
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื -- ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชืžืฆืืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” --
05:06
but we're using satellite imagery
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืฆืœื•ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ
05:09
to look at the deforestation in the area.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ.
05:12
And of course, there's developments in infrared,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืชืช-ืื“ื•ื,
05:15
so you can watch animals at night,
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”,
05:17
and equipment for recording by video,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืื•,
05:20
and tape recording is getting lighter and better.
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ื•ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:23
So in many, many ways, we can do things today
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื
05:26
that we couldn't do when I began in 1960.
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื‘ 1960.
05:31
Especially when chimpanzees, and other animals
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
05:34
with large brains, are studied in captivity,
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ืขื ืžื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื ื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™,
05:36
modern technology is helping us to search
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื—ืคืฉ
05:41
for the upper levels of cognition in some of these non-human animals.
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ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืœื-ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
05:45
So that we know today, they're capable of performances
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื
05:49
that would have been thought absolutely impossible
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื
05:51
by science when I began.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ืข ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™.
05:54
I think the chimpanzee in captivity who is the most skilled
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืžื“ื•ืจื’ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”
05:58
in intellectual performance is one called Ai in Japan --
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉื ืื™ื™ ื‘ื™ืคืŸ --
06:02
her name means love --
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืžื” ื”ื•ื ืื”ื‘ื” --
06:04
and she has a wonderfully sensitive partner working with her.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” "ืฉื•ืชืคื”" ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืื™ืชื”.
06:08
She loves her computer --
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ื”ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื” --
06:10
she'll leave her big group, and her running water,
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ื”ื™ื ืชืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื”, ื•ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื,
06:13
and her trees and everything.
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ื•ืืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ื›ืœ.
06:15
And she'll come in to sit at this computer --
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ืืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ --
06:17
it's like a video game for a kid; she's hooked.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื™ืœื“, ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื•ืจื” ืœื–ื”.
06:19
She's 28, by the way, and she does things with her computer screen
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช 28, ืื’ื‘, ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ืžืกืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื”
06:23
and a touch pad that she can do faster than most humans.
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ื•ืžืฉื˜ื— ืžื’ืข ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
06:29
She does very complex tasks, and I haven't got time to go into them,
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ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคืจื˜ ืื•ืชืŸ,
06:34
but the amazing thing about this female is
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื
06:36
she doesn't like making mistakes.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื˜ืขื•ืช.
06:40
If she has a bad run, and her score isn't good,
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ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืœื ืžื•ืฆืœื—, ื•ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘,
06:43
she'll come and reach up and tap on the glass --
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ื”ื™ื ืชื‘ื•ื ื•ืชื•ืฉื™ื˜ ืืช ื™ื“ื” ื•ืชืงื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช --
06:45
because she can't see the experimenter --
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ --
06:47
which is asking to have another go.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
06:50
And her concentration -- she's already concentrated hard
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ื•ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืฉืœื” -- ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืจื›ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“
06:53
for 20 minutes or so, and now she wants to do it all over again,
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ืœืžืฉืš 20 ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขืจืš, ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ืฉื•ื‘,
06:57
just for the satisfaction of having done it better.
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ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืฉืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:00
And the food is not important -- she does get a tiny reward,
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ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ -- ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืคืจืก ืžื–ืขืจื™,
07:03
like one raisin for a correct response --
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ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ืžื•ืง ืื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” --
07:06
but she will do it for nothing, if you tell her beforehand.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืชืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœืœื ืชืžื•ืจื”, ืื ืชืกืคืจ ืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืžืจืืฉ.
07:10
So here we are, a chimpanzee using a computer.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืื ื—ื ื•, ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘.
07:15
Chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans also learn human sign language.
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ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื•ืช, ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื•ืช, ืื•ืจื ื’-ืื•ื˜ื ื’ ื’ื ืœืžื“ื• ืฉืคืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
07:19
But the point is that when I was first in Gombe in 1960 --
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืžื‘ื” ื‘1960 --
07:24
I remember so well, so vividly, as though it was yesterday --
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืืชืžื•ืœ --
07:28
the first time, when I was going through the vegetation,
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ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื”,
07:31
the chimpanzees were still running away from me, for the most part,
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ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžืžื ื™, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ,
07:34
although some were a little bit acclimatized --
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื›ืžื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืงืฆืช ื”ืกืชื’ืœื• --
07:38
and I saw this dark shape, hunched over a termite mound,
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ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื“ืžื•ืช ื›ื”ื”, ื’ื•ื—ื ืช ืžืขืœ ืกื•ืœืœืช ื˜ืจืžื™ื˜ื™ื
07:42
and I peered with my binoculars.
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ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ืชื™ ื‘ื” ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืžืฉืงืคืช.
