What separates us from chimpanzees? | Jane Goodall

譯者: Zhang Jing 審譯者: Adrienne Lin

Good morning everyone. First of all, it's been fantastic

各位早上好。首先，我感覺，太棒了

being here over these past few days.

這幾天在這太棒了。

And secondly, I feel it's a great honor to kind of wind up

其次，我覺得能夠最後出場是我莫大的榮幸

this extraordinary gathering of people,

面對這麼一群了不起的人

these amazing talks that we've had.

他們剛才的演講非常精彩。

I feel that I've fitted in, in many ways,

我發現，在很多方面

to some of the things that I've heard.

我很贊同我所聽到的一些事情。

I came directly here

我從厄瓜多最茂密的原始森林

from the deep, deep tropical rainforest in Ecuador,

直接飛到了這裡。

where I was out -- you could only get there by a plane --

我工作的地方-只有乘直升飛機可以到達-

with indigenous people with paint on their faces

那裡的土著人臉上塗著染料

and parrot feathers on their headdresses,

戴著鸚鵡羽毛做成的頭飾。

where these people are fighting to try and keep the oil companies,

在那裡，他們盡力阻止石油公司進入森林，

and keep the roads, out of their forests.

不讓他們在森林裡鋪路。

They're fighting to develop their own way of living within the forest

他們在鬥爭，竭力在維持他們自己的生活方式

in a world that's clean, a world that isn't contaminated,

維持一種潔淨、沒有被污染，

a world that isn't polluted.

沒有被毒害的環境。

And what was so amazing to me, and what fits right in

我感到很神奇的是，這一點

with what we're all talking about here at TED,

恰好與TED的話題相一致，

is that there, right in the middle of this rainforest,

在那裡，就在熱帶雨林的正中央，

was some solar panels -- the first in that part of Ecuador --

有一些太陽能設備-是厄瓜多那一地區最早的-

and that was mainly to bring water up by pump

主要用來抽水

so that the women wouldn't have to go down.

這樣婦女們就不用下山挑水。

The water was cleaned, but because they got a lot of batteries,

那裡的水是很乾淨的，因為他們發到了很多電，

they were able to store a lot of electricity.

他們就能夠存儲這些電。

So every house -- and there were, I think, eight houses

所以每一家-我記得那裡有8戶人家

in this little community -- could have light

在這個小社區裏面，能夠用上電燈

for, I think it was about half an hour each evening.

我覺得每天晚上大概可以維持半個小時。

And there is the Chief, in all his regal finery, with a laptop computer.

他們的酋長，穿著土著的服裝，卻有一台筆記型電腦。

(Laughter)

（笑）

And this man, he has been outside, but he's gone back,

這個人，曾經離開村莊，最終他又回來，

and he was saying, "You know, we have suddenly jumped into

他說，“你看，我們一下子跳到了

a whole new era, and we didn't even know about the white man

一個新的時代，50年前，我們甚至不知道有白種人，

50 years ago, and now here we are with laptop computers,

現在我們卻用著筆記本電腦，

and there are some things we want to learn from the modern world.

我們想向現代社會學習很多東西。

We want to know about health care.

我們想瞭解醫療保健。

We want to know about what other people do -- we're interested in it.

我們想知道其他地方的人在做什麽-我們確實很好奇。

And we want to learn other languages.

我們也想學別國的語言。

We want to know English and French and perhaps Chinese,

我們想學習英語、法語、或許還可以學中文，

and we're good at languages."

我們很擅長學習語言。“

So there he is with his little laptop computer,

他用著小小的筆記型電腦，

but fighting against the might of the pressures --

對抗著來自外界強大的壓力

because of the debt, the foreign debt of Ecuador --

這些壓力主要來自厄瓜多大量的國外貸款-

fighting the pressure of World Bank, IMF, and of course

需要對抗來自世界銀行，貨幣基金組織的壓力

the people who want to exploit the forests and take out the oil.

同樣需要對抗那些想要破壞森林開採石油的人。

And so, coming directly from there to here.

所以，我從那裡直接飛到了這裡。

But, of course, my real field of expertise

當然，我真正的專業

lies in an even different kind of civilization --

是研究另外一個物種的文明-

I can't really call it a civilization.

我甚至不能將其稱為一種”文明“

A different way of life, a different being.

是另一種生活方式，另一種生物。

We've talked earlier -- this wonderful talk by Wade Davis

我們之前討論過-韋德 戴衛斯之前做過的演講

about the different cultures of the humans around the world --

關於世界各個地區人們的文化

but the world is not composed only of human beings;

但是這個世界不僅僅有我們人類組成，

there are also other animal beings.

還有其他動物的存在。

And I propose to bring into this TED conference,

我想要帶給TED大會，

as I always do around the world, the voice of the animal kingdom.

正向我在世界上其他地方做的那樣，來自動物的聲音。

Too often we just see a few slides, or a bit of film,

通常我們只能看到一些照片，或者電影片段，

but these beings have voices that mean something.

但是這些動物有著代表特定意思的聲音。

And so, I want to give you a greeting,

所以，我想帶給你們

as from a chimpanzee in the forests of Tanzania --

來自坦桑尼亞森林中黑猩猩的問候

Ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh!

