Michael Pawlyn: Using nature's genius in architecture

譯者: Joyce Chou 審譯者: Joan Liu

I'd like to start with a couple of quick examples.

我想先講幾個簡單的例子

These are spinneret glands

這些是蜘蛛吐絲的腺體

on the abdomen of a spider.

位在蜘蛛的上腹部

They produce six different types of silk, which is spun together into a fiber,

他們可以分泌出六種不同的絲變成纖維

tougher than any fiber humans have ever made.

這比任何人類製作出的纖維還要強韌

The nearest we've come is with aramid fiber.

最接近這種特性的要算是芳綸纖維

And to make that, it involves extremes of temperature,

要作出這樣的纖維需要極端的溫度

extremes of pressure and loads of pollution.

極端的壓力和大量的污染

And yet the spider manages to do it at ambient temperature and pressure

然而蜘蛛卻能在一般環境的溫度和壓力

with raw materials of dead flies and water.

運用死掉蒼蠅和水當作原料做出來這種纖維

It does suggest we've still got a bit to learn.

它說明了我們還有需要學習的東西

This beetle can detect a forest fire at 80 kilometers away.

這種甲蟲可以偵測到遠在80公里森林火災

That's roughly 10,000 times the range

這大約是 10,000倍

of man-made fire detectors.

人造火災探測器所能偵測的範圍

And what's more, this guy doesn't need a wire

更重要的是，這小昆蟲不需要電線

connected all the way back to a power station burning fossil fuels.

連接燃燒燃料的發電站

So these two examples give a sense of what biomimicry can deliver.

這兩個例子說明了生物模擬是值得學習的

If we could learn to make things and do things the way nature does,

如果我們能學會大自然的方式

we could achieve factor 10, factor 100,

我們可以達到10倍，100倍

maybe even factor 1,000 savings

甚至是1,000倍的

in resource and energy use.

節約資源和能源

And if we're to make progress with the sustainability revolution,

如果我們要有所進步達到永續發展

I believe there are three really big changes

我認為有三個非常大的變化

we need to bring about.

是我們需要的

Firstly, radical increases in resource efficiency.

第一，提高基本資源使用效率

Secondly, shifting from a linear, wasteful,

第二，把線性的，浪費的，

polluting way of using resources

污染的資源使用方式

to a closed-loop model.

轉變成一個封閉的循環模式

And thirdly, changing from a fossil fuel economy

第三，從礦物燃料經濟

to a solar economy.

轉變成太陽能經濟

And for all three of these, I believe,

而對於這三點，我認為

biomimicry has a lot of the solutions that we're going to need.

生物模擬提供很多的解決方法是我們需要的

You could look at nature as being like a catalog of products,

你可以看一下大自然把它當作是樣本

and all of those have benefited

所有的東西都來自於

from a 3.8-billion-year research and development period.

3.8億年的研究和發展的累積

And given that level of investment, it makes sense to use it.

如果就投資來說，運用這樣的概念是可行的

So I'm going to talk about some projects that have explored these ideas.

所以我要談談一些計畫，也探討這些想法

And let's start with radical increases

我們從第一點開始談

in resource efficiency.

提高基本資源使用效率

When we were working on the Eden Project,

當我們開始執行伊甸園計劃時

we had to create a very large greenhouse

我們必須蓋一座非常大的溫室

in a site that was not only irregular,

在一個不僅不規則

but it was continually changing because it was still being quarried.

而且不斷變化的地方，因為這個地方仍在開採

It was a hell of a challenge,

這是一個地獄般的挑戰

and it was actually examples from biology

不過它實際上是運用生物學的例子

that provided a lot of the clues.

這提供了很多線索

So for instance,

例如

it was soap bubbles that helped us generate a building form

這參考肥皂泡泡的樣子，規劃出建築物的外觀

that would work regardless of the final ground levels.

不管最後地面高度多高都能做到

Studying pollen grains

研究花粉

and radiolaria and carbon molecules

和放射蟲類和碳分子

helped us devise the most efficient structural solution

幫助我們做出最有效的結構設計

using hexagons and pentagons.

運用六邊形和五邊形

The next move was that we wanted

下一步是我們想要

to try and maximize the size of those hexagons.

把六邊形做到最大

And to do that we had to find an alternative to glass,

要做到這點我們必須用可替代玻璃的材質

which is really very limited in terms of its unit sizes.

