Michael Pawlyn: Using nature's genius in architecture

398,432 views ใƒป 2011-02-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Assaf Yavnai ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
I'd like to start with a couple of quick examples.
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ื”ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช.
00:18
These are spinneret glands
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™
00:20
on the abdomen of a spider.
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ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.
00:22
They produce six different types of silk, which is spun together into a fiber,
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ื”ื ืžื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™, ืืฉืจ ื ืฉื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืœืกื™ื‘,
00:25
tougher than any fiber humans have ever made.
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ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืกื™ื‘ ืฉื”ืื“ื ืื™ ืคืขื ืขืฉื”.
00:28
The nearest we've come is with aramid fiber.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื‘ ื”ืืจืžื™ื“.
00:31
And to make that, it involves extremes of temperature,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช,
00:33
extremes of pressure and loads of pollution.
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ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื.
00:36
And yet the spider manages to do it at ambient temperature and pressure
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•
00:39
with raw materials of dead flies and water.
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ื‘ืขืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืœื ืฉืœ ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืชื™ื ื•ืžื™ื.
00:42
It does suggest we've still got a bit to learn.
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ื–ื” ืจื•ืžื– ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืงืฆืช ืœืœืžื•ื“.
00:44
This beetle can detect a forest fire at 80 kilometers away.
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ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 80 ืง"ืž.
00:47
That's roughly 10,000 times the range
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 10,000 ืžื”ื˜ื•ื•ื—
00:49
of man-made fire detectors.
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ืฉืœ ื’ืœืื™ื ืชื•ืฆืจืช ืื“ื.
00:51
And what's more, this guy doesn't need a wire
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื—ื•ื˜
00:53
connected all the way back to a power station burning fossil fuels.
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ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชื—ื ืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉื•ืจืคืช ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
00:57
So these two examples give a sense of what biomimicry can deliver.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ื™ืงื•ื™-ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ (ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ืžื˜ื™ืงื” - biomimicry) ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืง
01:00
If we could learn to make things and do things the way nature does,
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืขื•ืฉื”,
01:03
we could achieve factor 10, factor 100,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืคื™ 10, ืคื™ 100
01:05
maybe even factor 1,000 savings
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืคื™ 1000 ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ
01:07
in resource and energy use.
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ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืœื ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
01:10
And if we're to make progress with the sustainability revolution,
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ื•ืื ืื ื• ื ื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
01:13
I believe there are three really big changes
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืช
01:15
we need to bring about.
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ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœืœ.
01:17
Firstly, radical increases in resource efficiency.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
01:20
Secondly, shifting from a linear, wasteful,
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ื”ืฉื ื™, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื™ื ืืจื™, ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื ื™
01:22
polluting way of using resources
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ื•ืžื–ื”ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืœื
01:24
to a closed-loop model.
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ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืขื’ืœ ืกื’ื•ืจ.
01:26
And thirdly, changing from a fossil fuel economy
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ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื›ืœื›ืœืช ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื
01:28
to a solar economy.
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ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช.
01:30
And for all three of these, I believe,
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœื”, ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ
01:32
biomimicry has a lot of the solutions that we're going to need.
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ืฉืœื—ื™ืงื•ื™-ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ (ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ืžื˜ื™ืงื”) ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฆื˜ืจืš.
01:34
You could look at nature as being like a catalog of products,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืขืœ ื›ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื,
01:37
and all of those have benefited
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ื•ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื ื”ื ื•
01:39
from a 3.8-billion-year research and development period.
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ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 3.8 ืžืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—.
01:42
And given that level of investment, it makes sense to use it.
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ื•ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ื–ื•, ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื.
01:45
So I'm going to talk about some projects that have explored these ideas.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉื—ืงืจื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื”
01:48
And let's start with radical increases
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ื•ื‘ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืขืœื™ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช
01:50
in resource efficiency.