07:44
It was, fortunately, one adult male whom I'd named David Greybeard --
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืฉืงืจืืชื™ ืœื• ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ื’ืจื™ื™ื‘ื™ืจื“ (=ื–ืงืŸ ืืคื•ืจ) --
07:49
and by the way, science at that time was telling me that I shouldn't name the chimps;
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื”ืžื“ืข ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืชืช ืฉืžื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื,
07:52
they should all have numbers; that was more scientific.
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืขื™.
07:54
Anyway, David Greybeard -- and I saw that
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ื’ืจื™ื™ื‘ื™ืจื“ -- ื•ืจืื™ืชื™
07:57
he was picking little pieces of grass and using them
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืงื— ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฉื‘ ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื
08:01
to fish termites from their underground nest.
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ืœืฆื•ื“ ื˜ืจืžื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงืŸ ื”ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ ืฉืœื”ื.
08:04
And not only that -- he would sometimes pick a leafy twig
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ื•ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ -- ื”ื•ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ืงื— ืขื ืฃ ื‘ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื
08:07
and strip the leaves --
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ื•ื™ืกื™ืจ ืืช ืขืœื™ื•.
08:09
modifying an object to make it suitable for a specific purpose --
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ื --
08:12
the beginning of tool-making.
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ื–ื• ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื™.
08:15
The reason this was so exciting and such a breakthrough
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืจื’ืฉ ื•ื›ื–ื• ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš
08:17
is at that time, it was thought that humans,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืื“ื,
08:20
and only humans, used and made tools.
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ื•ืจืง ื”ืื“ื, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ื›ืœื™ื.
08:23
When I was at school, we were defined as man, the toolmaker.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื›ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืœื™ื.
08:27
So that when Louis Leakey, my mentor, heard this news,
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ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื•ืื™ืก ืœื™ืงื™, ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœื™, ืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
08:31
he said, "Ah, we must now redefine 'man,' redefine 'tool,'
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืื“ื, ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืœื™,
08:34
or accept chimpanzees as humans."
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ืื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื."
08:37
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:39
We now know that at Gombe alone, there are nine different ways
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื‘ื’ื•ืžื‘ื” ืœื‘ื“, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืชืฉืข ื“ืจื›ื™ื
08:43
in which chimpanzees use different objects for different purposes.
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
08:47
Moreover, we know that in different parts of Africa,
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ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
08:49
wherever chimps have been studied,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ื—ืงืจื• ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื,
08:51
there are completely different tool-using behaviors.
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ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื.
08:56
And because it seems that these patterns are passed
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ื•ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื
08:59
from one generation to the next, through observation,
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ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช,
09:02
imitation and practice -- that is a definition of human culture.
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ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ื•ืื™ืžื•ืŸ -- ื”ืจื™ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
09:07
What we find is that over these 40-odd years
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ื” ื”ืืœื”
09:11
that I and others have been studying chimpanzees
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื—ืงืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื
09:14
and the other great apes, and, as I say, other mammals
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ื•ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื’ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช, ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
09:17
with complex brains and social systems,
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ืขื ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
09:20
we have found that after all, there isn't a sharp line
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืงื• ื—ื“
09:24
dividing humans from the rest of the animal kingdom.
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ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืฉืืจ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
09:27
It's a very wuzzy line.
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ื–ื”ื• ืงื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉ.
09:29
It's getting wuzzier all the time as we find animals doing things
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืข"ื— ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
09:32
that we, in our arrogance, used to think was just human.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื•, ื‘ื™ื”ื™ืจื•ืชื ื•, ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื ืจืง ื”ืื“ื.
09:37
The chimps -- there's no time to discuss their fascinating lives --
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ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื -- ืื™ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืžืจืชืงื™ื --
09:41
but they have this long childhood, five years
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื”, ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื
09:44
of suckling and sleeping with the mother,
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ืฉืœ ื™ื ื™ืงื” ื•ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื” ืขื ื”ืืžื,
09:46
and then another three, four or five years
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ื•ืื– ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ืืจื‘ืข, ืื• ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื
09:48
of emotional dependence on her, even when the next child is born.
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ืฉืœ ืชืœื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื‘ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืœื“.
09:53
The importance of learning in that time, when behavior is flexible --
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื’ืžื™ืฉื” --
09:56
and there's an awful lot to learn in chimpanzee society.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื.
10:00
The long-term affectionate supportive bonds
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ืงืฉืจ ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืืจื•ืš-ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื—
10:03
that develop throughout this long childhood with the mother,
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ื”ืžืชืคืชื— ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืขื ื”ืื,
10:06
with the brothers and sisters,
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ืขื ื”ืื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช,
10:08
and which can last through a lifetime,
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ื•ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื,
10:11
which may be up to 60 years.
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ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ 60 ืฉื ื”.
10:13
They can actually live longer than 60 in captivity,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 60 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™,
10:16
so we've only done 40 years in the wild so far.
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ืืš ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื 40 ืฉื ื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
10:19
And we find chimps are capable of true compassion and altruism.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืžืœื” ื•ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื.