不過這材質能夠用的單位面積也相當受限

And in nature there are lots of examples

在自然界中非常多的例子

of very efficient structures based on pressurized membranes.

都能有效用在結構設計上，像是加壓膜技術

So we started exploring this material called ETFE.

因此我們開始探索ETFE這種材料

It's a high-strength polymer.

這是一種高強度聚合物

And what you do is you put it together in three layers,

而我們把它做成三層

you weld it around the edge, and then you inflate it.

把它周圍邊緣焊接起來，然後充氣

And the great thing about this stuff

這東西最了不起的地方是

is you can make it in units

它的每一個單位

of roughly seven times the size of glass,

可以大約是玻璃的七倍大

and it was only one percent of the weight of double-glazing.

重量卻只有雙層玻璃的百分之一

So that was a factor-100 saving.

所以這算是100倍的節約資源

And what we found is that we got into a positive cycle

我們也發現到這帶動起良性循環

in which one breakthrough facilitated another.

新發現又會帶來另一個新發現

So with such large, lightweight pillows,

在這樣大又輕的支撐下

we had much less steel.

我們也能減少鋼材的使用

With less steel we were getting more sunlight in,

少一點鋼材，陽光就能多一點進來

which meant we didn't have to put as much extra heat in winter.

換句話說，在冬天我們不用儲備太多的熱能

And with less overall weight in the superstructure,

加上在建築上層的整體重量也減少

there were big savings in the foundations.

所以地基的建材也能節省許多

And at the end of the project we worked out

在這項計畫完成的時候，我們發現

that the weight of that superstructure

上層建築的重量

was actually less than the weight of the air inside the building.

實際上低於建築物內空氣的重量

So I think the Eden Project is a fairly good example

我認為伊甸園計劃是個相當好的例子

of how ideas from biology

說明從生物學學到的想法

can lead to radical increases in resource efficiency --

可以做到提高基本資源使用效率

delivering the same function,

在提供相同的功能

but with a fraction of the resource input.

達到事半功倍的效果

And actually there are loads of examples in nature

實際上大自然中有非常多這樣的例子

that you could turn to for similar solutions.

是我們可以找到類似的解決方法

So for instance, you could develop super-efficient roof structures

例如我們能蓋出高效能的屋頂結構

based on giant Amazon water lilies,

參考亞馬遜巨頭睡蓮的樣子

whole buildings inspired by abalone shells,

整個建築靈感來自鮑魚殼

super-lightweight bridges inspired by plant cells.

超輕量橋樑設計靈感來自於植物細胞

There's a world of beauty and efficiency to explore here

這個既美麗又有效率的世界值得探索

using nature as a design tool.

運用大自然當作設計的工具

So now I want to go onto talking about the linear-to-closed-loop idea.

現在我要說明的如何從線性轉變成封閉式循環

The way we tend to use resources

我們使用資源的方式

is we extract them,

是我們開採資源

we turn them into short-life products and then dispose of them.

把資源做成生命週期短的產品，然後用完即丟

Nature works very differently.

但大自然的法則不是這樣的

In ecosystems, the waste from one organism

在生態系統裡每一種生物的廢棄物

becomes the nutrient for something else in that system.

會轉變成另一種生物的營養來源

And there are some examples of projects

還有其他例子

that have deliberately tried to mimic ecosystems.

是刻意模仿生態系統

And one of my favorites

其中一項我最喜歡的是

is called the Cardboard to Caviar Project

"從紙板到魚子醬"的計畫

by Graham Wiles.

由Graham Wiles所做的

And in their area they had a lot of shops and restaurants

在他們那個地區有非常多商店和餐廳

that were producing lots of food, cardboard and plastic waste.

造成許多食物、紙板和塑膠的廢棄物

It was ending up in landfills.

這些廢棄物最終都會到垃圾掩埋場

Now the really clever bit is what they did with the cardboard waste.

但現在他們比較聰明會另外處理廢紙板

And I'm just going to talk through this animation.

我利用這個動畫跟你們解釋

So they were paid to collect it from the restaurants.

他們負責從餐廳回收這些紙板

They then shredded the cardboard

然後把紙板碾碎

and sold it to equestrian centers as horse bedding.

賣給了馬術中心用作馬匹休息的墊草

When that was soiled, they were paid again to collect it.