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ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
01:52
When we were working on the Eden Project,
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ื›ืฉืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืขืœ ืžื™ื–ื 'ืขื“ืŸ'
01:54
we had to create a very large greenhouse
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืื•ื“
01:56
in a site that was not only irregular,
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ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉื”ื™ื”, ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ืื—ื™ื“,
01:58
but it was continually changing because it was still being quarried.
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ืืœื” ื’ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื—ืฆื‘.
02:01
It was a hell of a challenge,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืชื’ืจ ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
02:03
and it was actually examples from biology
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
02:05
that provided a lot of the clues.
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ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืจืžื–ื™ื.
02:07
So for instance,
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ืื– ืœืžืฉืœ,
02:09
it was soap bubbles that helped us generate a building form
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืกื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื–ืจื• ืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื‘ื ื™ืช
02:11
that would work regardless of the final ground levels.
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ืฉืชืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”.
02:14
Studying pollen grains
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ืžืžื—ืงืจ ื’ืจื’ื™ืจื™ ืื‘ืงื ื™ื,
02:16
and radiolaria and carbon molecules
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ืจื“ื™ื•ืœืจื™ื (ืฉืœื“ื™ื ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื”ื ืคืœื˜ื™ื ืžื—ื“ ืชืื™ื) ื•ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืคื—ืžื ื™ื•ืช
02:18
helped us devise the most efficient structural solution
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ืขื–ืจื• ืœื ื• ืœื”ื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:21
using hexagons and pentagons.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืฉื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื—ื•ืžืฉื™ื.
02:24
The next move was that we wanted
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ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืจืฆื™ื ื•
02:26
to try and maximize the size of those hexagons.
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ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื›ื›ื•ืœ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ.
02:28
And to do that we had to find an alternative to glass,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช,
02:30
which is really very limited in terms of its unit sizes.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
02:33
And in nature there are lots of examples
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ื•ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื™ืฉื ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
02:36
of very efficient structures based on pressurized membranes.
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ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื™ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ื“ื—ื•ืกื•ืช.
02:39
So we started exploring this material called ETFE.
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ETFE.
02:42
It's a high-strength polymer.
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ื–ื”ื• ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื–ืง.
02:44
And what you do is you put it together in three layers,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช,
02:46
you weld it around the edge, and then you inflate it.
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ืžืœื—ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ืื– ืžื ืคื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
02:49
And the great thing about this stuff
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”
02:51
is you can make it in units
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ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช
02:53
of roughly seven times the size of glass,
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ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 7 ืžื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช.
02:55
and it was only one percent of the weight of double-glazing.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื”.
02:57
So that was a factor-100 saving.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ ืคื™ 100 ื‘ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ.
02:59
And what we found is that we got into a positive cycle
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืžืขื’ืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™
03:02
in which one breakthrough facilitated another.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืื—ืจืช.
03:04
So with such large, lightweight pillows,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช
03:07
we had much less steel.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืคืœื“ื”.
03:09
With less steel we were getting more sunlight in,
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ืขื ืคื—ื•ืช ืคืœื“ื” ื—ื“ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืฉ.
03:11
which meant we didn't have to put as much extra heat in winter.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ.
03:14
And with less overall weight in the superstructure,
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ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืงืœ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื”-ืขืœ,
03:16
there were big savings in the foundations.
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ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืขื ืง ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช.
03:18
And at the end of the project we worked out
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื ื•
03:20
that the weight of that superstructure
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ืฉื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื”-ื”ืขืœ
03:22
was actually less than the weight of the air inside the building.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.
03:25
So I think the Eden Project is a fairly good example
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื™ื–ื 'ืขื“ืŸ' ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื“ื™
03:28
of how ideas from biology
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ืœืื™ืš ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
03:30
can lead to radical increases in resource efficiency --
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืœื™ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื --
03:33
delivering the same function,
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ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืื•ืชื” ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช,
03:35
but with a fraction of the resource input.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืงืขื™ื.
03:37
And actually there are loads of examples in nature
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข
03:39
that you could turn to for similar solutions.
