James B. Glattfelder: Who controls the world?

539,334 views ・ 2013-02-13

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
0
0
7000
Prevoditelj: Mladen Barešić Recezent: Ivan Stamenković
"U trenutku izbijanja krize,
00:16
"When the crisis came,
1
16260
2237
ozbiljna ograničenja postojećih ekonomskih
00:18
the serious limitations of existing economic and financial models
2
18521
4686
i financijskih modela postala su očita."
00:23
immediately became apparent."
3
23231
1896
"Neki snažno vjeruju, i ja dijelim njihovo mišljenje,
00:27
"There is also a strong belief, which I share,
4
27455
4154
00:31
that bad or oversimplistic and overconfident economics
5
31633
4964
da je loša ili isuviše pojednostavljena i presamouvjerena ekonomska znanost
00:36
helped create the crisis."
6
36621
1905
pripomogla nastajanju krize."
00:38
Now, you've probably all heard of similar criticism
7
38550
2557
Vjerojatno ste svi čuli slične kritike
od ljudi koji su skeptici glede kapitalizma.
00:41
coming from people who are skeptical of capitalism.
8
41131
3003
00:44
But this is different.
9
44806
1171
Ali, ovo je nešto drugo.
Ovo dolazi iz srca financija.
00:46
This is coming from the heart of finance.
10
46001
3679
00:49
The first quote is from Jean-Claude Trichet
11
49704
2900
Prvi je citat Jean-Claudea Tricheta,
00:52
when he was governor of the European Central Bank.
12
52628
2862
iz vremena dok je bio guverner Europske središnje banke.
00:56
The second quote is from the head of the UK Financial Services Authority.
13
56440
4740
Drugi je citat čelnika
Britanskog regulatora financijskih usluga (FSA).
01:02
Are these people implying
14
62275
1547
Sugeriraju li ovi ljudi
01:03
that we don't understand the economic systems
15
63846
2740
da mi ne razumijemo ekonomske sustave
01:06
that drive our modern societies?
16
66610
2339
koji pokreću naša suvremena društva?
01:09
It gets worse.
17
69779
1150
Postaje gore.
01:11
"We spend billions of dollars
18
71704
2189
"Trošimo milijarde dolara
01:13
trying to understand the origins of the universe,
19
73917
3877
u nastojanjima da spoznamo izvore svemira
iako istodobno još uvijek ne razumijemo preduvjete
01:17
while we still don't understand the conditions for a stable society,
20
77903
5870
za stabilno društvo, djelotvorno gospodarstvo, ili mir.
01:23
a functioning economy, or peace."
21
83797
3649
01:29
What's happening here? How can this be possible?
22
89437
2772
Što se ovdje zbiva? Kako je ovo moguće?
01:32
Do we really understand more about the fabric of reality
23
92233
3247
Znamo li doista više o tkivu od kojeg je sazdana naša zbilja,
01:35
than we do about the fabric which emerges from our human interactions?
24
95504
3961
no što znamo o tkivu
koje proizlazi iz naših međusobnih odnosa?
01:39
Unfortunately, the answer is yes.
25
99990
1802
Nažalost, odgovor je da.
01:42
But there's an intriguing solution
26
102517
2717
Ali, postoji i zanimljivo rješenje koje potječe
01:45
which is coming from what is known as the science of complexity.
27
105258
4238
iz onoga što se naziva znanost o kompleksnosti.
Da bih objasnio što to znači i što to jest,
01:51
To explain what this means and what this thing is,
28
111045
2687
01:53
please let me quickly take a couple of steps back.
29
113756
2613
dopustite mi da se nakratko vratim u prošlost.
U fizici sam završio slučajno.
01:57
I ended up in physics by accident.
30
117231
2218
01:59
It was a random encounter when I was young,
31
119473
3114
Bio je to slučajan susret dok sam bio još mlad,
02:02
and since then, I've often wondered about the amazing success of physics
32
122611
4594
i otad sam se često čudio
nevjerojatnom uspjehu fizike
u opisivanju stvarnosti u kojoj se svakoga dana budimo.
