How Too Many Rules at Work Keep You from Getting Things Done | Yves Morieux | TED Talks

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2015-09-21 ・ TED


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How Too Many Rules at Work Keep You from Getting Things Done | Yves Morieux | TED Talks

333,410 views ・ 2015-09-21

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Igor Pureta Recezent: Ivan Stamenković
00:12
Paul Krugman, the Nobel Prize [winner] in economics, once wrote:
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Paul Krugman, dobitnik Nobela za ekonomiju napisao je:
00:18
"Productivity is not everything, but in the long run,
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"Nije sve u produktivnosti, ali dugoročno gledajući,
00:24
it is almost everything."
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produktivnost je gotovo sve."
00:28
So this is serious.
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Dakle, to je ozbiljno.
00:30
There are not that many things on earth that are "almost everything."
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Nema puno stvari na svijetu koje su "gotovo sve".
00:36
Productivity is the principal driver of the prosperity of a society.
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Produktivnost je glavni pokretač društvenog napretka.
00:43
So we have a problem.
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Dakle, imamo problem.
00:45
In the largest European economies,
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U najvećim europskim ekonomijama
00:48
productivity used to grow five percent per annum
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produktivnost je rasla pet posto godišnje
00:51
in the '50s, '60s, early '70s.
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50-ih, 60-ih i ranih 70-ih.
00:54
From '73 to '83: three percent per annum.
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Od '73. do '83. tri posto godišnje.
00:58
From '83 to '95: two percent per annum.
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Od '83. do '95. dva posto godišnje.
01:02
Since 1995: less than one percent per annum.
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Od 1995. manje od jedan posto godišnje.
01:07
The same profile in Japan.
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Ista je situacija u Japanu.
01:10
The same profile in the US,
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Ista je situacija i u SAD-u
01:13
despite a momentary rebound 15 years ago,
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unatoč munjevitom odskoku prije 15 godina
01:18
and despite all the technological innovations
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i unatoč svim tehnološkim inovacijama
01:21
around us: the Internet, the information,
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oko nas: internet, informacije,
01:24
the new information and communication technologies.
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nove informacijske i komunikacijske tehnologije.
01:28
When productivity grows three percent per annum,
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Kad produktivnost raste tri posto godišnje
01:32
you double the standard of living every generation.
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udvostručuje životni standard svake generacije.
01:37
Every generation is twice as well-off as its parents'.
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Svaka generacija dvostruko je imućnija od roditelja.
01:42
When it grows one percent per annum,
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Kada raste za jedan posto godišnje,
01:46
it takes three generations to double the standard of living.
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potrebne su tri generacije za udvostručenje standarda.
01:49
And in this process, many people will be less well-off than their parents.
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Za to vrijeme mnogi će ljudi biti siromašniji od roditelja.
01:55
They will have less of everything:
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Imat će manje svega:
01:58
smaller roofs, or perhaps no roof at all,
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manje krovove nad glavom, ili ih možda uopće neće imati
02:02
less access to education, to vitamins, to antibiotics, to vaccination --
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nedostupnije obrazovanje, vitamine, antibiotike, cijepljenje --
02:09
to everything.
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svega.
02:11
Think of all the problems that we're facing at the moment.
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Razmislite o svim problemima s kojima se trenutačno susrećemo.
02:18
All.
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O svim.
02:20
Chances are that they are rooted in the productivity crisis.
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Velika je mogućnost da im je uzrok kriza produktivnosti.
02:27
Why this crisis?
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Zbog čega ta kriza?
02:30
Because the basic tenets about efficiency --
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Zato što ie osnovno načelo učinkovitosti --
02:35
effectiveness in organizations, in management --
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učinkovitost u organizaciji, upravljanju --
02:40
have become counterproductive for human efforts.
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postalo kontraproduktivno za ljudski napor.
02:45
Everywhere in public services -- in companies, in the way we work,
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Svugdje -- u javnom sektoru, u poduzećima, načinu na koji radimo,
02:49
the way we innovate, invest -- try to learn to work better.
