Michael Pawlyn: Using nature's genius in architecture

397,747 views ・ 2011-02-10

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:15
I'd like to start with a couple of quick examples.
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These are spinneret glands
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on the abdomen of a spider.
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They produce six different types of silk, which is spun together into a fiber,
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tougher than any fiber humans have ever made.
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The nearest we've come is with aramid fiber.
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And to make that, it involves extremes of temperature,
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extremes of pressure and loads of pollution.
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And yet the spider manages to do it at ambient temperature and pressure
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with raw materials of dead flies and water.
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It does suggest we've still got a bit to learn.
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This beetle can detect a forest fire at 80 kilometers away.
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That's roughly 10,000 times the range
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of man-made fire detectors.
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And what's more, this guy doesn't need a wire
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connected all the way back to a power station burning fossil fuels.
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So these two examples give a sense of what biomimicry can deliver.
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If we could learn to make things and do things the way nature does,
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we could achieve factor 10, factor 100,
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maybe even factor 1,000 savings
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in resource and energy use.
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And if we're to make progress with the sustainability revolution,
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I believe there are three really big changes
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we need to bring about.
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Firstly, radical increases in resource efficiency.
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Secondly, shifting from a linear, wasteful,
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polluting way of using resources
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to a closed-loop model.
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And thirdly, changing from a fossil fuel economy
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to a solar economy.
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And for all three of these, I believe,
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biomimicry has a lot of the solutions that we're going to need.
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You could look at nature as being like a catalog of products,
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and all of those have benefited
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from a 3.8-billion-year research and development period.
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And given that level of investment, it makes sense to use it.
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So I'm going to talk about some projects that have explored these ideas.
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And let's start with radical increases
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in resource efficiency.
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When we were working on the Eden Project,
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we had to create a very large greenhouse
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in a site that was not only irregular,
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but it was continually changing because it was still being quarried.
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It was a hell of a challenge,
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and it was actually examples from biology
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that provided a lot of the clues.
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So for instance,
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it was soap bubbles that helped us generate a building form
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that would work regardless of the final ground levels.
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Studying pollen grains
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and radiolaria and carbon molecules
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helped us devise the most efficient structural solution
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using hexagons and pentagons.
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The next move was that we wanted
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to try and maximize the size of those hexagons.
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And to do that we had to find an alternative to glass,
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which is really very limited in terms of its unit sizes.
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And in nature there are lots of examples
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of very efficient structures based on pressurized membranes.
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So we started exploring this material called ETFE.
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It's a high-strength polymer.
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And what you do is you put it together in three layers,
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you weld it around the edge, and then you inflate it.
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And the great thing about this stuff
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is you can make it in units
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of roughly seven times the size of glass,
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and it was only one percent of the weight of double-glazing.
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So that was a factor-100 saving.
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And what we found is that we got into a positive cycle
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in which one breakthrough facilitated another.
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So with such large, lightweight pillows,
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we had much less steel.
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With less steel we were getting more sunlight in,
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which meant we didn't have to put as much extra heat in winter.
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And with less overall weight in the superstructure,
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there were big savings in the foundations.
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And at the end of the project we worked out
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that the weight of that superstructure
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was actually less than the weight of the air inside the building.
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So I think the Eden Project is a fairly good example
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of how ideas from biology
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can lead to radical increases in resource efficiency --
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delivering the same function,
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but with a fraction of the resource input.
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And actually there are loads of examples in nature
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that you could turn to for similar solutions.
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So for instance, you could develop super-efficient roof structures
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based on giant Amazon water lilies,
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whole buildings inspired by abalone shells,
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super-lightweight bridges inspired by plant cells.
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There's a world of beauty and efficiency to explore here
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using nature as a design tool.
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So now I want to go onto talking about the linear-to-closed-loop idea.
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The way we tend to use resources
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is we extract them,
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we turn them into short-life products and then dispose of them.
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Nature works very differently.
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In ecosystems, the waste from one organism
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becomes the nutrient for something else in that system.
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And there are some examples of projects
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that have deliberately tried to mimic ecosystems.
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And one of my favorites
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is called the Cardboard to Caviar Project
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by Graham Wiles.
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And in their area they had a lot of shops and restaurants
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that were producing lots of food, cardboard and plastic waste.
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It was ending up in landfills.
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Now the really clever bit is what they did with the cardboard waste.
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And I'm just going to talk through this animation.
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So they were paid to collect it from the restaurants.
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They then shredded the cardboard
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and sold it to equestrian centers as horse bedding.