噢-- 噢-- ，噢，噢，噢！

(Applause)

（掌聲）

I've been studying chimpanzees in Tanzania since 1960.

我從1960年就開始在坦桑尼亞研究黑猩猩。

During that time, there have been modern technologies

那時，也有一些現代技術

that have really transformed the way

這些技術深刻改變了

that field biologists do their work.

野外生物學家做研究的方式。

For example, for the first time, a few years ago,

例如，許多年前，

by simply collecting little fecal samples

我們第一次實現了僅僅從動物排泄物

we were able to have them analyzed -- to have DNA profiling done --

來分析它們的DNA序列-

so for the first time, we actually know which male chimps

我們第一次能夠確定哪隻雄性黑猩猩

are the fathers of each individual infant.

是某隻剛出生的黑猩猩的父親。

Because the chimps have a very promiscuous mating society.

因為黑猩猩的交配情況很複雜。

So this opens up a whole new avenue of research.

這給黑猩猩研究開闢了一個新的時代。

And we use GSI -- geographic whatever it is, GSI --

然後我們採用地面速度指示器-

to determine the range of the chimps.

來確定黑猩猩的活動範圍。

And we're using -- you can see that I'm not really into this kind of stuff --

我們正在使用- 我對這些東西並不是非常在行-

but we're using satellite imagery

我們正在使用衛星成像技術

to look at the deforestation in the area.

來檢測這一地區的森林砍伐情況。

And of course, there's developments in infrared,

當然，紅外線技術也在進步，

so you can watch animals at night,

我們可以夜間觀察這些動物，

and equipment for recording by video,

記錄畫面的攝影設備、

and tape recording is getting lighter and better.

錄音設備等變得更輕更好。

So in many, many ways, we can do things today

所以，今天，我們能夠做很多，

that we couldn't do when I began in 1960.

1960年所不能夠實現的東西。

Especially when chimpanzees, and other animals

尤其是黑猩猩，或者其他

with large brains, are studied in captivity,

那些腦容量較大的動物，

modern technology is helping us to search

當你在籠子裡觀察它們時，現代科技在

for the upper levels of cognition in some of these non-human animals.

用來研究這些動物的高層次認知等能力上，非常有幫助。

So that we know today, they're capable of performances

現在我們知道，它們有能力完成一些

that would have been thought absolutely impossible

在我剛開始做研究時認為

by science when I began.

完全不可能的任務。

I think the chimpanzee in captivity who is the most skilled

我認為世界上人工飼養最聰明的黑猩猩

in intellectual performance is one called Ai in Japan --

是來自日本的“艾”

her name means love --

她名字的意思是愛

and she has a wonderfully sensitive partner working with her.

她有一個非常敏銳的“夥伴”

She loves her computer --

她愛她的電腦

she'll leave her big group, and her running water,

甚至會離開它的同伴、水源，

and her trees and everything.

森林和其他所有的東西。

And she'll come in to sit at this computer --

來坐在這台電腦跟前

it's like a video game for a kid; she's hooked.

就像小孩喜歡電腦遊戲，她也上癮了。

She's 28, by the way, and she does things with her computer screen

順帶一提，她已經28歲了，她用電腦螢幕和

and a touch pad that she can do faster than most humans.

一個觸摸板來操作，速度能超過大部份人。

She does very complex tasks, and I haven't got time to go into them,

她能夠完成很複雜的任務 -- 今天沒有時間詳談，

but the amazing thing about this female is

但是這隻黑猩猩最神奇的地方在於

she doesn't like making mistakes.

她不喜歡犯錯。

If she has a bad run, and her score isn't good,

當她任務完成了不好，得分很低時，

she'll come and reach up and tap on the glass --

她就會走過來，拍玻璃

because she can't see the experimenter --

因為她看不到實驗觀察者

which is asking to have another go.

意思就是想要再做一遍。

And her concentration -- she's already concentrated hard

她的注意力呢，能夠非常專心

for 20 minutes or so, and now she wants to do it all over again,

長達20分鐘，她會希望重新再做一遍，

just for the satisfaction of having done it better.

就是爲了能夠做的更好，得到這種滿足感。

And the food is not important -- she does get a tiny reward,

食物對她來說並不重要，她的獎勵是非常微薄的，

like one raisin for a correct response --

例如每當她做出正確反應時，會得到個葡萄乾

but she will do it for nothing, if you tell her beforehand.

如果你提前告訴她不會得到什麽獎勵的話，她仍然會去做。

So here we are, a chimpanzee using a computer.

所以我們就看到了，一隻操作電腦的黑猩猩。

Chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans also learn human sign language.

黑猩猩、大猩猩和猩猩都能夠學習人類的手勢語。

But the point is that when I was first in Gombe in 1960 --

關鍵是，當我1960年第一次到貢貝(奈及利亞)

I remember so well, so vividly, as though it was yesterday --

我記得非常清楚，就像昨天才發生

the first time, when I was going through the vegetation,

當我第一次穿行在灌木叢中，

the chimpanzees were still running away from me, for the most part,

黑猩猩在大多數時候還是會嚇得跑開，

although some were a little bit acclimatized --

或許它們還不適應變化了的環境

and I saw this dark shape, hunched over a termite mound,

我看到一個黑色的影子，彎腰朝著一個白蟻丘，

and I peered with my binoculars.