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na koji smo inovativni, investiramo -- pokušajte naučiti raditi bolje
02:54
Take the holy trinity of efficiency:
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Uzmite sveto trojstvo učinkovitosti:
03:00
clarity, measurement, accountability.
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jsnoća, mjerljivost, odgovornost.
03:07
They make human efforts derail.
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Oni uništavaju ljudski napor.
03:11
There are two ways to look at it, to prove it.
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Postoje dva načina da to vidimo i dokažemo.
03:15
One, the one I prefer,
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Prvi, koji je meni draži
03:18
is rigorous, elegant, nice -- math.
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je strog, elegantan, lijep -- matematika.
03:24
But the full math version takes a little while,
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Potpuna matematička verzija zahtijeva nešto vremena
03:27
so there is another one.
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pa zato imamo onaj drugi način.
03:29
It is to look at a relay race.
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Pogledajmo štafetnu utrku.
03:32
This is what we will do today.
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To je ono što ćemo napraviti danas.
03:34
It's a bit more animated, more visual and also faster -- it's a race.
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Malo je animiraniji, vizualniji i nešto brži -- ipak je to utrka.
03:41
Hopefully, it's faster.
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Nadamo se da je brži.
03:42
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:44
World championship final -- women.
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Finale svjetskog prvenstva za žene.
03:49
Eight teams in the final.
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Osam je timova u finalu.
03:51
The fastest team is the US team.
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SAD ima najbrži tim.
03:55
They have the fastest women on earth.
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Oni imaju najbrže žene na svijetu.
03:58
They are the favorite team to win.
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Oni su favoriti za pobjedu.
04:00
Notably, if you compare them to an average team,
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Osobito, ako ih usporedimo s nekim prosječnim timom,
04:05
say, the French team,
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recimo, francuskim
04:06
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:08
based on their best performances in the 100-meter race,
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prema njihovim rezultatima na utrci na 100 metara
04:13
if you add the individual times of the US runners,
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i ako zbrojite pojedinačna vremena američkih trkačica,
04:19
they arrive at the finish line 3.2 meters ahead of the French team.
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one stižu na cilj 3,2 metra ispred francuskog tima.
04:26
And this year, the US team is in great shape.
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A ove godine američki tim je u odličnoj formi.
04:30
Based on their best performance this year,
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Na temelju njihove najbolje utrke ove godine,
04:32
they arrive 6.4 meters ahead of the French team,
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one stižu 6,4 metra ispred francuskog tima,
04:37
based on the data.
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prema podacima.
04:39
We are going to look at the race.
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Mi ćemo pogledati utrku.
04:40
At some point you will see, towards the end,
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U jednom trenutku prema kraju vi ćete vidjeti
04:43
that Torri Edwards, the fourth US runner, is ahead.
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da Torri Edwards, četvrta američka trkačica, vodi.
04:49
Not surprising -- this year she got the gold medal in the 100-meter race.
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Nije iznenađenje - ove godine je osvojila zlatnu medalju na utrci na 100 metara.
04:56
And by the way, Chryste Gaines, the second runner in the US team,
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Usput rečeno, Chryste Gaines, druga trkačica u američkom timu
05:01
is the fastest woman on earth.
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je najbrža žena na Zemlji.
05:03
So, there are 3.5 billion women on earth.
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Dakle, na Zemlji je 3,5 milijardi žena.
05:09
Where are the two fastest? On the US team.
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Gdje su dvije najbrže? U američkom timu.
05:13
And the two other runners on the US team are not bad, either.
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Ni preostale dvije trkačice u američkom timu nisu loše, znate?
05:16
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:18
So clearly, the US team has won the war for talent.
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Jasno je da je američki tim dobio rat za talente.
05:24
But behind, the average team is trying to catch up.
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Iza, prosječan tim pokušava uhvatiti priključak.
05:28
Let's watch the race.
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Pogledajmo utrku.
05:30
(Video: French sportscasters narrate race)
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(Video uz komentar na francuskom)
06:18
(Video: Race narration ends)
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(Video: završetak komentara)
06:22
Yves Morieux: So what happened?