10:25
We find in their non-verbal communication -- this is very rich --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื -- ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ --
10:29
they have a lot of sounds, which they use in different circumstances,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื•ืœื•ืช, ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
10:34
but they also use touch, posture, gesture,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืข, ืคื•ื–ื•ืช, ืžื—ื•ื•ืช,
10:36
and what do they do?
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
10:38
They kiss; they embrace; they hold hands.
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ื”ื ืžื ืฉืงื™ื, ื”ื ืžื—ื‘ืงื™ื, ื”ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
10:40
They pat one another on the back; they swagger; they shake their fist --
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ื”ื ื˜ื•ืคื—ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ื, ื”ื ืžืชืจื‘ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ื ืžื ื•ืคืคื™ื ื‘ืื’ืจื•ืคื™ื”ื --
10:43
the kind of things that we do,
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ืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื --
10:46
and they do them in the same kind of context.
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ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ.
10:49
They have very sophisticated cooperation.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.
10:51
Sometimes they hunt -- not that often,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ืฆื“ื™ื -- ืœื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš,
10:54
but when they hunt, they show sophisticated cooperation,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘,
10:57
and they share the prey.
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ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืจืฃ.
11:00
We find that they show emotions, similar to -- maybe sometimes the same --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืจืื™ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื -- ืื•ืœื™ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื --
11:06
as those that we describe in ourselves as happiness, sadness, fear, despair.
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ืœืืœื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืืจื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื• ื›ืฉืžื—ื”, ืขืฆื‘ื•ืช, ืคื—ื“, ื™ืื•ืฉ.
11:11
They know mental as well as physical suffering.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื‘ืœ ื ืคืฉื™ ื›ืžื• ืกื‘ืœ ื’ื•ืคื ื™.
11:13
And I don't have time to go into the information
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื
11:16
that will prove some of these things to you,
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
11:18
save to say that there are very bright students, in the best universities,
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ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:22
studying emotions in animals, studying personalities in animals.
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ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
11:26
We know that chimpanzees and some other creatures
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื•ื›ืžื” ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
11:29
can recognize themselves in mirrors -- "self" as opposed to "other."
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืžืจืื” -- ืขืฆืžื ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืื—ืจ.
11:34
They have a sense of humor, and these are the kind of things
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ, ื•ืืœื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
11:38
which traditionally have been thought of as human prerogatives.
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ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื“ื.
11:44
But this teaches us a new respect -- and it's a new respect
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ื–ื” ืžืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืชืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ -- ื•ื–ื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ
11:49
not only for the chimpanzees, I suggest,
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ืœื ืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื, ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืขื”,
11:52
but some of the other amazing animals with whom we share this planet.
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ืืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืชื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
11:56
Once we're prepared to admit that after all,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ,
11:59
we're not the only beings with personalities, minds
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช,
12:02
and above all feelings, and then we start to think
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ื•ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ - ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
12:04
about ways we use and abuse
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ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื•ืžื ืฆืœื™ื
12:06
so many other sentient, sapient creatures on this planet,
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืชื‘ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื”,
12:12
it really gives cause for deep shame, at least for me.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ื•ืชืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื•ืฉื” ืขืžื•ืงื”, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื™.
12:19
So, the sad thing is that these chimpanzees --
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื”ืืœื” --
12:23
who've perhaps taught us, more than any other creature, a little humility --
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื•, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื—ืจ, ืžืขื˜ ืขื ื•ื•ื” --
12:27
are in the wild, disappearing very fast.
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“.
12:30
They're disappearing for the reasons
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ื”ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช
12:32
that all of you in this room know only too well.
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ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™.
12:35
The deforestation, the growth of human populations, needing more land.
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ื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช, ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืื“ืžื”.
12:40
They're disappearing because some timber companies
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ื”ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื
12:43
go in with clear-cutting.
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ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื” ื•ืžื•ื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœ.
12:45
They're disappearing in the heart of their range in Africa
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ื”ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”
12:49
because the big multinational logging companies have come in and made roads --
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื ืกื• ืคื ื™ืžื” ื•ื‘ื ื• ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื --
12:54
as they want to do in Ecuador
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืืงื•ื•ื“ื•ืจ
12:56
and other parts where the forests remain untouched --
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ื•ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื˜ืจื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื --
12:59
to take out oil or timber.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื ืคื˜ ืื• ืขืฆื™ื.
13:03
And this has led in Congo basin, and other parts of the world,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื ื”ืจ ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ื•ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
13:08
to what is known as the bush-meat trade.
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ืœืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื bush-meat (=ื‘ืฉืจ ืฆื™ื“)
13:10
This means that although for hundreds, perhaps thousands of years,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
13:14
people have lived in those forests, or whatever habitat it is,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช, ืื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื”,
13:18
in harmony with their world, just killing the animals they need
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ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืจืง ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
13:21
for themselves and their families --
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ืœืขืฆืžื ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื --
13:23
now, suddenly, because of the roads,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืคืชืื•ื, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื,
13:26
the hunters can go in from the towns.
