Nalini Nadkarni: Life science in prison

26,359 views ใƒป 2010-07-09

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ron Bentata ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:16
Trees epitomize stasis.
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ืขืฆื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืงืคืื•ืŸ.
00:19
Trees are rooted in the ground in one place
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ืขืฆื™ื ืžื•ืฉืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“
00:21
for many human generations,
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ืœืžืฉืš ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
00:24
but if we shift our perspective
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ืืš ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•
00:26
from the trunk to the twigs,
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ืžื”ื’ื–ืข ื•ืขื“ ืœืขื ืคื™ื,
00:28
trees become very dynamic entities,
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ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ืืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:30
moving and growing.
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ื–ื–ื™ื ื•ื’ื“ืœื™ื.
00:32
And I decided to explore this movement
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื–ื•
00:34
by turning trees into artists.
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ืข"ื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืขืฆื™ื ืœืืžื ื™ื.
00:36
I simply tied the end of a paintbrush onto a twig.
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ืื ื™ ืจืง ื—ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืจืฉืช ืœืขื ืคื™ื.
00:39
I waited for the wind to come up and held up a canvas,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื›ื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ืจื•ื— ืชื‘ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ื–ืงืชื™ ื‘ื“ ืฆื™ื•ืจ.
00:42
and that produced art.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช.
00:44
The piece of art you see on your left
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ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืœืฉืžืืœื›ื
00:46
is painted by a western red cedar
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ืฆื•ื™ืจื” ืข"ื™ ืขืฅ ืืจื– ืื“ื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™,
00:48
and that on your right by a Douglas fir,
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ื•ื–ื• ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื›ื ืฆื•ื™ืจื” ืข"ื™ ืขืฅ ืืฉื•ื—.
00:50
and what I learned was that different species
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื–ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
00:52
have different signatures, like a Picasso versus a Monet.
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ื™ืฉ ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืฉื•ื ื”, ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืงืืกื• ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžื•ื ื”.
00:55
But I was also interested in the movement of trees
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ืืš ืื ื™ ื’ื ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื
00:57
and how this art might let me capture that and quantify it,
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ ืœืชืคื•ืก ื•ืœื›ืžืช ืืช ื–ื”.
01:01
so to measure the distance that a single vine maple tree --
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ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืขืฅ ื’ืคื ื™ ืžื™ื™ืคืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ --
01:04
which produced this painting -- moved in a single year,
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ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” -- ื–ื– ื‘ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช,
01:07
I simply measured and summed
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ืื ื™ ืจืง ืžื“ื“ืชื™ ื•ืกื›ืžืชื™
01:09
each of those lines.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
01:11
I multiplied them by the number of twigs per branch
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ื”ื›ืคืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืฆืžืจืช
01:14
and the number of branches per tree
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ื•ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆืžืจื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืขืฅ
01:16
and then divided that by the number of minutes per year.
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ื•ืื– ื—ื™ืœืงืชื™ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื”.
01:19
And so I was able to calculate
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ื•ื›ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื‘
01:21
how far a single tree moved in a single year.
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ืœืื™ื–ื” ืžืจื—ืง ื–ื– ืขืฅ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช.
01:24
You might have a guess.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื™ื—ืฉืชื.
01:26
The answer is actually 186,540 miles,
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” 186,540 ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื,
01:29
or seven times around the globe.
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ืื• 7 ืคืขืžื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:32
And so simply by shifting our perspective from a single trunk
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ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื’ื–ืข ื™ื—ื™ื“
01:35
to the many dynamic twigs,
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ืœืขื ืคื™ื ื“ื™ื ืืžื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
01:37
we are able to see that trees are not simply static entities,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
01:40
but rather extremely dynamic.
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ืืœื ื“ื™ื ืืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช.
01:43
And I began to think about ways that
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ
01:45
we might consider this lesson of trees,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื,
01:47
to consider other entities that are also static and stuck,
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ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื ื”ืŸ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืงื•ืขื•ืช,
01:50
but which cry for change and dynamicism,
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ืืš ืžืฉื•ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื“ื™ื ืืžื™ื•ืช.
01:53
and one of those entities is our prisons.
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ื•ืื—ืช ืžื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ืœื ืฉืœื ื•.
01:56
Prisons, of course, are where people who break our laws
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ื‘ืชื™ ื›ืœื, ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
01:58
are stuck, confined behind bars.
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ืชืงื•ืขื™ื, ืžืจื•ืชืงื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืกื•ืจื’ื™ื.
02:01
And our prison system itself is stuck.
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ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ืœื ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ืชืงื•ืขื”.
02:04
The United States has over 2.3 million
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื™ืฉื ื ืžืขืœ 2.3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
02:06
incarcerated men and women.
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ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืขืฆืจ.
02:08
That number is rising.
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ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื”.
02:10
Of the 100 incarcerated people that are released,
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ืžืชื•ืš 100 ืขืฆื•ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื•,
02:13
60 will return to prison.
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60 ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ืœื.