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Yves Morieux: Što se dogodilo?
06:23
The fastest team did not win; the slower one did.
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Najbrži tim nije pobijedio; pobijedio je sporiji.
06:28
By the way, I hope you appreciate
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Usput, nadam se da cijenite
06:30
the deep historical research I did to make the French look good.
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iscrpno povijesno istraživanje koje sam poduzeo da prikažem Francuze u dobrom svjetlu.
06:36
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
06:41
But let's not exaggerate -- it's not archeology, either.
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No, ne pretjerujmo -- nije to baš niti arheologija.
06:45
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
06:47
But why?
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Zašto?
06:49
Because of cooperation.
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Zbog suradnje.
06:50
When you hear this sentence:
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Kad čujete ovu rečenicu:
06:52
"Thanks to cooperation, the whole is worth more than the sum of the parts."
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"Zahvaljujući suradnji, cjelina je vrednija od zbroja djelova."
06:57
This is not poetry; this is not philosophy.
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To nije poezija. To nije filozofija.
07:01
This is math.
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To je matematika.
07:03
Those who carry the baton are slower,
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Nosači palice su sporiji,
07:06
but their baton is faster.
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ali njihova palica je brža.
07:08
Miracle of cooperation:
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Čudo suradnje:
07:11
it multiplies energy, intelligence in human efforts.
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Umnaža energiju, inteligenciju i ljudski napor.
07:16
It is the essence of human efforts:
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To je bit ljudskih napora:
07:19
how we work together, how each effort contributes to the efforts of others.
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kako raditi zajedno, kako pojedinačni napor pridonosi naporima drugih.
07:26
With cooperation, we can do more with less.
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Pomoću suradnje možemo uraditi više s manjim.
07:29
Now, what happens to cooperation when the holy grail --
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Što se dešava sa suradnjom kada se sveti gral --
07:35
the holy trinity, even --
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čaki i Sveto trojstvo --
07:37
of clarity, measurement, accountability --
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jasnoća, mjerljivost i odgovornost,
07:44
appears?
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pojavi?
07:46
Clarity.
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Jasnoća.
07:48
Management reports are full of complaints about the lack of clarity.
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Izvještaji menadžmenta su puni primjedaba zbog nedostatka jasnoće.
07:53
Compliance audits, consultants' diagnostics.
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Provjere suglasnosti, konzultantske dijagnoze.
07:58
We need more clarity, we need to clarify the roles, the processes.
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Trebamo više jasnoće, trebamo razjasniti uloge i procese.
08:04
It is as though the runners on the team were saying,
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To bi bilo kao da trkačice u timu kažu
08:08
"Let's be clear -- where does my role really start and end?
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"Pojasnimo - gdje moja uloga stvarno počinje i prestaje?
08:14
Am I supposed to run for 95 meters, 96, 97...?"
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Trebam li trčati 95 metara, 96, 97...?"
08:19
It's important, let's be clear.
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Budimo jasni, to je važno.
08:22
If you say 97, after 97 meters,
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Ako kažete 97, nakon 97 metara,
08:25
people will drop the baton, whether there is someone to take it or not.
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ljudi će ispustiti palicu bez obzira hoće li je netko pokupiti ili ne.
08:31
Accountability.
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Odgovornost.
08:33
We are constantly trying to put accountability
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Stalno pokušavamo staviti odgovornost
08:36
in someone's hands.
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u nečije ruke.
08:38
Who is accountable for this process?
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Tko je odgovoran za ovaj proces?
08:41
We need somebody accountable for this process.
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Trebamo nekog tko je odgovoran za proces.
08:44
So in the relay race, since passing the baton is so important,
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U utrci štafeta, obzirom da je predavanje palice vrlo važno,
08:49
then we need somebody clearly accountable for passing the baton.
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trebamo nekog tko je jasno odgovoran za predavanje palice.