等到這些墊草髒了，他們再負責去回收

They put it into worm recomposting systems,

接著把這些髒的墊草用來培育蠕蟲

which produced a lot of worms, which they fed to Siberian sturgeon,

這樣可以繁殖出許多的蠕蟲，這些蠕蟲就拿來餵食西伯利亞鱘魚

which produced caviar, which they sold back to the restaurants.

鱘魚生產出魚子醬，魚子醬再賣回去給餐廳

So it transformed a linear process

這樣的過程就是從線性

into a closed-loop model,

轉變成一個封閉式的循環

and it created more value in the process.

每一個過程都創造出更多的價值

Graham Wiles has continued to add more and more elements to this,

Graham Wiles不斷加入更多的元素到這個循環

turning waste streams into schemes that create value.

讓廢棄物在這個計劃中創造出價值

And just as natural systems

就像是自然生態一樣

tend to increase in diversity and resilience over time,

長期下來能增加多樣性和適應性

there's a real sense with this project

這是計劃真正的目的

that the number of possibilities

也就是創造出更多的可能性

just continue increasing.

而且不斷地增加價值

And I know it's a quirky example,

我知道這是一個奇特的例子

but I think the implications of this are quite radical,

但我認為這是相當有效的影響

because it suggests that we could actually

因為這實際上

transform a big problem -- waste -- into a massive opportunity.

可以讓我們把大的問題變成大的機會

And particularly in cities --

特別在某些城市

we could look at the whole metabolism of cities,

要處理垃圾問題

and look at those as opportunities.

就能運用這樣的概念

And that's what we're doing on the next project I'm going to talk about,

這也是我接下來要談的另一個計畫

the Mobius Project,

莫比烏斯(Mobius)計畫

where we're trying to bring together a number of activities,

也就是許多的活動

all within one building,

都能在同一棟建築物裡完成

so that the waste from one can be the nutrient for another.

所以每一種廢棄物都能變成原料

And the kind of elements I'm talking about

我要講的概念是

are, firstly, we have a restaurant inside a productive greenhouse,

首先，我們在溫室裡有一間餐廳

a bit like this one in Amsterdam called De Kas.

這有點像在阿姆斯特丹的De Kas溫室餐廳

Then we would have an anaerobic digester,

然後我們在裡面設了一座無氧消化器

which could deal with all the biodegradable waste from the local area,

能處理當地所有可生物分解的廢棄物

turn that into heat for the greenhouse

再轉變成溫室的熱能

and electricity to feed back into the grid.

和電力回饋到輸電網

We'd have a water treatment system

我們有汙水處理系統

treating wastewater, turning that into fresh water

把廢水變成乾淨的水

and generating energy from the solids

從固體產生能量

using just plants and micro-organisms.

只利用一些植物和微生物

We'd have a fish farm fed with vegetable waste from the kitchen

我們有一個養魚池，用廚房的廚餘當作飼料

and worms from the compost

還有堆肥裡的蠕蟲

and supplying fish back to the restaurant.

拿這些拿來餵魚，魚再供應給餐廳

And we'd also have a coffee shop, and the waste grains from that

還會有一個咖啡廳，不要的咖啡渣

could be used as a substrate for growing mushrooms.

可以做成種植蘑菇的培養土

So you can see that we're bringing together

我們把這些想法結合在一起

cycles of food, energy and water and waste

成為一個食物、能源、水和廢棄物的循環

all within one building.

這通通發生在同一棟建築物裡

And just for fun, we've proposed this for a roundabout in central London,

這挺有趣的，我們也針對倫敦市中心一個圓環提出這項計畫

which at the moment is a complete eyesore.

因為這個圓環目前要算是政府的眼中釘

Some of you may recognize this.

你們有些人可能認得這個地方

And with just a little bit of planning,

運用一點點的規劃

we could transform a space dominated by traffic

我們可以把一個以交通為主的空間

into one that provides open space for people,

轉變成可以提供給民眾的開放空間

reconnects people with food

讓人與食物重新有交集

and transforms waste into closed loop opportunities.

讓廢棄物可以在封閉式循環中得到不同的處置

So the final project I want to talk about

我要談的最後一項計畫是

is the Sahara Forest Project, which we're working on at the moment.