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When that was soiled, they were paid again to collect it.
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They put it into worm recomposting systems,
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which produced a lot of worms, which they fed to Siberian sturgeon,
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which produced caviar, which they sold back to the restaurants.
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So it transformed a linear process
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into a closed-loop model,
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and it created more value in the process.
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Graham Wiles has continued to add more and more elements to this,
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turning waste streams into schemes that create value.
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And just as natural systems
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tend to increase in diversity and resilience over time,
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there's a real sense with this project
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that the number of possibilities
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just continue increasing.
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And I know it's a quirky example,
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but I think the implications of this are quite radical,
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because it suggests that we could actually
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transform a big problem -- waste -- into a massive opportunity.
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And particularly in cities --
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we could look at the whole metabolism of cities,
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and look at those as opportunities.
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And that's what we're doing on the next project I'm going to talk about,
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the Mobius Project,
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where we're trying to bring together a number of activities,
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all within one building,
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so that the waste from one can be the nutrient for another.
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And the kind of elements I'm talking about
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are, firstly, we have a restaurant inside a productive greenhouse,
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a bit like this one in Amsterdam called De Kas.
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Then we would have an anaerobic digester,
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which could deal with all the biodegradable waste from the local area,
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turn that into heat for the greenhouse
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and electricity to feed back into the grid.
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We'd have a water treatment system
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treating wastewater, turning that into fresh water
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and generating energy from the solids
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using just plants and micro-organisms.
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We'd have a fish farm fed with vegetable waste from the kitchen
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and worms from the compost
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and supplying fish back to the restaurant.
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And we'd also have a coffee shop, and the waste grains from that
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could be used as a substrate for growing mushrooms.
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So you can see that we're bringing together
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cycles of food, energy and water and waste
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all within one building.
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And just for fun, we've proposed this for a roundabout in central London,
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which at the moment is a complete eyesore.
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Some of you may recognize this.
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And with just a little bit of planning,
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we could transform a space dominated by traffic
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into one that provides open space for people,
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reconnects people with food
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and transforms waste into closed loop opportunities.
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So the final project I want to talk about
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is the Sahara Forest Project, which we're working on at the moment.
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It may come as a surprise to some of you
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to hear that quite large areas of what are currently desert
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were actually forested a fairly short time ago.
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So for instance, when Julius Caesar arrived in North Africa,
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huge areas of North Africa
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were covered in cedar and cypress forests.
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And during the evolution of life on the Earth,
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it was the colonization
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of the land by plants
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that helped create the benign climate we currently enjoy.
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The converse is also true.
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The more vegetation we lose,
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the more that's likely to exacerbate climate change
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and lead to further desertification.
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And this animation,
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this shows photosynthetic activity over the course of a number of years,
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and what you can see is that the boundaries of those deserts
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shift quite a lot,
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and that raises the question
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of whether we can intervene at the boundary conditions
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to halt, or maybe even reverse, desertification.
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And if you look at some of the organisms
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that have evolved to live in deserts,
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there are some amazing examples of adaptations to water scarcity.
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This is the Namibian fog-basking beetle,
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and it's evolved a way of harvesting its own fresh water in a desert.
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The way it does this is it comes out at night,
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crawls to the top of a sand dune,
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and because it's got a matte black shell,
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is able to radiate heat out to the night sky
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and become slightly cooler than its surroundings.
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So when the moist breeze blows in off the sea,
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you get these droplets of water forming on the beetle's shell.
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Just before sunrise, he tips his shell up, the water runs down into his mouth,
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has a good drink, goes off and hides for the rest of the day.
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And the ingenuity, if you could call it that,
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goes even further.
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Because if you look closely at the beetle's shell,
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there are lots of little bumps on that shell.
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And those bumps are hydrophilic; they attract water.
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Between them there's a waxy finish which repels water.
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And the effect of this is that
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as the droplets start to form on the bumps,
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they stay in tight, spherical beads,
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which means they're much more mobile
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than they would be if it was just a film of water over the whole beetle's shell.
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So even when there's only a small amount of moisture in the air,
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it's able to harvest that very effectively and channel it down to its mouth.
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So amazing example of an adaptation
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to a very resource-constrained environment --
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and in that sense, very relevant
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to the kind of challenges we're going to be facing
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over the next few years, next few decades.
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We're working with the guy who invented the Seawater Greenhouse.
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This is a greenhouse designed for arid coastal regions,
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and the way it works is that you have this whole wall of evaporator grills,
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and you trickle seawater over that
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so that wind blows through, it picks up a lot of moisture
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and is cooled in the process.