我用望遠鏡遠遠觀察著。

It was, fortunately, one adult male whom I'd named David Greybeard --

很幸運地是，我觀察到一隻雄性黑猩猩，我叫他大偉老頭

and by the way, science at that time was telling me that I shouldn't name the chimps;

其實，那時候科學上，我不該給黑猩猩起名字，

they should all have numbers; that was more scientific.

而是應該統一編號，那樣更加科學一些。

Anyway, David Greybeard -- and I saw that

回到大偉老頭-我看見

he was picking little pieces of grass and using them

他撿了一根草，用它

to fish termites from their underground nest.

把那些白蟻從地下洞穴中引出來。

And not only that -- he would sometimes pick a leafy twig

不僅如此，有時候他還會折一根有葉子的樹枝

and strip the leaves --

然後去掉葉子來“釣”白蟻。

modifying an object to make it suitable for a specific purpose --

改變物品，使之更適合某種特殊用途

the beginning of tool-making.

也就是製作工具的開端呀。

The reason this was so exciting and such a breakthrough

這個發現讓我非常激動的原因，

is at that time, it was thought that humans,

是在那個時候，這是一個突破，那時認為人類，

and only humans, used and made tools.

且只有人類，會製造和使用工具。

When I was at school, we were defined as man, the toolmaker.

我以前唸書，人類被定義為會製作工具的。

So that when Louis Leakey, my mentor, heard this news,

所以當我的導師，路易斯利基，聽說了我的發現以後，

he said, "Ah, we must now redefine 'man,' redefine 'tool,'

他說：“啊，現在我們得重新定義人類，重新定義工具了，

or accept chimpanzees as humans."

要不然就接受"黑猩猩也是人"為事實。“

(Laughter)

（笑）

We now know that at Gombe alone, there are nine different ways

我們現在瞭解到僅僅在貢貝，

in which chimpanzees use different objects for different purposes.

就發現了黑猩猩可以用九種不同的方式來使用工具達到特定目的。

Moreover, we know that in different parts of Africa,

此外，我們知道在非洲許多地區，

wherever chimps have been studied,

只要研究過那裡的黑猩猩，

there are completely different tool-using behaviors.

就會發現完全不同的實用工具的行為。

And because it seems that these patterns are passed

因為似乎這些行為是

from one generation to the next, through observation,

一代一代傳下來的，

imitation and practice -- that is a definition of human culture.

通過觀察、模仿和練習學會的。也就是人類文化的定義。

What we find is that over these 40-odd years

在過去四十多年里

that I and others have been studying chimpanzees

我和其他研究黑猩猩

and the other great apes, and, as I say, other mammals

研究類人猿，或者說研究其他

with complex brains and social systems,

具有複雜大腦和社會系統的哺乳動物的學者，

we have found that after all, there isn't a sharp line

我們發現，並沒有一條清晰的分界線

dividing humans from the rest of the animal kingdom.

能夠把人類和其他動物區分開來。

It's a very wuzzy line.

這條線非常彎曲。

It's getting wuzzier all the time as we find animals doing things

每當我們發現動物能夠做

that we, in our arrogance, used to think was just human.

那些我們自大認為，只有人類能做的事時，這條界線就越彎曲。

The chimps -- there's no time to discuss their fascinating lives --

黑猩猩，我們沒有時間討論它們讓人著迷的生活

but they have this long childhood, five years

有漫長的童年，它們有五年的時間

of suckling and sleeping with the mother,

用來吃奶、與母親同睡，

and then another three, four or five years

之後另外的三年、四年或者五年、

of emotional dependence on her, even when the next child is born.

仍然從感情上依賴者母親，有時甚至直到下一代出生。

The importance of learning in that time, when behavior is flexible --

這一段時間，學習對它們來說非常重要，因為這時行為是可塑的，

and there's an awful lot to learn in chimpanzee society.

在黑猩猩的社會裡，要學的東西非常多。

The long-term affectionate supportive bonds

這種長時間的情感支持聯繫

that develop throughout this long childhood with the mother,

這種聯繫是來自漫長童年期中與母親、

with the brothers and sisters,

其他的兄弟姐妹逐漸形成的，

and which can last through a lifetime,

能夠維持一生，

which may be up to 60 years.

有時會持續到60歲。

They can actually live longer than 60 in captivity,

人工飼養的黑猩猩可以活到60多歲，

so we've only done 40 years in the wild so far.

而我們的研究只有40年。

And we find chimps are capable of true compassion and altruism.

我們發現黑猩猩有著真正的同情和利他能力。

We find in their non-verbal communication -- this is very rich --

這一點我們是從他們的非語言交流中發現的，這種交流的內容非常豐富

they have a lot of sounds, which they use in different circumstances,

它們有很多種聲音，在不同的環境中使用不同的聲音，

but they also use touch, posture, gesture,

此外它們還用接觸、手勢、姿勢來交流

and what do they do?

它們到底會做什麽呢？

They kiss; they embrace; they hold hands.

它們接吻、擁抱、握手。

They pat one another on the back; they swagger; they shake their fist --

它們會拍著另外一個同伴的背，它們會大搖大擺地走來走去，揮舞它們的拳頭

the kind of things that we do,

它們會做這些我們通常做的動作

and they do them in the same kind of context.