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ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
03:42
So for instance, you could develop super-efficient roof structures
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืคืชื— ืžื‘ื ื™ ื’ื’ ืกื•ืคืจ-ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื
03:45
based on giant Amazon water lilies,
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ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืฆืœื•ืช ืขื ืง ืžื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก,
03:48
whole buildings inspired by abalone shells,
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ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื ื™ (ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ).
03:50
super-lightweight bridges inspired by plant cells.
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ื’ืฉืจื™ื ืกื•ืคืจ-ืงืœื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืชืื™ ืฆืžื—.
03:53
There's a world of beauty and efficiency to explore here
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืคื”
03:56
using nature as a design tool.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ื›ืœื™ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ.
03:59
So now I want to go onto talking about the linear-to-closed-loop idea.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืืจื™ ืœืžืขื’ืœ ืกื’ื•ืจ.
04:02
The way we tend to use resources
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
04:04
is we extract them,
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ื–ื” ืœื—ืฆื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื,
04:06
we turn them into short-life products and then dispose of them.
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืื– ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืื•ืชื.
04:08
Nature works very differently.
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืื—ืจืช.
04:10
In ecosystems, the waste from one organism
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืคืกื•ืœืช ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืื—ื“
04:12
becomes the nutrient for something else in that system.
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ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžื–ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช.
04:14
And there are some examples of projects
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืžื™ื–ืžื™ื
04:16
that have deliberately tried to mimic ecosystems.
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ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื ื™ืกื• ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
04:19
And one of my favorites
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ื•ืื—ืช ืžื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™
04:21
is called the Cardboard to Caviar Project
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ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื–ื ื”ื ืงืจื 'ืžืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืœืงื•ื•ื™ืืจ'
04:23
by Graham Wiles.
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ืฉืœ ื’ืจืื”ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืก.
04:25
And in their area they had a lot of shops and restaurants
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ื•ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช
04:28
that were producing lots of food, cardboard and plastic waste.
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ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืงืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง.
04:31
It was ending up in landfills.
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ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืžื–ื‘ืœื”.
04:33
Now the really clever bit is what they did with the cardboard waste.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ื›ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ืงืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื.
04:35
And I'm just going to talk through this animation.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจืง ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
04:38
So they were paid to collect it from the restaurants.
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ืื– ืฉื™ืœืžื• ืœื”ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื–ื” ืžื”ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช.
04:40
They then shredded the cardboard
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ื”ื ืื– ื˜ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ
04:42
and sold it to equestrian centers as horse bedding.
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ื•ืžื›ืจื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืžืฆืข ืœืกื•ืกื™ื.
04:45
When that was soiled, they were paid again to collect it.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ืžื›ืจื• ืืช ื–ื”, ืฉื™ืœืžื• ืœื”ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื–ื”.
04:47
They put it into worm recomposting systems,
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ื”ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืงื•ืžืคื•ืกื˜ ืชื•ืœืขื™ื,
04:49
which produced a lot of worms, which they fed to Siberian sturgeon,
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ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืชื•ืœืขื™ื, ืฉืื•ืชื ื”ืื›ื™ืœื• ื—ื“ืงื ื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจื™ื (ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื“ื’),
04:52
which produced caviar, which they sold back to the restaurants.
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ืฉืžื”ื ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ืืจ, ืฉืื•ืชื• ืžื›ืจื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืกืขื“ื•ืช.
04:55
So it transformed a linear process
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื•ื•ื™
04:57
into a closed-loop model,
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ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืขื’ืœื™,
04:59
and it created more value in the process.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขืจืš ืžื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
05:02
Graham Wiles has continued to add more and more elements to this,
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ื’ืจืื”ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืก ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช,
05:04
turning waste streams into schemes that create value.
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ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืขืจื•ืฆื™ ืคืกื•ืœืช ืœืชื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืขืจืš.
05:07
And just as natural systems
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
05:09
tend to increase in diversity and resilience over time,
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ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ,
05:12
there's a real sense with this project
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ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ื–ื ื”ื–ื”
05:14
that the number of possibilities
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ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช
05:17
just continue increasing.