02:07
in describing the reality we wake up in every day.
33
127229
2899
Ukratko, o fizici možete razmišljati na sljedeći način.
02:11
In a nutshell, you can think of physics as follows.
34
131401
2739
02:14
So you take a chunk of reality you want to understand
35
134164
3009
Odaberite djelić stvarnosti, kojeg želite razumjeti
02:17
and you translate it into mathematics.
36
137782
3160
i prevedite ga u matematički jezik.
Pretvorite ga u jednadžbe.
02:21
You encode it into equations.
37
141411
1973
02:24
Then, predictions can be made and tested.
38
144402
2402
Potom su moguća predviđanja, kao i njihovo testiranje.
02:28
We're actually really lucky that this works,
39
148384
2488
Zapravo, imamo sreće što to funkcionira,
02:30
because no one really knows why the thoughts in our heads
40
150896
2888
jer nitko doista ne zna zašto bi misli u našim glavama
02:33
should actually relate to the fundamental workings of the universe.
41
153808
3807
imale ikakve veze s temeljnim djelovanjem svemira.
02:39
Despite the success, physics has its limits.
42
159538
2870
Unatoč tom uspjehu, i fizika ima svojih ograničenja.
02:42
As Dirk Helbing pointed out in the last quote,
43
162948
3050
Kao što je Dirk Helbing istaknuo u posljednjem citatu,
uopće ne razumijemo kompleksnost
02:46
we don't really understand the complexity that relates to us, that surrounds us.
44
166022
4858
koja je u odnosu s nama, koja nas okružuje.
02:51
This paradox is what got me interested in complex systems.
45
171861
4104
Zbog toga sam se paradoksa zainteresirao za kompleksne sustave.
02:55
So these are systems which are made up
46
175989
1876
Ti su, dakle, sustavi sačinjeni
02:57
of many interconnected or interacting parts:
47
177889
3460
od mnoštva međusobno povezanih ili djelujućih dijelova:
03:01
swarms of birds or fish,
48
181373
2809
jata ptica ili riba, mravlje kolonije,
03:04
ant colonies, ecosystems, brains, financial markets.
49
184206
4551
ekosustavi, mozgovi, financijska tržišta.
03:08
These are just a few examples.
50
188781
1749
Ovo su tek neki primjeri.
03:12
Interestingly, complex systems are very hard to map
51
192947
5219
Zanimljivo, kompleksne je sustave vrlo teško
03:18
into mathematical equations,
52
198190
1999
predočiti matematičkim jednadžbama.
03:20
so the usual physics approach doesn't really work here.
53
200213
3635
Zato uobičajeni fizikalni pristup nije ovdje primjenjiv.
03:24
So what do we know about complex systems?
54
204543
2169
Što, dakle, znamo o kompleksnim sustavima?
03:26
Well, it turns out that what looks like complex behavior from the outside
55
206736
6032
Znate, ono što se izvana čini kao kompleksno ponašanje
zapravo je rezultat
03:32
is actually the result of a few simple rules of interaction.
56
212792
3711
svega nekoliko jednostavnih pravila međudjelovanja.
Znači, jednadžbe možete zaboraviti
03:38
This means you can forget about the equations
57
218255
3840
03:42
and just start to understand the system
58
222119
2726
i započeti s razumijevanjem sustava
promatrajući međudjelovanja.
03:44
by looking at the interactions,
59
224869
1719
03:46
so you can actually forget about the equations
60
226612
2370
Dakle, jednostavno zaboravite jednadžbe
03:49
and you just start to look at the interactions.
61
229006
2552
i započnite promatrati međudjelovanja.
03:51
And it gets even better, because most complex systems
62
231582
3334
Štoviše, većina kompleksnih sustava
03:54
have this amazing property called emergence.