它們在相似的情景下也在做這些動作。

They have very sophisticated cooperation.

它們有著非常複雜的合作行為。

Sometimes they hunt -- not that often,

有時候它們也會打獵，雖然時候不多，

but when they hunt, they show sophisticated cooperation,

但是每當它們打獵時，就會表現出高超的合作，

and they share the prey.

它們會分享獵物。

We find that they show emotions, similar to -- maybe sometimes the same --

我們發現它們會表露感情，這些感情與

as those that we describe in ourselves as happiness, sadness, fear, despair.

我們用來描述高興、沮喪、害怕和絕望的詞有些類似，甚至是一樣。

They know mental as well as physical suffering.

它們懂得心理和身體的痛苦。

And I don't have time to go into the information

我也沒有時間來講那些

that will prove some of these things to you,

能夠證明我所說的例子，

save to say that there are very bright students, in the best universities,

我打算把時間節省下來講一下有很多著名大學的優秀學生

studying emotions in animals, studying personalities in animals.

在研究動物的情感和個性。

We know that chimpanzees and some other creatures

我們知道黑猩猩和其他一些動物

can recognize themselves in mirrors -- "self" as opposed to "other."

能夠認出鏡子中的自己，區分自己與他人。

They have a sense of humor, and these are the kind of things

它們有幽默感，

which traditionally have been thought of as human prerogatives.

而幽默感過去被認為只有人類才具有的。

But this teaches us a new respect -- and it's a new respect

這教給我一種新的尊重，不僅僅是對

not only for the chimpanzees, I suggest,

黑猩猩的尊重，我覺得，

but some of the other amazing animals with whom we share this planet.

也是對與我們共住在地球上的其他神奇動物的尊重。

Once we're prepared to admit that after all,

一旦我們準備好承認這一點，

we're not the only beings with personalities, minds

也就是我們不僅僅是唯一有個性、思想、

and above all feelings, and then we start to think

和以上提到的各種情緒感受的人，我們就會開始反思，

about ways we use and abuse

那些我們利用、虐待

so many other sentient, sapient creatures on this planet,

這個星球上那些感覺敏銳、聰明伶俐動物的行為，

it really gives cause for deep shame, at least for me.

我們會感到深深地羞愧，至少我是這樣。

So, the sad thing is that these chimpanzees --

非常遺憾的是，這些黑猩猩，

who've perhaps taught us, more than any other creature, a little humility --

教會了我們如何謙虛的野生黑猩猩，

are in the wild, disappearing very fast.

正在迅速地消失。

They're disappearing for the reasons

它們消失的原因，

that all of you in this room know only too well.

相信在座的人都非常清楚。

The deforestation, the growth of human populations, needing more land.

人口增加需要開墾更多土地，砍伐更多樹木。

They're disappearing because some timber companies

它們消失是因為很多伐木公司，

go in with clear-cutting.

到森林裡砍盡了所有的樹木。

They're disappearing in the heart of their range in Africa

它們從核心聚居地非洲消失了

because the big multinational logging companies have come in and made roads --

因為大跨國伐木公司到了那裡，到處造路

as they want to do in Ecuador

就像他們在厄瓜多所做的一樣，

and other parts where the forests remain untouched --

以及在其他那些森林尚未砍伐的地方一樣，

to take out oil or timber.

去開採石油或者森林。

And this has led in Congo basin, and other parts of the world,

這使得剛果盆地，以及世界上許多其他地方，

to what is known as the bush-meat trade.

出現了很多眾所周知的“野生肉”。

This means that although for hundreds, perhaps thousands of years,

這意味著雖然在過去的幾百年、甚至幾千年，

people have lived in those forests, or whatever habitat it is,

居住在森林中的人們，無論其習俗如何，

in harmony with their world, just killing the animals they need

都能夠與世界和諧相處，只獵殺足夠他們

for themselves and their families --

自己和家人吃的動物肉。

now, suddenly, because of the roads,

現在，突然間，因為有了道路，

the hunters can go in from the towns.

獵人可以從鎮上進入森林中。

They shoot everything, every single thing that moves

他們朝著所有的動物開槍，只要是會動的

that's bigger than a small rat; they sun-dry it or smoke it.

比小老鼠大一點點的動物他們都獵殺，之後風乾或火烤。

And now they've got transport; they take it on the logging trucks

現在有了交通工具，他們把這些動物裝到運木材的卡車上

or the mining trucks into the towns where they sell it.

或是裝礦石的車上，運到鎮上去賣掉這些動物。

And people will pay more for bush-meat, as it's called,

人們會付比買飼養的動物更多的錢，來買野生肉，

than for domestic meat -- it's culturally preferred.

因為他們較喜歡這種肉。

And it's not sustainable, and the huge logging camps in the forest

但這不是永續的行為，森林裡的大型伐木公司

are now demanding meat, so the Pygmy hunters in the Congo basin

要求肉類食物，因此，剛果盆地的匹格米獵人，

who've lived there with their wonderful way of living

這些人數百年來的生活方式

for so many hundreds of years are now corrupted.