撒哈拉造林工程計畫，這是我們現階段正在努力做的

It may come as a surprise to some of you

這可能對在座的某些人來說

to hear that quite large areas of what are currently desert

聽到這消息有點驚訝，因為這一大片地方目前是沙漠

were actually forested a fairly short time ago.

但事實上這地方在不久之前其實有座森林

So for instance, when Julius Caesar arrived in North Africa,

例如當凱撒抵達北非的時候

huge areas of North Africa

在北非有一大片區域

were covered in cedar and cypress forests.

被雪松和柏樹森林給覆蓋

And during the evolution of life on the Earth,

在地球開始繁衍出生命的時候

it was the colonization

土地都被占據

of the land by plants

被植物給佔據

that helped create the benign climate we currently enjoy.

這有助於發展出適合居住的良好氣候

The converse is also true.

反過來也是如此

The more vegetation we lose,

我們失去越多土地上的植被

the more that's likely to exacerbate climate change

越可能加劇氣候變遷

and lead to further desertification.

導致進一步的沙漠化

And this animation,

這個動畫顯示了

this shows photosynthetic activity over the course of a number of years,

數年來的光合作用的活動

and what you can see is that the boundaries of those deserts

我們可以看到這些沙漠的範圍

shift quite a lot,

他們變化很大

and that raises the question

這引發了一個問題

of whether we can intervene at the boundary conditions

我們是否能干預沙漠的界線

to halt, or maybe even reverse, desertification.

去限制或是讓沙漠化的土地回復原本的樣子

And if you look at some of the organisms

你看一些生物

that have evolved to live in deserts,

可以適應在沙漠生活

there are some amazing examples of adaptations to water scarcity.

在適應缺水問題時也有一些令人驚訝的例子

This is the Namibian fog-basking beetle,

這是納米比亞的沐霧甲蟲

and it's evolved a way of harvesting its own fresh water in a desert.

牠自己演化出可以在沙漠收集淡水的方法

The way it does this is it comes out at night,

牠的方式是牠在夜間出來活動

crawls to the top of a sand dune,

爬到沙丘上頭

and because it's got a matte black shell,

因為他的粗糙黑色外殼

is able to radiate heat out to the night sky

能夠在夜晚散發熱能

and become slightly cooler than its surroundings.

又能比其周圍環境低溫

So when the moist breeze blows in off the sea,

因此，當海上吹起了潮濕的微風

you get these droplets of water forming on the beetle's shell.

甲蟲的殼就能讓水滴凝結在上面

Just before sunrise, he tips his shell up, the water runs down into his mouth,

在日出前，牠把身體抬高，水就能流進嘴裡

has a good drink, goes off and hides for the rest of the day.

喝一口水，然後躲起來好好休息的一天

And the ingenuity, if you could call it that,

如果要說，這是大自然的智慧

goes even further.

更進一步看

Because if you look closely at the beetle's shell,

如果仔細觀察甲蟲的外殼

there are lots of little bumps on that shell.

外殼上有許多小的突起物

And those bumps are hydrophilic; they attract water.

而那些突起物具有親水性，能吸引水

Between them there's a waxy finish which repels water.

在每個突起物間有像臘一樣的溝槽可以排水

And the effect of this is that

這個作用是

as the droplets start to form on the bumps,

水滴在這些突起物上形成時

they stay in tight, spherical beads,

水分會緊密而且呈現水珠狀

which means they're much more mobile

所以更具流動性

than they would be if it was just a film of water over the whole beetle's shell.

比起甲蟲殼上有一整片的水來的更容易移動

So even when there's only a small amount of moisture in the air,

因此即使當空氣中只有少量的水分

it's able to harvest that very effectively and channel it down to its mouth.

它仍然能夠非常有效的獲取水分讓水流到口裡

So amazing example of an adaptation

這是一個在適應上非常驚人的例子

to a very resource-constrained environment --

一個資源相當有限的環境

and in that sense, very relevant

這和我們是非常類似的

to the kind of challenges we're going to be facing

我們要面對的挑戰

over the next few years, next few decades.

在未來幾年，或幾十年

We're working with the guy who invented the Seawater Greenhouse.

我們正與一位發明了海水溫室的人合作

This is a greenhouse designed for arid coastal regions,

這是一種在乾旱沿海地區做的溫室設計

and the way it works is that you have this whole wall of evaporator grills,

這運作的方式是裡頭有整座蒸發器架

and you trickle seawater over that

讓海水滴流過這裡

so that wind blows through, it picks up a lot of moisture

讓風吹過收集很多的水分

and is cooled in the process.