63
234940
2480
ima to zadivljujuće svojstvo zvano spontano pojavljivanje.
03:57
So this means that the system as a whole suddenly starts to show a behavior
64
237958
4191
To znači da sustav kao cjelina
iznenada počinje iskazivati ponašanje
koje se ne može razumjeti niti predvidjeti
04:02
which cannot be understood or predicted
65
242173
2872
04:05
by looking at the components of the system.
66
245069
2553
promatranjem pojedinih dijelova sustava.
04:07
So the whole is literally more than the sum of its parts.
67
247646
3301
Cjelina je tako, doslovno, više od zbroja vlastitih dijelova.
04:11
And all of this also means
68
251919
1274
Sve to, također, znači da možete zanemariti
04:13
that you can forget about the individual parts of the system,
69
253217
4864
pojedinačne dijelove sustava, i njihovu kompleksnost.
04:18
how complex they are.
70
258105
1321
04:19
So if it's a cell or a termite or a bird,
71
259450
4988
Prema tome, radi li se o stanici, o termitu, ili o ptici,
04:24
you just focus on the rules of interaction.
72
264462
2241
samo se usredotočite na pravila međudjelovanja.
Posljedica je da su mreže savršen prikaz
04:29
As a result, networks are ideal representations of complex systems.
73
269210
5667
kompleksnih sustava.
Čvorovi u mreži
04:36
The nodes in the network are the system's components,
74
276362
4518
su komponente sustava,
a međudjelovanja predstavljaju poveznice među njima.
04:42
and the links are given by the interactions.
75
282109
2414
04:45
So what equations are for physics,
76
285874
2279
Prema tome, što su jednadžbe za fiziku,
04:48
complex networks are for the study of complex systems.
77
288177
3480
to su kompleksne mreže u proučavanju kompleksnih sustava.
04:52
This approach has been very successfully applied
78
292924
3210
Ovaj je pristup vrlo uspješno primijenjen
04:56
to many complex systems in physics, biology,
79
296158
3594
na mnoge kompleksne sustave u fizici, biologiji,
04:59
computer science, the social sciences,
80
299776
2720
računalnim znanostima, društvenim znanostima.
05:02
but what about economics?
81
302520
1258
No, što je s ekonomijom?
05:04
Where are economic networks?
82
304817
1802
Gdje su ekonomske mreže?
05:07
This is a surprising and prominent gap in the literature.
83
307373
3611
Ovo je iznenađujuća i istaknuta pukotina u literaturi.
Studija koju smo prošle godine objavili pod nazivom
05:12
The study we published last year, called "The Network of Global Corporate Control,"
84
312243
5830
"Mreža globalne korporativne kontrole" -
prva je opsežnija analiza ekonomskih mreža.
05:18
was the first extensive analysis of economic networks.
85
318097
4637
05:23
The study went viral on the Internet
86
323914
2562
Studija se strelovito proširila Internetom
05:26
and it attracted a lot of attention from the international media.
87
326500
3391
i privukla podosta pažnje međunarodnih medija.
05:31
This is quite remarkable, because, again, why did no one look at this before?
88
331506
4219
To je značajno zbog toga što, ponovno,
zašto to nitko nije prije sagledao?
05:35
Similar data has been around for quite some time.
89
335749
3059
Slični su podaci dostupni već neko vrijeme.
05:38
What we looked at in detail was ownership networks.
90
338832
3179
Ono što smo mi pozornije sagledali bile su vlasničke mreže.
U tom slučaju čvorovi su tvrtke, ljudi, vlade,
05:44
So here the nodes are companies, people, governments, foundations, etc.
91
344330
5649
zaklade i sl.
05:51
And the links represent the shareholding relations,
92
351384
2884
Poveznice su predstavljene odnosima s ulagačima,
05:54
so shareholder A has x percent of the shares in company B.
93
354292
5164
pa tako Ulagač A posjeduje X posto dionica Tvrtke B.
05:59
And we also assign a value to the company given by the operating revenue.