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ืจืง ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ.
05:19
And I know it's a quirky example,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื•ื–ืจื”,
05:21
but I think the implications of this are quite radical,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื”ื ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
05:23
because it suggests that we could actually
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืจืื” ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
05:25
transform a big problem -- waste -- into a massive opportunity.
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
05:28
And particularly in cities --
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ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืขืจื™ื --
05:30
we could look at the whole metabolism of cities,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื,
05:32
and look at those as opportunities.
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื›ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช.
05:34
And that's what we're doing on the next project I'm going to talk about,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื–ื ื”ื‘ื ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•,
05:36
the Mobius Project,
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ืžื™ื–ื 'ืžื•ื‘ื™ื•ืก',
05:38
where we're trying to bring together a number of activities,
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช,
05:40
all within one building,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“,
05:42
so that the waste from one can be the nutrient for another.
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ื›ืš ืฉืคืกื•ืœืช ืžืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ.
05:45
And the kind of elements I'm talking about
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ื•ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื
05:47
are, firstly, we have a restaurant inside a productive greenhouse,
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ื”ื, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืกืขื“ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ืžืžื” ืžื ื™ื‘ื”,
05:50
a bit like this one in Amsterdam called De Kas.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื• ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ื•ื ืงืจืืช 'ื“ื” ืงืืก'.
05:52
Then we would have an anaerobic digester,
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืขื›ืœ ืื ืื™ืจื•ื‘ื™,
05:54
which could deal with all the biodegradable waste from the local area,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ืžืชื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ,
05:57
turn that into heat for the greenhouse
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ื”ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืœื—ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžืžื•ืช
05:59
and electricity to feed back into the grid.
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ื•ืœื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ืžื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจืฉืช.
06:01
We'd have a water treatment system
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื
06:03
treating wastewater, turning that into fresh water
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ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืžื™ื ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื™ื, ื”ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื
06:05
and generating energy from the solids
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื”ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื
06:07
using just plants and micro-organisms.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
06:10
We'd have a fish farm fed with vegetable waste from the kitchen
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื ืช ืžืคืกื•ืœืช ืžื˜ื‘ื—
06:12
and worms from the compost
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ื•ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ืžื”ืงื•ืžืคื•ืกื˜
06:14
and supplying fish back to the restaurant.
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ื•ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืกืขื“ื”.
06:16
And we'd also have a coffee shop, and the waste grains from that
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ื‘ื™ืช ืงืคื”, ื•ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื
06:19
could be used as a substrate for growing mushrooms.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืฆืข ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
06:21
So you can see that we're bringing together
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื
06:23
cycles of food, energy and water and waste
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ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืžื™ื ื•ืคืกื•ืœืช
06:25
all within one building.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“.
06:27
And just for fun, we've proposed this for a roundabout in central London,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืฃ, ื”ืฆืขื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
06:30
which at the moment is a complete eyesore.
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ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืฆื•ืจืžืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ื.
06:32
Some of you may recognize this.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
06:34
And with just a little bit of planning,
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ื•ืขื ืงืฆืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ,
06:36
we could transform a space dominated by traffic
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ ืข"ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
06:39
into one that provides open space for people,
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ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžืขื ื™ืง ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืคืชื•ื— ืœืื ืฉื™ื,
06:42
reconnects people with food
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ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื–ื•ืŸ
06:44
and transforms waste into closed loop opportunities.
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ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืคืกื•ืœืช ืœืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ืกื’ื•ืจ.
06:47
So the final project I want to talk about
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ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•
06:49
is the Sahara Forest Project, which we're working on at the moment.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื–ื 'ื™ืขืจ ืกื”ืจื”', ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืขืช.
06:52
It may come as a surprise to some of you
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืชื™ืข ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื›ื
06:54
to hear that quite large areas of what are currently desert
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ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฉื—ืœืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ,
06:56
were actually forested a fairly short time ago.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื™ื•ืขืจื™ื ืขื“ ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ.