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ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ืžื”ืขืจื™ื.
13:28
They shoot everything, every single thing that moves
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืœ, ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื–
13:31
that's bigger than a small rat; they sun-dry it or smoke it.
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ืื ื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื—ื•ืœื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื”, ื”ื ืžื™ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉืžืฉ ืื• ืžืขืฉื ื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
13:36
And now they've got transport; they take it on the logging trucks
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื—, ื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืžืฉืื™ืช ื ื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื™ื
13:39
or the mining trucks into the towns where they sell it.
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ืื• ืžืฉืื™ืช ื”ื›ืจื™ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขืจื™ื ื•ืฉื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
13:43
And people will pay more for bush-meat, as it's called,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉืœืžื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืจ-ืฆื™ื“, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื”,
13:48
than for domestic meat -- it's culturally preferred.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืชื™ -- ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื–ื” ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ.
13:51
And it's not sustainable, and the huge logging camps in the forest
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ื–ื” ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“, ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช
13:55
are now demanding meat, so the Pygmy hunters in the Congo basin
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืจ, ืื– ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ื’ืžื™ ื‘ื ื”ืจ ืงื•ื ื’ื•
13:59
who've lived there with their wonderful way of living
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ืฉื—ื™ื• ืฉื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืคืœืื” ืฉืœื”ื
14:03
for so many hundreds of years are now corrupted.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื - ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื”ืจืกื™ื.
14:06
They're given weapons; they shoot for the logging camps; they get money.
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ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื ืฉืง, ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืกืฃ.
14:09
Their culture is being destroyed,
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ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื ื”ืจืกืช,
14:12
along with the animals upon whom they depend.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื.
14:15
So, when the logging camp moves, there's nothing left.
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ืื–, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ื ื” ื›ืจื™ืชืช ืขืฆื™ื ื ื•ืกืข, ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ื›ืœื•ื.
14:18
We talked already about the loss of human cultural diversity,
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื‘ื“ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช,
14:21
and I've seen it happening with my own eyes.
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ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื• ืขื™ื ื™.
14:24
And the grim picture in Africa -- I love Africa,
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืขื’ื•ืžื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” -- ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
14:28
and what do we see in Africa?
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ื•ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”?
14:30
We see deforestation;
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช,
14:33
we see the desert spreading; we see massive hunger;
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชืคืฉื˜, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืจืขื‘ ื”ืžื•ื ื™,
14:38
we see disease and we see population growth in areas
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื
14:42
where there are more people living on a certain piece of land
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ืกืช ืงืจืงืข ืื—ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื
14:46
than the land can possibly support,
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ืžืฉื”ืื“ืžื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืืช,
14:48
and they're too poor to buy food from elsewhere.
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ื•ื”ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
14:51
Were the people that we heard about yesterday,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉืžืขื ื• ืืชืžื•ืœ,
14:54
on the Easter Island, who cut down their last tree -- were they stupid?
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ื‘ืื™ ื”ืคืกื—ื, ืฉื›ืจืชื• ืืช ื”ืขืฅ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื -- ื”ืื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ื?
14:58
Didn't they know what was happening?
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ื”ืื ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”?
15:00
Of course, but if you've seen the crippling poverty
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ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื›ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืจื
15:02
in some of these parts of the world
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ื‘ืื•ืชื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
15:04
it isn't a question of "Let's leave the tree for tomorrow."
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ืื™ืŸ ืคื” ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ -- ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืฅ ืœืžื—ืจ.
15:07
"How am I going to feed my family today?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื”ื™ื•ื?
15:09
Maybe I can get just a few dollars from this last tree
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฅ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
15:12
which will keep us going a little bit longer,
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ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ ืขื•ื“ ืงืฆืช,
15:14
and then we'll pray that something will happen
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ื™ืชืคืœืœื• ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืงืจื”
15:17
to save us from the inevitable end."
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"ืฉื™ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื”ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข."
15:20
So, this is a pretty grim picture.
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ืื–, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื“ื™ ืขื’ื•ืžื”.
15:23
The one thing we have, which makes us so different
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•, ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื™ื
15:27
from chimpanzees or other living creatures,
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ืžื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืื• ืžื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื,
15:29
is this sophisticated spoken language --
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœื ื• --
15:32
a language with which we can tell children
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ืฉืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•
15:34
about things that aren't here.
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ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
15:36
We can talk about the distant past, plan for the distant future,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง, ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง,
15:40
discuss ideas with each other,
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ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”,
15:42
so that the ideas can grow from the accumulated wisdom of a group.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฆืžื•ื— ืžื—ื›ืžื” ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
15:46
We can do it by talking to each other;
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื›ืฉื ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”,
15:48
we can do it through video; we can do it through the written word.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ืื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”.