08:53
So between each runner,
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Dakle, između svakog trkača
08:55
now we will have a new dedicated athlete,
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ćemo postaviti posebnog atletičara
09:00
clearly dedicated to taking the baton from one runner,
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namijenjenog da jasno preuzme palicu od jedne trkačice
09:05
and passing it to the next runner.
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i preda je drugoj trkačici.
09:08
And we will have at least two like that.
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I imat ćemo ih barem dvoje.
09:12
Well, will we, in that case, win the race?
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Hoćemo li, u tom slučaju, pobijediti na utrci?
09:19
That I don't know, but for sure,
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To ne znam. Ono što znam je
09:21
we would have a clear interface,
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da ćemo imati jasnu povezanost,
09:25
a clear line of accountability.
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jasnu liniju odgovornosti.
09:27
We will know who to blame.
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Znat ćemo koga okriviti.
09:30
But we'll never win the race.
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I nikad nećemo pobijediti na utrci.
09:33
If you think about it, we pay more attention
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Ako razmislite o tome, mi pridajemo više pažnje
09:38
to knowing who to blame in case we fail,
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informaciji koga optužiti u slučaju pogreške,
09:42
than to creating the conditions to succeed.
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nego kreiranju uvjeta za uspjeh.
09:47
All the human intelligence put in organization design --
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Sva ljudska inteligencija stavljena u osmišljavanje organizacije --
09:50
urban structures, processing systems --
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gradske strukture, procesni sustavi --
09:53
what is the real goal?
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što im je zapravo cilj?
09:56
To have somebody guilty in case they fail.
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Imati krivca ukoliko nešto pođe po zlu.
10:00
We are creating organizations able to fail,
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Mi stvaramo organizacije sposobne pogriješiti
10:05
but in a compliant way,
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i to sukladno s propisima,
10:08
with somebody clearly accountable when we fail.
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s nekim tko je odgovoran kad pogriješimo.
10:11
And we are quite effective at that -- failing.
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I prilično smo učinkoviti u tim - pogreškama.
10:16
Measurement.
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Mjerljivost.
10:18
What gets measured gets done.
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Što se može izmjeriti može se i završiti.
10:20
Look, to pass the baton, you have to do it at the right time,
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Pogledajte, da bi prenijeli palicu, trebate to učiniti u pravo vrijeme,
10:24
in the right hand, at the right speed.
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u pravu ruku pri pravoj brzini.
10:27
But to do that, you have to put energy in your arm.
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Da biste to učinili trebate prenijeti energiju u ruku.
10:30
This energy that is in your arm will not be in your legs.
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Energija koja je u vašoj ruci nije u vašim nogama,
10:33
It will come at the expense of your measurable speed.
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premjestili ste je na račun vaše mjerljive brzine.
10:37
You have to shout early enough to the next runner
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Trebate viknuti dovoljno rano sljedećoj trkačici
10:40
when you will pass the baton, to signal that you are arriving,
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kada ćete predati palicu, najavljujući joj da stižete,
10:44
so that the next runner can prepare, can anticipate.
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kako bi se sljedeća trkačica mogla pripremiti i očekivati vas.
10:47
And you have to shout loud.
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I trebate vikati jako.
10:50
But the blood, the energy that will be in your throat
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No krv, energija koja će biti u vašem grlu
10:54
will not be in your legs.
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neće biti u vašim nogama.
10:55
Because you know, there are eight people shouting at the same time.
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Jer, znate, tamo je osam ljudi koji viču svi u isto vrijeme.
10:59
So you have to recognize the voice of your colleague.
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Pa morate prepoznati i glas svog kolege.
11:02
You cannot say, "Is it you?"
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Ne možete reći:"Jesi li to ti?"
11:04
Too late!
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Prekasno!
11:05
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
11:06
Now, let's look at the race in slow motion,
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Pogledajmo sada utrku usporeno
11:11
and concentrate on the third runner.
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i usmjerimo se na treću trkačicu.
11:14
Look at where she allocates her efforts,
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Pogledajmo gdje je usmjerila svoje napore,
11:18
her energy, her attention.