06:59
So for instance, when Julius Caesar arrived in North Africa,
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ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืฉื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
07:02
huge areas of North Africa
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ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”
07:04
were covered in cedar and cypress forests.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจ ืืจื–ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ื.
07:07
And during the evolution of life on the Earth,
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘,
07:09
it was the colonization
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ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืื›ืœื•ืก
07:11
of the land by plants
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ื”ืื“ืžื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื
07:13
that helped create the benign climate we currently enjoy.
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ืฉืขื–ืจื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
07:15
The converse is also true.
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ื”ื”ืคืš ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
07:17
The more vegetation we lose,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืื‘ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื”,
07:19
the more that's likely to exacerbate climate change
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ื’ื“ืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ื—ืžืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
07:21
and lead to further desertification.
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ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืขื•ื“ ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ืขืจื•ืช.
07:24
And this animation,
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ื•ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื–ื•,
07:26
this shows photosynthetic activity over the course of a number of years,
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ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื.
07:29
and what you can see is that the boundaries of those deserts
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
07:32
shift quite a lot,
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ื–ื–ื• ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”.
07:34
and that raises the question
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”
07:36
of whether we can intervene at the boundary conditions
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ื”ืื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืงืฆื”
07:39
to halt, or maybe even reverse, desertification.
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ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ืื•ืชื, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืขืจื•ืช.
07:42
And if you look at some of the organisms
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ื•ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื
07:44
that have evolved to live in deserts,
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ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช,
07:46
there are some amazing examples of adaptations to water scarcity.
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ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื.
07:49
This is the Namibian fog-basking beetle,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช 'ื˜ื‘ื•ืœืช-ืขืจืคืœ' ืžื ืžื™ื‘ื™ื”,
07:51
and it's evolved a way of harvesting its own fresh water in a desert.
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ืืฉืจ ืคื™ืชื—ื” ื“ืจืš ืœืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
07:54
The way it does this is it comes out at night,
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ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื”,
07:56
crawls to the top of a sand dune,
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ื”ื™ื ื–ื•ื—ืœืช ืœืคืกื’ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื”,
07:58
and because it's got a matte black shell,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžื˜,
08:00
is able to radiate heat out to the night sky
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืคืœื•ื˜ ื—ื•ื ืœืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”
08:02
and become slightly cooler than its surroundings.
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ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื” ื‘ืžืขื˜ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื”.
08:04
So when the moist breeze blows in off the sea,
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ื•ืื– ื›ืฉืจื•ื— ืœื—ื” ื•ืงืจื™ืจื” ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืžื”ื™ื,
08:06
you get these droplets of water forming on the beetle's shell.
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ืžืชื”ื•ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช.
08:09
Just before sunrise, he tips his shell up, the water runs down into his mouth,
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ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื–ืจื™ื—ื”, ื”ื™ื ืžื˜ื” ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื”, ื”ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืœื” ืœืคื”,
08:12
has a good drink, goes off and hides for the rest of the day.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืชื” ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืžืชื—ื‘ืืช ืœืฉืืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
08:14
And the ingenuity, if you could call it that,
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ื•ื”ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช, ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ื›ืš,
08:16
goes even further.
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ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:18
Because if you look closely at the beetle's shell,
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ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช,
08:20
there are lots of little bumps on that shell.
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ื™ืฉื ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ืฉื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
08:22
And those bumps are hydrophilic; they attract water.
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ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืฉื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ึดื™ื“ึฐืจื•ึนืคึดื™ืœึดื™ื•ืช, ื”ื ืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ื ืžื™ื.
08:25
Between them there's a waxy finish which repels water.
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ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื™ืฉื ื• ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉืขื•ื•ื”, ื”ื“ื•ื—ื” ืžื™ื.
08:28
And the effect of this is that
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ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื,
08:30
as the droplets start to form on the bumps,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืฉื•ืฉื™ื•ืช,
08:32
they stay in tight, spherical beads,
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ื”ืŸ ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ื•ืงื•ืช, ื›ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืขื’ื•ืœื™ื,
08:34
which means they're much more mobile
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
08:36
than they would be if it was just a film of water over the whole beetle's shell.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ื“ืง ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช.