15:52
And we are abusing this great power we have to be wise stewards,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืœืจืขื” ืืช ื”ื›ื— ื”ืื“ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•,
15:57
and we're destroying the world.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืจืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
15:59
In the developed world, in a way, it's worse,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืžื”, ื–ื” ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ,
16:02
because we have so much access to knowledge
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื™ื“ืข
16:05
of the stupidity of what we're doing.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
16:07
Do you know, we're bringing little babies
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื
16:10
into a world where, in many places, the water is poisoning them?
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ืœืชื•ืš ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื•, ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื”ืžื™ื ืžืจืขื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื.
16:15
And the air is harming them, and the food that's grown
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ื•ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื–ื™ืง ืœื”ื, ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืฆื•ืžื—
16:19
from the contaminated land is poisoning them.
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ืžื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ืžืช ืžืจืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื.
16:22
And that's not just in the far-away developing world; that's everywhere.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง, ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
16:26
Do you know we all have about 50 chemicals
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›50 ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื
16:28
in our bodies we didn't have about 50 years ago?
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ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืœืคื ื™ 50 ืฉื ื”?
16:32
And so many of these diseases, like asthma
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ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื›ืžื• ืืกื˜ืžื”,
16:36
and certain kinds of cancers, are on the increase
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ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื”
16:39
around places where our filthy toxic waste is dumped.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ืžื•ื–ืจืžืช ืคืกื•ืœืช ืจืขื™ืœื” ื•ืžื–ื•ื”ืžืช.
16:44
We're harming ourselves around the world,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
16:47
as well as harming the animals, as well as harming nature herself --
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื ื–ืง ืฉืื ื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื ื–ืง ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื˜ื‘ืข ืขืฆืžื•.
16:51
Mother Nature, that brought us into being;
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ืืžื ื˜ื‘ืข, ื–ื• ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
16:54
Mother Nature, where I believe we need to spend time,
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ืืžื ื˜ื‘ืข, ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ื–ืžื ื ื•,
16:58
where there's trees and flowers and birds
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืคืจื—ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
17:00
for our good psychological development.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
17:03
And yet, there are hundreds and hundreds of children
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื
17:06
in the developed world who never see nature,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื— ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื˜ื‘ืข,
17:08
because they're growing up in concrete
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ
17:10
and all they know is virtual reality,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืžื”,
17:12
with no opportunity to go and lie in the sun,
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ืœืœื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœืฉื›ื‘ ื‘ืฉืžืฉ,
17:16
or in the forest, with the dappled sun-specks
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ืื• ื‘ื™ืขืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืชืžื™ ืฉืžืฉ ืžื ื•ืžืจื™ื
17:19
coming down from the canopy above.
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ื”ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœืžื˜ื” ืžื”ื—ื•ืคื” ืฉืœืžืขืœื”.
17:22
As I was traveling around the world, you know,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
17:25
I had to leave the forest -- that's where I love to be.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืขืจ -- ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
17:28
I had to leave these fascinating chimpanzees
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžื™ื
17:31
for my students and field staff to continue studying
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“
17:35
because, finding they dwindled from about two million
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ืžืคื ื™, ืฉืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื“ืœื“ืœื” ืžื›ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
17:38
100 years ago to about 150,000 now,
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ืœืคื ื™ 100 ืฉื ื”, ืœื› 150,000 ื›ืขืช.
17:42
I knew I had to leave the forest to do what I could
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ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืขืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™
17:45
to raise awareness around the world.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
17:47
And the more I talked about the chimpanzees' plight,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ืฆืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื,
17:50
the more I realized the fact that everything's interconnected,
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ื›ืš ื”ืชื‘ื”ืจื” ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ.
17:55
and the problems of the developing world
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—
17:57
so often stem from the greed of the developed world,
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ืœืขืชื™ื ื›ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืชืื•ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—,
18:00
and everything was joining together, and making -- not sense,
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ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ -- ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ
18:05
hope lies in sense, you said -- it's making a nonsense.
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ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ, ืืžืจืช -- ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
18:09
How can we do it?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช?
18:10
Somebody said that yesterday.
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืžืจ ื–ืืช ืืชืžื•ืœ,
18:12
And as I was traveling around, I kept meeting young people who'd lost hope.
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœืช, ื”ืงืคื“ืชื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
18:17
They were feeling despair,
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ื”ื ื—ืฉื• ื™ืื•ืฉ.
18:20
they were feeling, "Well, it doesn't matter what we do;
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ื”ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•, "ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ื ืขืฉื”,
18:23
eat, drink and be merry, for tomorrow we die.
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ื ืื›ืœ, ื ืฉืชื” ื•ื ืฉืชื›ืจ, ืžื—ืจ ื ืžื•ืช.
18:25
Everything is hopeless -- we're always being told so by the media."
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ื”ื›ืœ ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื•ื•ื” -- ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช."