現在都走樣了。

They're given weapons; they shoot for the logging camps; they get money.

他們有武器，為伐木公司打獵，伐木公司付他們錢。

Their culture is being destroyed,

他們的文化已經遭到了破壞，

along with the animals upon whom they depend.

他們賴以生存的動物也面臨滅絕。

So, when the logging camp moves, there's nothing left.

當伐木公司搬走之後，所有東西都失去了。

We talked already about the loss of human cultural diversity,

我們之前談到過人類文化多樣性的喪失，

and I've seen it happening with my own eyes.

我親眼見到了。

And the grim picture in Africa -- I love Africa,

非洲現在的現實非常殘酷，我熱愛非洲，

and what do we see in Africa?

我們在非洲看到了什麽呢？

We see deforestation;

我們看到森林砍伐，

we see the desert spreading; we see massive hunger;

看到沙漠擴張、大範圍的飢餓情況

we see disease and we see population growth in areas

我們看到了疾病、人口的膨脹

where there are more people living on a certain piece of land

在一塊地方居住的人們

than the land can possibly support,

超過了土地所能承受的能力，

and they're too poor to buy food from elsewhere.

他們太窮了，從任何別的地方都買不起食物。

Were the people that we heard about yesterday,

我們昨天聽到的那些，

on the Easter Island, who cut down their last tree -- were they stupid?

在復活節島上居住的人們，砍掉了最後一棵樹-他們笨嗎？

Didn't they know what was happening?

難道他們不知道當前的情形嗎？

Of course, but if you've seen the crippling poverty

他們當然知道，但當你看過拖垮一切的貧窮

in some of these parts of the world

在這些地區的樣貌

it isn't a question of "Let's leave the tree for tomorrow."

“為未來保留樹木”對他們來說不會是選項。

"How am I going to feed my family today?

我今天如何餵飽我的家人?

Maybe I can get just a few dollars from this last tree

或許我可以從最後那棵樹上得到幾美元

which will keep us going a little bit longer,

能夠讓我們多活幾天，

and then we'll pray that something will happen

然後祈禱會有一些改變

to save us from the inevitable end."

將我們從不可避免的毀滅中解救出來。“

So, this is a pretty grim picture.

所以，這幅景象非常淒慘。

The one thing we have, which makes us so different

我們所擁有的，使我們區別於

from chimpanzees or other living creatures,

黑猩猩或者其他動物的是，

is this sophisticated spoken language --

這種複雜的口語

a language with which we can tell children

通過這種語言我們可以教我們的孩子

about things that aren't here.

那些不在眼前的事物。

We can talk about the distant past, plan for the distant future,

我們能討論過去的事情，也能計劃遙遠的未來，

discuss ideas with each other,

彼此交流思想，

so that the ideas can grow from the accumulated wisdom of a group.

由此，群體裡積聚的智慧得以延伸、擴展。

We can do it by talking to each other;

我們可以通過彼此交談獲得智慧，

we can do it through video; we can do it through the written word.

我們可以通過影響、通過記錄的文字實現。

And we are abusing this great power we have to be wise stewards,

我們正在濫用這種應該得到謹慎使用的能力，

and we're destroying the world.

我們正在破壞世界。

In the developed world, in a way, it's worse,

在某種程度上，發達國家的情況更糟，

because we have so much access to knowledge

因為我們有更多機會去意識

of the stupidity of what we're doing.

我們正在做的事情的愚昧。

Do you know, we're bringing little babies

你知道嗎？我們正在把小孩

into a world where, in many places, the water is poisoning them?

帶到一個，水會毒害他們、

And the air is harming them, and the food that's grown

空氣會傷害他們，莊稼長在

from the contaminated land is poisoning them.

被污染了的土地上，長出的食物將會毒害他們。

And that's not just in the far-away developing world; that's everywhere.

這種現象不僅僅在遙遠的發展中國家，而是遍佈各地。

Do you know we all have about 50 chemicals

你知道嗎？顯著我們體內有50種化學物質

in our bodies we didn't have about 50 years ago?

爾這些物質在50年前是我們身體裏面沒有的？

And so many of these diseases, like asthma

疾病中的許多種，例如哮喘

and certain kinds of cancers, are on the increase

和某些特定癌癥的患病率在上升

around places where our filthy toxic waste is dumped.

發生在那些亂扔有毒垃圾的地方。

We're harming ourselves around the world,

世界各地的人都在毒害自己，

as well as harming the animals, as well as harming nature herself --

傷害著動物，也傷害了自然界本身。

Mother Nature, that brought us into being;

大自然，孕育了我們。

Mother Nature, where I believe we need to spend time,

大自然，這個我們花時間的地方，

where there's trees and flowers and birds

那些花兒、鳥兒、樹木

for our good psychological development.

對我們的心理健康發展都很有幫助。

And yet, there are hundreds and hundreds of children

然而，在發達國家，

in the developed world who never see nature,

有成千的孩子從未見過大自然，

because they're growing up in concrete

他們在水泥叢林中長大，

and all they know is virtual reality,

他們僅僅知道虛擬世界，

with no opportunity to go and lie in the sun,

沒有機會走出房間，曬曬太陽，

or in the forest, with the dappled sun-specks

或者到森林裡，看看斑駁的樹影

coming down from the canopy above.