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So inside it's cool and humid,
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which means the plants need less water to grow.
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And then at the back of the greenhouse,
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it condenses a lot of that humidity as freshwater
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in a process that is effectively identical to the beetle.
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And what they found with the first Seawater Greenhouse that was built
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was it was producing slightly more freshwater
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than it needed for the plants inside.
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So they just started spreading this on the land around,
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and the combination of that and the elevated humidity
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had quite a dramatic effect on the local area.
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This photograph was taken on completion day,
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and just one year later, it looked like that.
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So it was like a green inkblot spreading out from the building
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turning barren land back into biologically productive land --
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and in that sense, going beyond sustainable design
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to achieve restorative design.
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So we were keen to scale this up
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and apply biomimicry ideas to maximize the benefits.
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And when you think about nature,
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often you think about it as being all about competition.
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But actually in mature ecosystems,
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you're just as likely to find examples
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of symbiotic relationships.
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So an important biomimicry principle
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is to find ways of bringing technologies together
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in symbiotic clusters.
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And the technology that we settled on
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as an ideal partner for the Seawater Greenhouse
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is concentrated solar power,
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which uses solar-tracking mirrors to focus the sun's heat
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to create electricity.
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And just to give you some sense of the potential of CSP,
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consider that we receive
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10,000 times as much energy from the sun every year
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as we use in energy from all forms --
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10,000 times.
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So our energy problems are not intractable.
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It's a challenge to our ingenuity.
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And the kind of synergies I'm talking about
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are, firstly, both these technologies work very well in hot, sunny deserts.
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CSP needs a supply of demineralized freshwater.
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That's exactly what the Seawater Greenhouse produces.
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CSP produces a lot of waste heat.
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We'll be able to make use of all that to evaporate more seawater
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and enhance the restorative benefits.
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And finally, in the shade under the mirrors,
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it's possible to grow all sorts of crops
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that would not grow in direct sunlight.
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So this is how this scheme would look.
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The idea is we create this long hedge of greenhouses facing the wind.
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We'd have concentrated solar power plants
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at intervals along the way.
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Some of you might be wondering what we would do with all the salts.
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And with biomimicry, if you've got an underutilized resource,
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you don't think, "How am I going to dispose of this?"
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You think, "What can I add to the system to create more value?"
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And it turns out
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that different things crystallize out at different stages.
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When you evaporate seawater, the first thing to crystallize out
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is calcium carbonate.
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And that builds up on the evaporators --
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and that's what that image on the left is --
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gradually getting encrusted with the calcium carbonate.
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So after a while, we could take that out,
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use it as a lightweight building block.
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And if you think about the carbon in that,
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that would have come out of the atmosphere, into the sea
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and then locked away in a building product.
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The next thing is sodium chloride.
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You can also compress that into a building block,
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as they did here.
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This is a hotel in Bolivia.
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And then after that, there are all sorts
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of compounds and elements that we can extract,
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like phosphates, that we need to get back into the desert soils to fertilize them.
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And there's just about every element of the periodic table
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in seawater.
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So it should be possible to extract valuable elements
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like lithium for high-performance batteries.
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And in parts of the Arabian Gulf,
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the seawater, the salinity is increasing steadily
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due to the discharge of waste brine
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from desalination plants.
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And it's pushing the ecosystem close to collapse.
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Now we would be able to make use of all that waste brine.
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We could evaporate it
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to enhance the restorative benefits
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and capture the salts,
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transforming an urgent waste problem into a big opportunity.
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Really the Sahara Forest Project is a model
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for how we could create zero-carbon food,
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abundant renewable energy in some of the most water-stressed parts of the planet
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as well as reversing desertification in certain areas.
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So returning to those big challenges that I mentioned at the beginning:
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radical increases in resource efficiency,
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closing loops and a solar economy.
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They're not just possible; they're critical.
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And I firmly believe that studying the way nature solves problems
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will provide a lot of the solutions.
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But perhaps more than anything, what this thinking provides
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is a really positive way of talking about sustainable design.
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Far too much of the talk about the environment
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uses very negative language.
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But here it's about synergies and abundance and optimizing.
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And this is an important point.
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Antoine de Saint-Exupery once said,
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"If you want to build a flotilla of ships,
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you don't sit around talking about carpentry.
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No, you need to set people's souls ablaze
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with visions of exploring distant shores."
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And that's what we need to do, so let's be positive,
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and let's make progress with what could be
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the most exciting period of innovation we've ever seen.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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About this website

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