然後在過程中冷卻

So inside it's cool and humid,

所以裡面是涼爽和潮濕的

which means the plants need less water to grow.

適合不太需要水的植物生長

And then at the back of the greenhouse,

在溫室後方

it condenses a lot of that humidity as freshwater

能凝結大量的濕氣轉變為淡水

in a process that is effectively identical to the beetle.

這個過程實際上是和甲蟲是相同的

And what they found with the first Seawater Greenhouse that was built

而他們蓋的第一座海水溫室

was it was producing slightly more freshwater

能生產很多的淡水

than it needed for the plants inside.

而且多過裡頭植物所需要的

So they just started spreading this on the land around,

因此他們開始推廣到附近的土地

and the combination of that and the elevated humidity

結合這一點和濕度升高這兩種條件

had quite a dramatic effect on the local area.

讓這個地區有非常大的改變

This photograph was taken on completion day,

這張照片是在完工日那天拍的

and just one year later, it looked like that.

一年後看起來像這樣

So it was like a green inkblot spreading out from the building

它就像一個綠色的墨漬從建築物擴散出去

turning barren land back into biologically productive land --

讓貧瘠的土地回復到有生命的樣子

and in that sense, going beyond sustainable design

也就是說這不僅維持了生態平衡

to achieve restorative design.

更達到恢復生機

So we were keen to scale this up

因此我們希望可以擴大

and apply biomimicry ideas to maximize the benefits.

應用生物模擬的想法把效益最大化

And when you think about nature,

當我們想到的大自然

often you think about it as being all about competition.

我們大部分想到的是競爭

But actually in mature ecosystems,

但實際上在成熟的生態系統中

you're just as likely to find examples

你能發現很多例子

of symbiotic relationships.

都存在共生關係

So an important biomimicry principle

所以重要的生物模擬的原則

is to find ways of bringing technologies together

是想辦法把不同的技術結合

in symbiotic clusters.

做到集體共生

And the technology that we settled on

我們看中的技術是

as an ideal partner for the Seawater Greenhouse

能和海水溫室的概念合作的

is concentrated solar power,

太陽能源應用技術

which uses solar-tracking mirrors to focus the sun's heat

它使用能追蹤太陽能的鏡子集中太陽的熱能

to create electricity.

變成電力

And just to give you some sense of the potential of CSP,

我想讓你們對太陽能源應用技術多一點了解

consider that we receive

想想看

10,000 times as much energy from the sun every year

如果我們每年使用的電有10,000倍來自太陽能

as we use in energy from all forms --

比較來自其他的發電方式

10,000 times.

同樣是10,000倍

So our energy problems are not intractable.

如果這樣我們的能源問題就不棘手

It's a challenge to our ingenuity.

問題在我們的創造力

And the kind of synergies I'm talking about

我現在要說的綜效是

are, firstly, both these technologies work very well in hot, sunny deserts.

這兩種技術在高溫陽光充足的地方都能作用

CSP needs a supply of demineralized freshwater.

太陽能源應用技術需要去除礦物質的水

That's exactly what the Seawater Greenhouse produces.

而海水溫室能生產這樣的水

CSP produces a lot of waste heat.

太陽能源應用技術則產生大量的熱能

We'll be able to make use of all that to evaporate more seawater

我們可以用來讓大量的海水蒸發

and enhance the restorative benefits.

提高恢復效益(restorative benefits)

And finally, in the shade under the mirrors,

然後在鏡子下的陰暗處

it's possible to grow all sorts of crops

可以增種各種作物

that would not grow in direct sunlight.

能避免直接的日照

So this is how this scheme would look.

這會是這個計劃的樣子

The idea is we create this long hedge of greenhouses facing the wind.

我們會在迎風處建造一大片的溫室

We'd have concentrated solar power plants

還有太陽能發電廠

at intervals along the way.

以固定的間距蓋在這條路上

Some of you might be wondering what we would do with all the salts.

在座某些人可能想知道我們會如何處理那些鹽分

And with biomimicry, if you've got an underutilized resource,

在生物模擬的概念下，如果你有一項還未被使用的資源

you don't think, "How am I going to dispose of this?"

你不會想"我該怎麼把這東西丟掉？"

You think, "What can I add to the system to create more value?"