從似穹窿的樹冠上灑下來。

As I was traveling around the world, you know,

當我在世界各地旅遊時，

I had to leave the forest -- that's where I love to be.

我就得離開這些森林-我最喜歡待在那裡了。

I had to leave these fascinating chimpanzees

我不得不離開那些令人著迷的黑猩猩

for my students and field staff to continue studying

留著讓我的學生和野外的同事繼續研究

because, finding they dwindled from about two million

因為，當發現它們從100年前的兩百萬隻

100 years ago to about 150,000 now,

銳減到現在的十五萬隻，

I knew I had to leave the forest to do what I could

我明白我必須離開森林去做我力所能及的

to raise awareness around the world.

來提升全人類的意識。

And the more I talked about the chimpanzees' plight,

我講述黑猩猩狀況的次數越多，

the more I realized the fact that everything's interconnected,

我就越會發現每件事都是內在關聯的，

and the problems of the developing world

發展中國家的問題

so often stem from the greed of the developed world,

很多時候都起源於發達國家的貪婪，

and everything was joining together, and making -- not sense,

當每件事情綜合到一起時，會產生——不是意義，

hope lies in sense, you said -- it's making a nonsense.

我們希望它變得有意義——爾是荒唐。

How can we do it?

我們如何改變這一點？

Somebody said that yesterday.

昨天有人說，

And as I was traveling around, I kept meeting young people who'd lost hope.

每當我到處旅行時，我都會堅持與那些失去希望的年輕人見面。

They were feeling despair,

他們感覺很絕望，

they were feeling, "Well, it doesn't matter what we do;

他們認為，”好吧，無論我們做什麽，

eat, drink and be merry, for tomorrow we die.

吃、喝、結婚，早晚有一天還是要死的。

Everything is hopeless -- we're always being told so by the media."

每件事情都是沒有意義，我們通常從媒體上看到的都是這樣。”

And then I met some who were angry,

有時我會碰到很生氣的人，

and anger that can turn to violence,

這種憤怒會轉化為暴力，

and we're all familiar with that.

我們對此都很熟悉。

And I have three little grandchildren,

我有三個小孫子孫女，

and when some of these students would say to me

在高中或大學授課的時候

at high school or university, they'd say, "We're angry,"

有些學生會對我說，“我們很憤怒。”

or "We're filled with despair, because we feel

或者是“我們非常絕望，因為

you've compromised our future, and there's nothing we can do about it."

你們破壞了我們的前途，而我們又無能為力。”

And I looked in the eyes of my little grandchildren,

我看著我這些孫子，想著

and think how much we've harmed this planet since I was their age.

自從我還是他們年紀到現在，我們對地球造成了多少傷害。

I feel this deep shame, and that's why in 1991 in Tanzania,

我感到深深地愧疚，這也是為什麽在1991年，

I started a program that's called Roots and Shoots.

在坦桑尼亞，我們開創了一個項目，叫做“根與芽”。

There's little brochures all around outside,

外面有很多小冊子，

and if any of you have anything to do with children and care about their future,

如果你需要幫助孩子或者關心他們的未來，

I beg that you pick up that brochure.

我請求你們帶走一冊。

And Roots and Shoots is a program for hope.

“根與芽”是關於希望的項目。

Roots make a firm foundation.

根能建立堅實的基礎。

Shoots seem tiny,

芽看起來非常微小，

but to reach the sun they can break through brick walls.

但是爲了接受太陽光，它們能夠衝破磚牆。

See the brick walls as all the problems

把這些磚牆比作所有的問題

that we've inflicted on this planet.

那些這個星球上所有困擾我們的問題

Then, you see, it is a message of hope.

所以，你能看出來，它傳遞著希望。

Hundreds and thousands of young people around the world

世界各地成百上千的年輕人能夠

can break through, and can make this a better world.

突破這些困擾，創造一個更美好的世界。

And the most important message of Roots and Shoots

根與芽想傳遞的最重要的信念是

is that every single individual makes a difference.

每個人的努力都很有意義。

Every individual has a role to play.

每個人都有角色需要扮演。

Every one of us impacts the world around us everyday,

我們每天都會影響到這個世界，

and you scientists know that you can't actually --

你們這些科學家都知道，

even if you stay in bed all day, you're breathing oxygen

即不可能完全，即使你整天躺在床上，你也在呼入氧氣，

and giving out CO2, and probably going to the loo,

呼出二氧化碳，上廁所，

and things like that --

以及其他這些事情。

you're making a difference in the world.

你在幫助改變世界。

So, the Roots and Shoots program

所以，根與芽項目

involves youth in three kinds of projects.

有三種項目可以讓年輕人參與。

And these are projects to make the world around them a better place.

這些項目能夠把他們周圍的世界變得更加美好。

One project to show care and concern for your own human community.

一項就是向你所在的人類社區表示關懷和友愛。

One for animals, including domestic animals -- and I have to say,

一項是動物方面的，包括那些家禽-這裡我不得不提，

I learned everything I know about animal behavior

我學到的所有關於動物行為的知識

even before I got to Gombe and the chimps from my dog, Rusty,

在我到貢貝接觸那些黑猩猩前，是從我的狗Rusty身上學到的，

who was my childhood companion.