08:39
So even when there's only a small amount of moisture in the air,
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ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื–ืขืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
08:42
it's able to harvest that very effectively and channel it down to its mouth.
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ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืคื ื•ืชื” ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืคื™ื”.
08:45
So amazing example of an adaptation
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ืื– ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช
08:47
to a very resource-constrained environment --
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ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื --
08:49
and in that sense, very relevant
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืžืื•ื“ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช
08:51
to the kind of challenges we're going to be facing
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ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื™ืžื
08:53
over the next few years, next few decades.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
08:55
We're working with the guy who invented the Seawater Greenhouse.
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ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ื ื—ืžืžื•ืช ืœืžื™ ื™ื.
08:57
This is a greenhouse designed for arid coastal regions,
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ื”ื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื—ื•ืฃ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื™ื,
09:00
and the way it works is that you have this whole wall of evaporator grills,
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ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืงื™ืจ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื›ืช ืื™ื“ื•ื™,
09:04
and you trickle seawater over that
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ื•ืžื˜ืคื˜ืคื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื™ ื™ื
09:06
so that wind blows through, it picks up a lot of moisture
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืจื•ื— ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื“ืจื›ื, ื”ื™ื ืื•ืกืคืช ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืช
09:08
and is cooled in the process.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชืงืจืจืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
09:10
So inside it's cool and humid,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืงืจ ื•ืœื—,
09:12
which means the plants need less water to grow.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ.
09:14
And then at the back of the greenhouse,
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ื•ืื– ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื”,
09:16
it condenses a lot of that humidity as freshwater
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ืžืชืขื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืœืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื
09:19
in a process that is effectively identical to the beetle.
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื”ื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช.
09:22
And what they found with the first Seawater Greenhouse that was built
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืขื ื—ืžืžืช ืžื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ื ื•
09:25
was it was producing slightly more freshwater
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื
09:27
than it needed for the plants inside.
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ืžืžื” ืฉื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื.
09:30
So they just started spreading this on the land around,
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ืื– ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืคื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘.
09:33
and the combination of that and the elevated humidity
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื•ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช
09:35
had quite a dramatic effect on the local area.
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ื”ื™ื” ืขื ืชื•ืฆืื” ื“ื™ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”.
09:38
This photograph was taken on completion day,
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืœืงื—ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื•ื,
09:40
and just one year later, it looked like that.
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ื•ืจืง ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืš.
09:42
So it was like a green inkblot spreading out from the building
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื›ืชื ื“ื™ื• ื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ืžื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ
09:45
turning barren land back into biologically productive land --
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ื”ื•ืคืš ืื“ืžื” ืฉื•ืžืžื” ืœืื“ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื
09:48
and in that sense, going beyond sustainable design
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื
09:50
to achieve restorative design.
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ืืœ ื”ืฉื’ืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืงื.
09:52
So we were keen to scale this up
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื”ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื–ื”
09:54
and apply biomimicry ideas to maximize the benefits.
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ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื—ื™ืงื•ื™-ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช.
09:57
And when you think about nature,
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ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
09:59
often you think about it as being all about competition.
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืชื—ืจื•ืช.
10:01
But actually in mature ecosystems,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช,
10:03
you're just as likely to find examples
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืชืžืฆืื• ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช
10:05
of symbiotic relationships.
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ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื.
10:07
So an important biomimicry principle
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ืื– ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืงื•ื™-ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
10:09
is to find ways of bringing technologies together
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“
10:11
in symbiotic clusters.
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ื‘ืžืืจื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
10:13
And the technology that we settled on
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ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื—ืจื ื•
10:15
as an ideal partner for the Seawater Greenhouse
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ื›ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืื™ื“ืืœื™ ืœื—ืžืžืช ืžื™ ื”ื™ื
10:17
is concentrated solar power,
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ื”ื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช,
10:19
which uses solar-tracking mirrors to focus the sun's heat
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ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืžืจืื•ืช ืขื•ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจื›ื– ืืช ื—ื•ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ
10:21
to create electricity.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ.