02:15
Funds for education, for training
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ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืœืื™ืžื•ืŸ
02:17
and for rehabilitation are declining,
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ื•ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ืคื•ื—ืชื™ื.
02:19
so this despairing cycle of incarceration continues.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืžื™ื™ืืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืฆืจื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš.
02:23
I decided to ask whether the lesson
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื”ืื ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ
02:25
I had learned from trees as artists
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ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืžืขืฆื™ื ื›ืืžื ื™ื
02:27
could be applied to a static institution
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ืกื˜ื˜ื™
02:29
such as our prisons,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ืœื ืฉืœื ื•.
02:31
and I think the answer is yes.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ.
02:33
In the year 2007,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007,
02:35
I started a partnership
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช
02:37
with the Washington State Department of Corrections.
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ืขื ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืขื ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ,
02:40
Working with four prisons, we began bringing science and scientists,
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื 4 ื‘ืชื™ ื›ืœื, ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื“ืข ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
02:43
sustainability and conservation projects
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ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ
02:46
to four state prisons.
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ืœ-4 ื‘ืชื™ ื›ืœื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื.
02:48
We give science lectures,
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ืื ื• ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช.
02:50
and the men here are choosing to come to our science lectures
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
02:52
instead of watching television or weightlifting.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืื• ืœื”ืจื™ื ืžืฉืงื•ืœื•ืช.
02:56
That, I think, is movement.
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ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ืชื–ื•ื–ื”.
02:58
We partnered with the Nature Conservancy
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ื—ื‘ืจื ื• ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
03:00
for inmates at Stafford Creek Correctional Center
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ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืฉื” ืกื˜ืคื•ื“ ืงืจื™ืง
03:03
to grow endangered prairie plants
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ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”
03:05
for restoration of relic prairie areas in Washington state.
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ืœืฉื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ.
03:08
That, I think, is movement.
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ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ืชื–ื•ื–ื”.
03:10
We worked with the Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife
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ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืขื ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื“ื’ื” ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ.
03:13
to grow endangered frogs -- the Oregon spotted frog --
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ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”, ื”ืื•ืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ืงื“,
03:15
for later release into protected wetlands.
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ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจย ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื.
03:18
That, I think, is movement.
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ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ืชื–ื•ื–ื”.
03:21
And just recently, we've begun to work with
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ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื
03:23
those men who are segregated
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื
03:25
in what we call Supermax facilities.
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื.
03:27
They've incurred violent infractions
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”
03:29
by becoming violent with guards
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ืžืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืขื ื”ืกื•ื”ืจื™ื
03:31
and with other prisoners.
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ื•ืขื ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:33
They're kept in bare cells like this
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ื”ื ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ื ืขืจื•ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”
03:35
for 23 hours a day.
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ืœืžืฉืš 23 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžืžื”.
03:37
When they have meetings with their review boards or mental health professionals,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขื ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืื• ืจื•ืคืื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ,
03:40
they're placed in immobile booths like this.
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ื”ื ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ื ื ื™ื™ื—ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
03:43
For one hour a day
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ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื
03:45
they're brought to these bleak and bland exercise yards.
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ื”ื ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ืœื—ืฆืจ ื”ืชืขืžืœื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืจืช ื•ืžืฉืขืžืžืช.
03:48
Although we can't bring trees and prairie plants
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื
03:50
and frogs into these environments,
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ื•ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
03:52
we are bringing images of nature
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ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืข
03:54
into these exercise yards,
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ืœืชื•ืš ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืขืžืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
03:56
putting them on the walls, so at least they get contact
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ืžืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ืš ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ
03:58
with visual images of nature.
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ืœืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืข.
04:01
This is Mr. Lopez, who has been in solitary confinement for 18 months,
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืจ ืœื•ืคื–, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืœืžืฉืš 18 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
04:04
and he's providing input on the types of images
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืง ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
04:07
that he believes would make him and his fellow inmates
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ืื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื
04:09
more serene, more calm,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ื•ืขื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงื˜ื™ื,
04:12
less apt to violence.
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ืขื ืคื—ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
04:15
And so what we see, I think,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช,
04:17
is that small, collective movements of change
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ื–ื” ืฉืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
04:20
can perhaps move
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ื–
04:22
an entity such as our own prison system
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ื™ื™ืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ืœื ืฉืœื ื•
04:25
in a direction of hope.
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ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
04:27
We know that trees are static entities
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื•ืช
04:30
when we look at their trunks.
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
04:32
But if trees can create art,
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ืืš ืื ืขืฆื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืžื ื•ืช,
04:34
if they can encircle the globe seven times in one year,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ 7 ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช,
04:37
if prisoners can grow plants and raise frogs,
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ืื ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื— ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ืœื’ื“ืœ ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื,
04:40
then perhaps there are other static entities
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
04:43
that we hold inside ourselves,
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ืฉืื ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•,
04:46
like grief, like addictions,
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ื›ืžื• ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ื™ื•ืช,
04:48
like racism,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช,
04:50
that can also change.
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ืฉื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
04:52
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
04:54
(Applause)
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( ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื )
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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