18:29
And then I met some who were angry,
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ื•ืื– ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ืขื•ืกื™ื
18:32
and anger that can turn to violence,
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ืขืก ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช,
18:34
and we're all familiar with that.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
18:37
And I have three little grandchildren,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื ื›ื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
18:41
and when some of these students would say to me
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืชื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ืืžืจื• ืœื™
18:44
at high school or university, they'd say, "We're angry,"
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ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”, ื”ื ื™ืืžืจื•, "ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื•ืขืกื™ื,"
18:47
or "We're filled with despair, because we feel
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ืื• "ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืฉ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื
18:50
you've compromised our future, and there's nothing we can do about it."
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ืฉืืชื ื”ืชืคืฉืจืชื ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืš."
18:54
And I looked in the eyes of my little grandchildren,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœื™,
18:56
and think how much we've harmed this planet since I was their age.
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ื”ื–ืงื ื• ืœืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืœื.
19:00
I feel this deep shame, and that's why in 1991 in Tanzania,
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ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ื”ื–ืืช, ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ 1991 ื‘ื˜ื ื–ื ื™ื”,
19:06
I started a program that's called Roots and Shoots.
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ืคืชื—ืชื™ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื ืงืจื Roots and Shoots ("ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื")
19:09
There's little brochures all around outside,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
19:13
and if any of you have anything to do with children and care about their future,
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ื•ืื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื›ื ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืื›ืคืช ืœื• ืžืขืชื™ื“ื,
19:17
I beg that you pick up that brochure.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื ื ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืฉืชืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื–ืืช.
19:20
And Roots and Shoots is a program for hope.
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ื•ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ื”.
19:24
Roots make a firm foundation.
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ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื.
19:26
Shoots seem tiny,
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ื”ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
19:28
but to reach the sun they can break through brick walls.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืžืฉ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
19:31
See the brick walls as all the problems
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ืจืื• ืืช ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
19:33
that we've inflicted on this planet.
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ืฉื’ืจืžื ื• ืœืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
19:35
Then, you see, it is a message of hope.
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ื•ืื–, ืชืจืื•, ื–ื”ื• ืžืกืจ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื”.
19:39
Hundreds and thousands of young people around the world
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ืžืื•ืช ื•ืืœืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
19:41
can break through, and can make this a better world.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื“ืจืš, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
19:45
And the most important message of Roots and Shoots
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ื•ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื
19:48
is that every single individual makes a difference.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
19:52
Every individual has a role to play.
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืœืžืœื.
19:54
Every one of us impacts the world around us everyday,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
19:58
and you scientists know that you can't actually --
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ื•ืืชื ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ --
20:01
even if you stay in bed all day, you're breathing oxygen
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืชืฉืืจ ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืืชื” ืฉื•ืืฃ ื—ืžืฆืŸ
20:04
and giving out CO2, and probably going to the loo,
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ื•ืคื•ืœื˜ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™, ื•ืืชื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื’ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื,
20:08
and things like that --
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
20:10
you're making a difference in the world.
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
20:12
So, the Roots and Shoots program
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ืื–, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื
20:15
involves youth in three kinds of projects.
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ืžืขืจื‘ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื,
20:20
And these are projects to make the world around them a better place.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
20:24
One project to show care and concern for your own human community.
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ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืื—ื“ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื“ืื’ื” ื•ืื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœืš.
20:30
One for animals, including domestic animals -- and I have to say,
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ืื—ื“ ืœืžืขืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืชื™ื™ื -- ื•ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ,
20:34
I learned everything I know about animal behavior
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
20:36
even before I got to Gombe and the chimps from my dog, Rusty,
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ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื’ื•ืžื‘ื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื - ืžื”ื›ืœื‘ ืฉืœื™, ืจืืกื˜ื™,
20:40
who was my childhood companion.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
20:43
And the third kind of project: something for the local environment.
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ื•ืกื•ื’ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืžืฉื”ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.
20:48
So what the kids do depends first of all, how old are they --
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื”ื --
20:52
and we go now from pre-school right through university.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœ ื”ื’ืŸ ืขื“ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”.
20:56
It's going to depend whether they're inner-city or rural.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื”ืื ื”ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื• ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื.
20:59
It's going to depend if they're wealthy or impoverished.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื”ืื ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื›ืœ.
21:04
It's going to depend which part, say, of America they're in.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื–ื•ืจ, ื ืืžืจ, ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
21:07
We're in every state now, and the problems in Florida
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”
21:10
are different from the problems in New York.
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ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง.
21:13
It's going to depend on which country they're in --
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื --
21:15
and we're already in 60-plus countries, with about 5,000 active groups --
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืžืขืœื” ืž60 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืขื ื›5,000 ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช --
21:21
and there are groups all over the place that I keep hearing about
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื
21:25
that I've never even heard of, because the kids are taking the program
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ื•ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื ืœื ืฉืžืขืชื™, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช
21:28
and spreading it themselves.
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ื•ืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
21:30
Why?
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ืžื“ื•ืข?
21:32
Because they're buying into it,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื–ื“ื”ื™ื ืื™ืชื”,
21:34
and they're the ones who get to decide what they're going to do.