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svoju energiju, svoju pažnju.
11:22
Not all in her legs -- that would be great for her own speed --
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Ne sve u noge -- to bi bilo dobro za njenu brzinu --
11:26
but in also in her throat, arm, eye, brain.
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već i u grlo, ruku, oči, mozak.
11:29
That makes a difference in whose legs?
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To čini razliku u čijim nogama?
11:32
In the legs of the next runner.
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U nogama sljedeće trkačice.
11:34
But when the next runner runs super-fast,
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Kada sljedeća trkačica trči zaista brzo,
11:37
is it because she made a super effort,
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je li to zbog njenog izvarednog napora
11:39
or because of the way the third runner passed the baton?
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ili je to zbog načina na koji joj je treća trkačica predala palicu?
11:43
There is no metric on earth that will give us the answer.
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Nema tog mjerenja na svijetu koji će nam dati odgovor.
11:48
And if we reward people on the basis of their measurable performance,
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Pa ako nagrađujemo ljude na temelju njihovog mjerljivog učinka,
11:52
they will put their energy, their attention, their blood
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oni će svu svoju energiju, pažnju, krv, staviti
11:55
in what can get measured -- in their legs.
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u ono što je mjerljivo -- njihove noge.
11:58
And the baton will fall and slow down.
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A palica će pasti i usporiti ih.
12:01
To cooperate is not a super effort,
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Suradnja ne zahtijeva poseban napor,
12:04
it is how you allocate your effort.
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stvar je u tome kako raspoređujete napor.
12:07
It is to take a risk,
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Radi se o preuzimanju rizika,
12:09
because you sacrifice the ultimate protection
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jer žrtvujete vrhunsku zaštitu
12:13
granted by objectively measurable individual performance.
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razdijeljenu u objektivno mjerljiv učinak pojedinca.
12:20
It is to make a super difference in the performance of others,
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Radi se stvaranju velike razlike u učinku drugih,
12:24
with whom we are compared.
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s kojima nas uspoređuju,
12:26
It takes being stupid to cooperate, then.
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Tada treba biti glup i surađivati.
12:29
And people are not stupid; they don't cooperate.
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A ljudi nisu glupi i ne surađuju.
12:32
You know, clarity, accountability, measurement were OK
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Znate, jasnoća, odgovornost i mjerljivost bi bili dobri
12:37
when the world was simpler.
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da je svijet jednostavniji.
12:40
But business has become much more complex.
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No, poslovanje je postalo puno složenije.
12:43
With my teams, we have measured
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Sa svojim timovima, izmjerio sam
12:46
the evolution of complexity in business.
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razvoj složenosti u poslovanju.
12:49
It is much more demanding today to attract and retain customers,
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Danas je puno zahtjevnije privući i zadržati klijente,
12:54
to build advantage on a global scale,
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izgraditi prednost na globalnoj razini,
12:58
to create value.
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stvoriti vrijednost.
13:00
And the more business gets complex,
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A što je poslovanje složenije mi,
13:03
the more, in the name of clarity, accountability, measurement
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u ime jasnoće, odgovornosti i mjerljivosti
13:08
we multiply structures, processes, systems.
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umnožavamo strukture, procese, sustave.
13:13
You know, this drive for clarity and accountability triggers
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Taj poriv za jasnoćom i odgovornošću potiče
13:17
a counterproductive multiplication of interfaces, middle offices,
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kontraproduktivno umnožavanje sučelja, među-ureda,
13:23
coordinators that do not only mobilize people and resources,
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koordinatora koji osim što trebaju dodatne ljude i resurse,
13:28
but that also add obstacles.
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dodaju i prepreke.
13:31
And the more complicated the organization,
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I što je organizacija složenija
13:35
the more difficult it is to understand what is really happening.
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to je teže razumjeti što se zapravo događa.
13:39
So we need summaries, proxies, reports,
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Pa onda trebamo sažetke, punomoći, izvještaje,
13:44
key performance indicators, metrics.
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ključne pokazatelje uspješnosti, mjerila.