你反而會想"我該加什麼東西進來創造出更多的價值？"

And it turns out

事實證明

that different things crystallize out at different stages.

不同的物質在不同的階段會變成結晶

When you evaporate seawater, the first thing to crystallize out

開始蒸餾海水的時候，第一樣被結晶出來的

is calcium carbonate.

是碳酸鈣

And that builds up on the evaporators --

碳酸鈣會凝聚在蒸發器上

and that's what that image on the left is --

就會像左邊的圖片那樣

gradually getting encrusted with the calcium carbonate.

逐漸被碳酸鈣給覆蓋

So after a while, we could take that out,

經過一段時間，我們可以把這些取下來

use it as a lightweight building block.

做成輕量的磚塊

And if you think about the carbon in that,

如果你問那碳呢？

that would have come out of the atmosphere, into the sea

那是從大氣落到海裡的

and then locked away in a building product.

碳會凝結在這些建材裡

The next thing is sodium chloride.

第二種是氯化鈉

You can also compress that into a building block,

也是可以壓縮做成磚塊

as they did here.

就像這裡

This is a hotel in Bolivia.

這是玻利維亞的一間酒店

And then after that, there are all sorts

之後還有其他各種

of compounds and elements that we can extract,

化合物和元素是我們可以提煉出來的

like phosphates, that we need to get back into the desert soils to fertilize them.

像磷酸鹽，這東西我們可以拿到沙漠施肥

And there's just about every element of the periodic table

幾乎化學週期表上的所有元素

in seawater.

都能從海水裡獲得

So it should be possible to extract valuable elements

所以是能從海水提煉出有價值的元素

like lithium for high-performance batteries.

像高性能電池需要的鋰

And in parts of the Arabian Gulf,

而在阿拉伯海灣地區

the seawater, the salinity is increasing steadily

海水裡的鹽份是穩定的在增加

due to the discharge of waste brine

因為有廢鹵水

from desalination plants.

從海水淡化廠排出

And it's pushing the ecosystem close to collapse.

這造成生態系統瀕臨崩潰

Now we would be able to make use of all that waste brine.

現在我們能夠利用的所有的廢鹵水

We could evaporate it

我們可以蒸餾它

to enhance the restorative benefits

提高恢復效益(restorative benefits)

and capture the salts,

同時取得鹽巴

transforming an urgent waste problem into a big opportunity.

把一個急迫的汙染問題變成一的大的機會

Really the Sahara Forest Project is a model

撒哈拉造林工程真的是一個很好的例子

for how we could create zero-carbon food,

說明我們如何能夠創造零碳食品

abundant renewable energy in some of the most water-stressed parts of the planet

在地球上一些最缺水地區創造出豐富的可再生能源

as well as reversing desertification in certain areas.

同時又能讓某些沙漠化的土地恢復生機

So returning to those big challenges that I mentioned at the beginning:

因此，回到那些我在開始時提到大的挑戰

radical increases in resource efficiency,

提高基本資源使用效率

closing loops and a solar economy.

封閉式循環和太陽能經濟

They're not just possible; they're critical.

這些不只是可行，而且非常重要

And I firmly believe that studying the way nature solves problems

我深信研究大自然解決問題的方法

will provide a lot of the solutions.

可以提供人類更多的解決之道

But perhaps more than anything, what this thinking provides

但也許更重要的是，思考能帶來

is a really positive way of talking about sustainable design.

正向的永續發展的設計

Far too much of the talk about the environment

太多有關環境的討論

uses very negative language.

都用負面的言語

But here it's about synergies and abundance and optimizing.

但討論應該是有綜效的，豐富的和樂觀的

And this is an important point.

這是非常重要的

Antoine de Saint-Exupery once said,

安東尼聖艾修伯理曾說過：

"If you want to build a flotilla of ships,

“如果你想建立一個船隊

you don't sit around talking about carpentry.

你不是坐下來談木工的工作

No, you need to set people's souls ablaze

你需要讓人的靈魂

with visions of exploring distant shores."

對探索遙遠的海岸充滿熱情"

And that's what we need to do, so let's be positive,

這才是我們要做的，我們一起樂觀點

and let's make progress with what could be

一起進步

the most exciting period of innovation we've ever seen.

為這令人興奮且前所未有的創新來努力

Thank you.

謝謝各位

(Applause)

(掌聲)