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ื•ื”ื ืืœื• ืฉืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื” ื”ื ื™ืขืฉื•.
21:37
It isn't something that their parents tell them,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
21:39
or their teachers tell them.
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ืื• ืฉื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
21:41
That's effective, but if they decide themselves,
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ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื,
21:44
"We want to clean this river
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"ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื”
21:47
and put the fish back that used to be there.
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ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืคืขื.
21:49
We want to clear away the toxic soil
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ืจืขื™ืœื”
21:54
from this area and have an organic garden.
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ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ื’ืŸ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™.
21:56
We want to go and spend time with the old people
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื
21:59
and hear their stories and record their oral histories.
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ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื™ืกืคืจื• ื‘ืขืœ ืคื”.
22:04
We want to go and work in a dog shelter.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืงืœื˜ ืœื›ืœื‘ื™ื.
22:06
We want to learn about animals. We want ... "
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื..."
22:08
You know, it goes on and on, and this is very hopeful for me.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš ื•ื ืžืฉืš, ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืœื ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
22:12
As I travel around the world 300 days a year,
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ืื ื™, ืฉืžื˜ื™ื™ืœืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื 300 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”,
22:16
everywhere there's a group of Roots and Shoots of different ages.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
22:19
Everywhere there are children with shining eyes saying,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื™ืฉ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ื‘ืจืง ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืื•ืžืจื•ืช,
22:21
"Look at the difference we've made."
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"ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•."
22:24
And now comes the technology into it,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื–ื”,
22:26
because with this new way of communicating electronically
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช
22:31
these kids can communicate with each other around the world.
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
22:35
And if anyone is interested to help us, we've got so many ideas
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ื•ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
22:38
but we need help -- we need help to create the right kind of system
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืขื–ืจื” -- ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืขื–ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช
22:44
that will help these young people to communicate their excitement.
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ืฉืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืœืื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
22:48
But also -- and this is so important -- to communicate their despair,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื -- ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ -- ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืœืื” ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ืฉืœื”ื,
22:53
to say, "We've tried this and it doesn't work, and what shall we do?"
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ืœื•ืžืจ, "ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช?"
22:56
And then, lo and behold, there's another group answering these kids
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ื•ืื–, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื•ืจืื•, ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืขื•ื ื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
23:00
who may be in America, or maybe this is a group in Israel,
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืื• ืฉื–ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ,
23:03
saying, "Yeah, you did it a little bit wrong. This is how you should do it."
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ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื›ืŸ, ืขืฉื™ืชื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงืฆืช ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช. ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช."
23:08
The philosophy is very simple.
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ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
23:11
We do not believe in violence.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
23:14
No violence, no bombs, no guns.
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ืœื ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืœื ืคืฆืฆื•ืช, ืœื ืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
23:17
That's not the way to solve problems.
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ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
23:19
Violence leads to violence, at least in my view.
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ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืจืื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™.
23:23
So how do we solve?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ืชืจื™ื?
23:25
The tools for solving the problems are knowledge and understanding.
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ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื ื”.
23:30
Know the facts, but see how they fit in the big picture.
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ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
23:33
Hard work and persistence --don't give up --
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ื•ื”ืชืžื“ื” -- ืœื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ --
23:36
and love and compassion leading to respect for all life.
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ื•ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื—ืžืœื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื›ืœ ื—ื™.
23:41
How many more minutes? Two, one?
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ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช ื ืฉืืจื• ืœื™? ืฉืชื™ื? ืื—ืช?
23:43
Chris Anderson: One -- one to two.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืื—ื“ -- ืื—ืช ืขื“ ืฉืชื™ื.
23:45
Jane Goodall: Two, two, I'm going to take two.
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ื’'ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื“ื•ืœ: ืฉืชื™ื, ืฉืชื™ื. ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืงื—ืช ืฉืชื™ื.
23:47
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
23:48
Are you going to come and drag me off?
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ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ืื•ืชื™?
23:50
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
23:52
Anyway -- so basically, Roots and Shoots
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ -- ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื
23:56
is beginning to change young people's lives.
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.
23:59
It's what I'm devoting most of my energy to.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื” ืืœื™ื• ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื— ืฉืœื™.
24:03
And I believe that a group like this can have a very major impact,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ืžื• ื–ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžืื•ื“,
24:10
not just because you can share technology with us,
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ืœื ืจืง ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืื™ืชื ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
24:13
but because so many of you have children.
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ืืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืฉ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
24:16
And if you take this program out, and give it to your children,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
24:21
they have such a good opportunity to go out and do good,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘,
24:25
because they've got parents like you.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื•ืชื›ื.
24:27
And it's been so clear how much you all care
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืื›ืคืช ืœื›ื
24:31
about trying to make this world a better place.
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืœืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
24:33
It's very encouraging.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื•ื“ื“.