13:48
So people put their energy in what can get measured,
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Pa ljudi troše energiju na ono što se može izmjeriti
13:53
at the expense of cooperation.
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na račun suradnje.
13:55
And as performance deteriorates,
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I kako se učinak smanjuje
13:57
we add even more structure, process, systems.
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mi dodajemo još više struktura, procesa sustava.
14:00
People spend their time in meetings,
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Ljudi provode vrijeme na sastancima,
14:03
writing reports they have to do, undo and redo.
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pišući izvještaje koje moraju napraviti, brisati ili prepravljati.
14:08
Based on our analysis, teams in these organizations
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Temeljem naših analiza timovi takvih organizacija
14:11
spend between 40 and 80 percent of their time wasting their time,
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provode između 40 i 80 posto vremena, trošeći svoje vrijeme
14:17
but working harder and harder, longer and longer,
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i radeći sve napornije i napornije, dulje i dulje
14:21
on less and less value-adding activities.
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na aktivnosti sa sve manje i manje dodane vrijednosti.
14:26
This is what is killing productivity,
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To je ono što ubija produktivnost,
14:28
what makes people suffer at work.
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što ljudima uzrokuje patnju na poslu.
14:31
Our organizations are wasting human intelligence.
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Naše organizacije troše ljudsku inteligenciju.
14:35
They have turned against human efforts.
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Okrenule su se protiv ljudskih napora.
14:40
When people don't cooperate,
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Kad ljudi ne surađuju
14:43
don't blame their mindsets, their mentalities, their personality --
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ne krivite njihov način razmišljanja, njihov mentalitet, njihovu osobnost --
14:48
look at the work situations.
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pogledajte poslovnu situaciju.
14:51
Is it really in their personal interest to cooperate or not,
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Je li stvarno u njihovom interesu suradnja s drugima
14:55
if, when they cooperate, they are individually worse off?
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kada, zbog suradnje, oni sami izgledaju lošije?
14:59
Why would they cooperate?
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Zašto bi surađivali?
15:01
When we blame personalities
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Kad optužujemo osobnost
15:05
instead of the clarity, the accountability, the measurement,
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umjesto jasnoće, odogovornosti, mjerljivosti
15:11
we add injustice to ineffectiveness.
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neučinkovitosti dodajemo nepravdu.
15:17
We need to create organizations
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Trebamo stvoriti organizacije
15:19
in which it becomes individually useful for people to cooperate.
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u kojima će pojedincu postati korisno surađivati s drugima.
15:24
Remove the interfaces, the middle offices --
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Maknite posrednike, među-urede --
15:29
all these complicated coordination structures.
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sve te komplicirane koordinacijske strukture.
15:33
Don't look for clarity; go for fuzziness.
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Ne tražite jasnoću, tražite zbunjenost.
15:37
Fuzziness overlaps.
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Zbunjenost spaja.
15:41
Remove most of the quantitative metrics to assess performance.
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Uklonite što više kvantitativnih mjerila za procjenu učinka.
15:46
Speed the "what."
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Ubrzajte "što".
15:48
Look at cooperation, the "how."
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Tražite suradnju, "kako"
15:51
How did you pass the baton?
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Kako ste predali palicu?
15:52
Did you throw it, or did you pass it effectively?
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Jeste li je bacili, ili ste je predali učinkovito?
15:58
Am I putting my energy in what can get measured --
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Stavljam li svoju energiju u ono što se može izmjeriti --
16:04
my legs, my speed -- or in passing the baton?
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moje noge, moju brzinu -- ili predaju palice?
16:08
You, as leaders, as managers,
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Vi, voditelji, menadžeri,
16:13
are you making it individually useful for people to cooperate?
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stvarate li korist za pojedinca ukoliko surađuje s drugima?
16:20
The future of our organizations,
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Budućnost naših organizacija,
16:23
our companies, our societies
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naših poduzeća, naših društava
16:27
hinges on your answer to these questions.
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ovisi o vašem odgovoru na ova pitanja.
16:33
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
16:34
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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