10:23
And just to give you some sense of the potential of CSP,
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ื•ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช CSP ( ืจ"ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ืฉืžืฉ ืžืจื•ื›ื– - ืฉื ืžืกื—ืจื™)
10:26
consider that we receive
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ืงื—ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื
10:28
10,000 times as much energy from the sun every year
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ืžืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืคื™ 10,000 ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื”
10:31
as we use in energy from all forms --
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช -
10:33
10,000 times.
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ืคื™ 10,000.
10:35
So our energy problems are not intractable.
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ืื– ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื ืœื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคืชื™ืจื•ืช.
10:37
It's a challenge to our ingenuity.
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ื”ื ืืชื’ืจ ืœื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœื ื•.
10:39
And the kind of synergies I'm talking about
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ื•ื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•
10:41
are, firstly, both these technologies work very well in hot, sunny deserts.
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ื”ื™ื , ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืช ืฉื˜ื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืžืฉ.
10:45
CSP needs a supply of demineralized freshwater.
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CSP ืฆืจื™ืš ืืกืคืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืœืœื ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื.
10:48
That's exactly what the Seawater Greenhouse produces.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื—ืžืžื•ืช ืžื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช
10:50
CSP produces a lot of waste heat.
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CSP ืžื™ืฆืจ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื ืขื•ื“ืฃ.
10:52
We'll be able to make use of all that to evaporate more seawater
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœืื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ ื™ื
10:55
and enhance the restorative benefits.
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ื•ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ื.
10:57
And finally, in the shade under the mirrors,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ , ื‘ืฆืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืจืื•ืช,
10:59
it's possible to grow all sorts of crops
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื
11:01
that would not grow in direct sunlight.
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ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืžืฉ ื™ืฉื™ืจื”.
11:03
So this is how this scheme would look.
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ืื– ื›ื›ื” ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืชืจืื”.
11:05
The idea is we create this long hedge of greenhouses facing the wind.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื• ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืจื•ื—.
11:08
We'd have concentrated solar power plants
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืœืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืฉืžืฉ
11:10
at intervals along the way.
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ื‘ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš.
11:12
Some of you might be wondering what we would do with all the salts.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืชื•ื”ื™ื ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืœื—.
11:15
And with biomimicry, if you've got an underutilized resource,
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ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืงื•ื™-ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžืฉืื‘ ืœื ืžื ื•ืฆืœ,
11:18
you don't think, "How am I going to dispose of this?"
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ืืชื” ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ "ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ืืคืชืจ ืžื–ื”?"
11:20
You think, "What can I add to the system to create more value?"
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ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘, " ืžื” ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขืจืš ืžื•ืกืฃ?"
11:23
And it turns out
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ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ
11:25
that different things crystallize out at different stages.
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ืฉื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
11:27
When you evaporate seawater, the first thing to crystallize out
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ืฉืžืื“ื™ื ืžื™ ื™ื, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžืชื’ื‘ืฉ
11:29
is calcium carbonate.
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ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืคื—ืžืชื™
11:31
And that builds up on the evaporators --
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ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืื™ื™ื“ื™ื -
11:33
and that's what that image on the left is --
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืืœ -
11:35
gradually getting encrusted with the calcium carbonate.
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ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื‘ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืคื—ืžืชื™.
11:37
So after a while, we could take that out,
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ืื– ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
11:39
use it as a lightweight building block.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ืœื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื.
11:41
And if you think about the carbon in that,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื–ื”,
11:43
that would have come out of the atmosphere, into the sea
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ืžื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื
11:45
and then locked away in a building product.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื•ื ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื ื™ื”.
11:47
The next thing is sodium chloride.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ื ืชืจืŸ ื›ืœื•ืจื™ (ืžืœื— ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ).
11:49
You can also compress that into a building block,
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ื’ื ืื•ืชื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื—ื•ืก ืœืœื‘ื ื™ื,
11:51
as they did here.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืคื”.