24:35
But the kids do ask me --
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ืŸ ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™ --
24:37
and this won't take more than two minutes, I promise --
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืงื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืชื™ ื“ืงื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” --
24:39
the kids say, "Dr. Jane, do you really have hope for the future?
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื“"ืจ ื’'ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื‘ืืžืช ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“?
24:44
You travel, you see all these horrible things happening."
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ืืช ื ื•ืกืขืช, ืืช ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื."
24:48
Firstly, the human brain -- I don't need to say anything about that.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืžื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ -- ืื ื™ ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”.
24:52
Now that we know what the problems are around the world,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
24:55
human brains like yours are rising to solve those problems.
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ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื›ืฉืœื›ื ืžืขืœื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
24:59
And we've talked a lot about that.
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ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš.
25:01
Secondly, the resilience of nature.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
25:04
We can destroy a river,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ืก ื ื”ืจ,
25:06
and we can bring it back to life.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
25:08
We can see a whole area desolated,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืฉื•ืžื,
25:13
and it can be brought back to bloom again, with time or a little help.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื–ืจ ืœืคืจื•ื— ืฉื•ื‘, ืขื ื–ืžืŸ ืื• ืžืขื˜ ืขื–ืจื”.
25:18
And thirdly, the last speaker talked about -- or the speaker before last,
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ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ -- ืื• ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
25:24
talked about the indomitable human spirit.
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
25:27
We are surrounded by the most amazing people
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื
25:31
who do things that seem to be absolutely impossible.
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ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื.
25:35
Nelson Mandela -- I take a little piece of limestone
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ื ืœืกื•ืŸ ืžื ื“ืœื” -- ืื ื™ ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ืจ ืงื˜ื ื”
25:38
from Robben Island Prison, where he labored for 27 years,
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ืžื›ืœื ื”ืื™ ืจื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื ื›ืœื ืœืžืฉืš 27 ืฉื ื”,
25:41
and came out with so little bitterness, he could lead his people
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ื•ื™ืฆื ืžืฉื ืขื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื˜ ืžืจื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ืขืžื•,
25:46
from the horror of apartheid without a bloodbath.
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ืžื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“ ืœืœื ืฉืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื.
25:49
Even after the 11th of September -- and I was in New York
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ -- ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง
25:53
and I felt the fear -- nevertheless, there was so much human courage,
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ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื”ืคื—ื“ -- ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื•ืžืฅ ืœื‘ ืื ื•ืฉื™,
25:59
so much love and so much compassion.
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืžืœื”.
26:02
And then as I went around the country after that and felt the fear --
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ื•ืื– ื›ืฉื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื”ืคื—ื“ --
26:06
the fear that was leading to people feeling
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ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื”
26:08
they couldn't worry about the environment any more,
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ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
26:10
in case they seemed not to be patriotic --
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ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉื™ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ื --
26:13
and I was trying to encourage them,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื,
26:15
somebody came up with a little quotation from Mahatma Gandhi,
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ืขืœื” ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื”ื˜ืžื” ื’ื ื“ื™,
26:18
"If you look back through human history,
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"ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
26:21
you see that every evil regime has been overcome by good."
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ืชืจืื• ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืจืฉืข ื”ื•ื›ืจืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘."
26:25
And just after that a woman brought me this little bell,
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ื•ืงืฆืช ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ, ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืคืขืžื•ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
26:29
and I want to end on this note.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
26:31
She said, "If you're talking about hope and peace, ring this.
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ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”, "ืื ืืช ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ืฉืœื•ื, ืฆืœืฆืœื™ ื‘ื–ื”.
26:36
This bell is made from metal from a defused landmine,
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ื”ืคืขืžื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืžืชื›ืช ืžืžื•ืงืฉ ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื•ื˜ืจืœ,
26:42
from the killing fields of Pol Pot --
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ืžืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœ ืคื•ื˜ --
26:45
one of the most evil regimes in human history --
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืคืฉืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช --
26:48
where people are now beginning to put their lives back together
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ื—ื“
26:52
after the regime has crumbled.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื•ืคืœ.
26:55
So, yes, there is hope, and where is the hope?
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ืื–, ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ื•ืื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”?
26:59
Is it out there with the politicians?
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืขื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื?
27:03
It's in our hands.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื•.
27:05
It's in your hands and my hands
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื›ื ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™
27:07
and those of our children.
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ื•ื‘ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•.
27:09
It's really up to us.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื ื•.
27:11
We're the ones who can make a difference.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืืœื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
27:13
If we lead lives where we consciously leave
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ืื ื ื—ื™ื” ื›ืš ืฉื ืฉืื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื ื•
27:15
the lightest possible ecological footprints,
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ืืช ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืงืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
27:19
if we buy the things that are ethical for us to buy
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ืื ื ืงื ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืืชื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื ื• ืœืงื ื•ืชื,
27:22
and don't buy the things that are not,
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ื•ืœื ื ืงื ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื,
27:25
we can change the world overnight.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ืœื”.
27:28
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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