它是我童年的玩伴。

And the third kind of project: something for the local environment.

第三項，是爲當地環境所做的事情。

So what the kids do depends first of all, how old are they --

所以小孩子能做什麽，首先取決於他們多大-

and we go now from pre-school right through university.

我們現在包括了學前兒童到大學生。

It's going to depend whether they're inner-city or rural.

根據他們是來自城區或者鄉下。

It's going to depend if they're wealthy or impoverished.

根據他們是富裕還是貧窮。

It's going to depend which part, say, of America they're in.

還根據他們在美國的那個地區。

We're in every state now, and the problems in Florida

我們的機構現在遍佈各個州，佛羅里達的問題

are different from the problems in New York.

不同於紐約的問題。

It's going to depend on which country they're in --

也根據他們的所在國家

and we're already in 60-plus countries, with about 5,000 active groups --

我們機構遍佈超過60個國家，約五千個活動團體--

and there are groups all over the place that I keep hearing about

我經常從各地的團體中聽說一些，

that I've never even heard of, because the kids are taking the program

我以前從未聽說過的：孩子們正在參與這個項目，

and spreading it themselves.

主動在宣傳這個項目。

Why?

爲什麽？

Because they're buying into it,

因為他們相信我們所做的事情，

and they're the ones who get to decide what they're going to do.

他們是決定自己想要做什麽的人。

It isn't something that their parents tell them,

不是父母告訴他們這樣去做，

or their teachers tell them.

或者是老師教導他們來做。

That's effective, but if they decide themselves,

儘管老師和父母的教導更有效，但是如果是他們自己決定，

"We want to clean this river

“我們想把河水變清，

and put the fish back that used to be there.

讓魚回到它們原來在的地方。

We want to clear away the toxic soil

我們想清理

from this area and have an organic garden.

這一地區有毒的土壤，建造一個有機的花園。

We want to go and spend time with the old people

我們想去到養老院，花時間陪伴那些老年人

and hear their stories and record their oral histories.

聽他們講年輕時的故事，記錄他們說出的歷史。

We want to go and work in a dog shelter.

我們想給流浪狗搭建狗窩。

We want to learn about animals. We want ... "

我們想瞭解動物。我們想......"

You know, it goes on and on, and this is very hopeful for me.

你知道，這會不斷繼續下去。對我而言，我覺得很有希望。

As I travel around the world 300 days a year,

一年有300天我在世界給地奔波，

everywhere there's a group of Roots and Shoots of different ages.

每個地區都有不同年齡群組成的根與芽團體。

Everywhere there are children with shining eyes saying,

每個地方都有那些忽閃著大眼睛的小孩跟我說，

"Look at the difference we've made."

”看我們的努力帶來了多大的變化呀。”

And now comes the technology into it,

現在有了現代科技可以利用，

because with this new way of communicating electronically

因為有了電子通訊設備

these kids can communicate with each other around the world.

這些孩子可以和世界各地的夥伴交流。

And if anyone is interested to help us, we've got so many ideas

如果有人有意幫助我們，我們確實有著很多想法

but we need help -- we need help to create the right kind of system

但是我們需要幫忙，來建立新的、正確的機制

that will help these young people to communicate their excitement.

幫助這些年輕人傳達他們興奮的心情。

But also -- and this is so important -- to communicate their despair,

此外，這一點非常重要，傳達出他們的絕望，

to say, "We've tried this and it doesn't work, and what shall we do?"

有人曾說過，“我們已經試過但沒有用，我們到底該怎麼辦？”

And then, lo and behold, there's another group answering these kids

之後，就會有別的團體，答覆這些發問的人

who may be in America, or maybe this is a group in Israel,

回答的人可能來自美國，亦或是來自以色列，

saying, "Yeah, you did it a little bit wrong. This is how you should do it."

回答說，“你做的有點不正確，應該這麼做...”

The philosophy is very simple.

這個邏輯非常簡單。

We do not believe in violence.

我們不相信暴力。

No violence, no bombs, no guns.

沒有暴力，沒有炸彈，沒有槍支。

That's not the way to solve problems.

那些不是解決問題的辦法。

Violence leads to violence, at least in my view.

暴力只能帶來暴力，至少我認為是這樣。

So how do we solve?

那我們該如何解決問題呢？

The tools for solving the problems are knowledge and understanding.

解決問題的工具就是知識與理解。

Know the facts, but see how they fit in the big picture.

瞭解事實，並且知道這些知識該如何在大環境下加以運用。

Hard work and persistence --don't give up --

努力工作，堅持下來-不要放棄

and love and compassion leading to respect for all life.

愛和同情會帶來對所有生命的尊重。

How many more minutes? Two, one?

我還有多久時間？兩分鐘？一分鐘？

Chris Anderson: One -- one to two.

克里斯安德森：一到兩分鐘。

Jane Goodall: Two, two, I'm going to take two.

珍古德：兩分鐘吧，給我兩分鐘。

(Laughter)

（笑）

Are you going to come and drag me off?

你會上來把我拉下去嗎？

(Laughter)

（笑）

Anyway -- so basically, Roots and Shoots

無論如何-基本上，根與芽

is beginning to change young people's lives.