11:53
This is a hotel in Bolivia.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื™ื‘ื™ื”.
11:55
And then after that, there are all sorts
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ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื
11:57
of compounds and elements that we can extract,
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ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ืช,
11:59
like phosphates, that we need to get back into the desert soils to fertilize them.
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ื›ืžื• ืคื•ืกืคื˜ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืื“ืžืช ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœืฉื ื“ื™ืฉื•ืŸ.
12:02
And there's just about every element of the periodic table
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช
12:04
in seawater.
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ื‘ืžื™ ื™ื.
12:06
So it should be possible to extract valuable elements
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ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš
12:08
like lithium for high-performance batteries.
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ื›ืžื• ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื ืœืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื.
12:12
And in parts of the Arabian Gulf,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ื”ืคืจืกื™,
12:15
the seawater, the salinity is increasing steadily
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ื”ืžืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ ื”ื™ื
12:18
due to the discharge of waste brine
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืคื™ื›ืช ืขื•ื“ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืžืœื™ื—ื™ื
12:20
from desalination plants.
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ืžืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ืชืคืœื”.
12:22
And it's pushing the ecosystem close to collapse.
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ืืฉืจ ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœืงืจืืช ืงืจื™ืกื”.
12:25
Now we would be able to make use of all that waste brine.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื›ืœ ืคืกื•ืœืช ืžื™ ื”ืžืœื—.
12:27
We could evaporate it
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืื“ื•ืช ืื•ืชื
12:29
to enhance the restorative benefits
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ื
12:31
and capture the salts,
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ื•ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื,
12:33
transforming an urgent waste problem into a big opportunity.
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ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืคืกื•ืœืช ื“ื—ื•ืคื” ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
12:36
Really the Sahara Forest Project is a model
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื™ื–ื 'ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื”ืจื”' ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ืœ
12:38
for how we could create zero-carbon food,
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ืœืื™ืš ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœ ืืคืก-ืคื—ืžืŸ,
12:41
abundant renewable energy in some of the most water-stressed parts of the planet
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ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื ืžืฆื•ืงืช ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื
12:44
as well as reversing desertification in certain areas.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.
12:48
So returning to those big challenges that I mentioned at the beginning:
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ืื– ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”:
12:51
radical increases in resource efficiency,
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ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื,
12:53
closing loops and a solar economy.
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ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช.
12:55
They're not just possible; they're critical.
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ื”ื ืœื ืจืง ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
12:58
And I firmly believe that studying the way nature solves problems
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืคื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
13:01
will provide a lot of the solutions.
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ื™ืกืคืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช.
13:04
But perhaps more than anything, what this thinking provides
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ, ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืžืขื ื™ืงื”
13:07
is a really positive way of talking about sustainable design.
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ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื.
13:09
Far too much of the talk about the environment
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
13:11
uses very negative language.
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช.
13:13
But here it's about synergies and abundance and optimizing.
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ืื‘ืœ ืคื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกื™ื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืฉืคืข ื•ื™ื™ืขื•ืœ.
13:16
And this is an important point.
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
13:18
Antoine de Saint-Exupery once said,
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ืื ื˜ื•ืืŸ ื“ื” ืกื ื˜-ืื›ื–ื•ืคืจื™ ืืžืจ ืคืขื,
13:20
"If you want to build a flotilla of ships,
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" ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช,
13:22
you don't sit around talking about carpentry.
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ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื ื’ืจื•ืช.
13:24
No, you need to set people's souls ablaze
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ืœื, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื™ืช ืืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
13:27
with visions of exploring distant shores."
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ืขื ืžืจืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืงืจ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช."
13:29
And that's what we need to do, so let's be positive,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื”ื™ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื,
13:32
and let's make progress with what could be
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ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชืงื“ื ืขื ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
13:34
the most exciting period of innovation we've ever seen.
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ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืกืขื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืขื“ ื›ื”.
13:36
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
13:38
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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