逐漸在改變年輕人的生活。

It's what I'm devoting most of my energy to.

我現在最多的時間都是在做這個。

And I believe that a group like this can have a very major impact,

我相信，像這樣的團體能夠發揮很大的作用，

not just because you can share technology with us,

不僅僅是因為你我可以共享技術，

but because so many of you have children.

而是因為你們這麼多人都有孩子。

And if you take this program out, and give it to your children,

如果你把這計畫講給其他人，講給你的孩子，

they have such a good opportunity to go out and do good,

他們就會有這麼好的機會走出去，做善事，

because they've got parents like you.

因為他們有像你們這樣善良的父母。

And it's been so clear how much you all care

你們非常關心如何把世界變得更美好，

about trying to make this world a better place.

這是顯而易見的。

It's very encouraging.

很鼓舞人心。

But the kids do ask me --

孩子們問我-

and this won't take more than two minutes, I promise --

接下來要說的不會超過兩分鐘，我保證-

the kids say, "Dr. Jane, do you really have hope for the future?

這些孩子們說 “珍博士，你對未來抱有希望嗎？

You travel, you see all these horrible things happening."

因為你四處旅行，看到過那麼多恐怖的事情。”

Firstly, the human brain -- I don't need to say anything about that.

首先，人類有聰明的大腦--這不用我說。

Now that we know what the problems are around the world,

我們既然知道了世界上存在的問題，

human brains like yours are rising to solve those problems.

像你們這樣的人就會站出來解決那些問題。

And we've talked a lot about that.

關於這一點，我們剛才已經講了很多。

Secondly, the resilience of nature.

第二，大自然有一定的自我修復能力。

We can destroy a river,

我們能夠污染河流，

and we can bring it back to life.

我們也能夠把它恢復生機。

We can see a whole area desolated,

我們看到有些地區完全荒蕪了，

and it can be brought back to bloom again, with time or a little help.

隨著時間，隨著我們的努力，它能夠重新變回綠洲。

And thirdly, the last speaker talked about -- or the speaker before last,

第三，上一個演講者，或者是上上一個，

talked about the indomitable human spirit.

談到過人類不屈的精神。

We are surrounded by the most amazing people

我們周圍有很許多讓人不可思議的人

who do things that seem to be absolutely impossible.

他們能夠完成完全不可能的任務。

Nelson Mandela -- I take a little piece of limestone

我從羅本島監獄-- 曼德拉（南非前總統）被監禁的地方

from Robben Island Prison, where he labored for 27 years,

取到了一些石灰石，曼德拉被關了27年，

and came out with so little bitterness, he could lead his people

他卻很少受到這段悲慘遭遇的影響，他出獄後就能夠帶領他的人民

from the horror of apartheid without a bloodbath.

沒有流血打仗就成功地擺脫了種族隔離。

Even after the 11th of September -- and I was in New York

在911之後，我當時在紐約

and I felt the fear -- nevertheless, there was so much human courage,

我感到非常恐懼-- 然而，無論如何，人民的勇氣還是巨大的，

so much love and so much compassion.

有著許許多多的愛和同情。

And then as I went around the country after that and felt the fear --

之後，我到了全國各地，又一次感覺到恐懼-

the fear that was leading to people feeling

那種讓人們感覺到

they couldn't worry about the environment any more,

他們不能再把心思花在環境上，

in case they seemed not to be patriotic --

因為就會被認為不愛國的恐懼

and I was trying to encourage them,

我試圖去鼓勵他們，

somebody came up with a little quotation from Mahatma Gandhi,

有些人引用甘地的話回應我，

"If you look back through human history,

"如果你回望人類的歷史，

you see that every evil regime has been overcome by good."

你會發現，所有邪惡的政權最終都被優秀的政權取代。“

And just after that a woman brought me this little bell,

在那之後，一位婦女給我帶來了這只小鈴鐺，

and I want to end on this note.

我想以此這張字條結束。

She said, "If you're talking about hope and peace, ring this.

她說，”當你談論起希望和安寧時，請搖這個鈴。

This bell is made from metal from a defused landmine,

這個鈴是用拆除的炸彈做成的，

from the killing fields of Pol Pot --

取自波布執政時的戰場(柬埔寨)--

one of the most evil regimes in human history --

人類歷史上最邪惡的政權之一，

where people are now beginning to put their lives back together

現在，那些政權被剷除以後

after the regime has crumbled.

人民的生活重新恢復正常。

So, yes, there is hope, and where is the hope?

所以，希望是有的，在哪裡呢？

Is it out there with the politicians?

是在政治家那裡嗎？

It's in our hands.

不，是在我們手裡。

It's in your hands and my hands

在你我的手裡

and those of our children.

在孩子們的手裡。

It's really up to us.

希望取決於我們。

We're the ones who can make a difference.

我們才是能夠改變世界的人。

If we lead lives where we consciously leave

如果我們在生活中，自覺地

the lightest possible ecological footprints,

把對生態的破壞降到最低，

if we buy the things that are ethical for us to buy

如果我們只買那些製作符合道德的東西，

and don't buy the things that are not,

拒買那些不道德的，

we can change the world overnight.

在很短時間內，我們就能夠做出改變。

Thank you.

謝謝大家。