94
359480
4175
Također, tvrtki pridajemo vrijednost
na osnovi njenih operativnih prihoda.
Tako vlasničke mreže otkrivaju obrasce
06:05
So ownership networks reveal the patterns of shareholding relations.
95
365038
4544
odnosa među ulagačima.
Na ovom jednostavnom primjeru možete vidjeti
06:11
In this little example, you can see a few financial institutions
96
371305
4125
nekoliko financijskih institucija
s nekim poveznicama istaknutijim u mnoštvu drugih.
06:15
with some of the many links highlighted.
97
375454
2330
06:19
Now, you may think that no one looked at this before
98
379105
2845
Možete pomisliti da nitko ovo ranije nije sagledao
06:21
because ownership networks are really, really boring to study.
99
381974
4487
zato što su vlasničke mreže
stvarno, stvarno dosadne za proučavanje.
06:27
Well, as ownership is related to control,
100
387201
4066
Međutim, budući da je vlasništvo u izravnoj vezi s kontrolom,
06:31
as I shall explain later,
101
391291
1533
kao što ću kasnije obrazložiti,
06:32
looking at ownership networks
102
392848
1417
promatranje vlasničkih mreža
06:34
actually can give you answers to questions like,
103
394289
2678
može vam, zapravo, dati odgovore na pitanja poput:
06:36
who are the key players?
104
396991
1449
Tko su ključni igrači?
06:38
How are they organized? Are they isolated?
105
398464
2326
Kako su oni organizirani? Jesu li izdvojeni?
06:40
Are they interconnected?
106
400814
1645
Jesu li međusobno povezani?
06:42
And what is the overall distribution of control?
107
402483
2726
I kakva je ukupna raspodjela kontrole?
06:46
In other words, who controls the world?
108
406413
3238
Drugim riječima, tko kontrolira svijet?
06:49
I think this is an interesting question.
109
409675
2342
Mislim da je to zanimljivo pitanje.
I ima utjecaja na sistemski rizik.
06:52
And it has implications for systemic risk.
110
412041
2979
Ovo je mjera ukupne ranjivosti sustava.
06:56
This is a measure of how vulnerable a system is overall.
111
416608
4220
Visok stupanj međusobne povezanosti
07:02
A high degree of interconnectivity can be bad for stability,
112
422122
3672
može loše utjecati na stabilnost,
07:06
because then the stress can spread through the system like an epidemic.
113
426784
4729
jer se pritisak tad može proširiti sustavom
poput pošasti.
07:13
Scientists have sometimes criticized economists
114
433592
2533
Znanstvenici su katkad kritizirali ekonomiste
koji vjeruju da su zamisli i koncepti
07:16
who believe ideas and concepts are more important than empirical data,
115
436149
4856
važniji od empirijskih podataka,
07:21
because a foundational guideline in science is:
116
441680
2688
jer temeljna smjernica u znanosti glasi:
Neka podaci govore. Dobro. Učinimo to.
07:25
Let the data speak. OK. Let's do that.
117
445218
2633
07:27
So we started with a database containing 13 million ownership relations from 2007.
118
447875
6235
Stoga smo započeli s bazom podataka o
13 milijuna vlasničkih odnosa od 2007.
07:34
This is a lot of data, and because we wanted to find out
119
454841
3287
To je mnogo podataka, i zato što smo željeli otkriti
tko vlada svijetom,
07:38
"who rules the world,"
120
458152
2108
odlučili smo se usredotočiti na transnacionalne korporacije;
07:40
we decided to focus on transnational corporations,
121
460284
3404
07:43
or "TNCs," for short.
122
463712
1324
ukratko, na TNC-ove.
07:45
These are companies that operate in more than one country,
123
465060
3572
Takve tvrtke posluju u više od samo jedne zemlje,
07:48
and we found 43,000.
124
468656
1841
i pronašli smo ih 43.000.
U sljedećem smo koraku izgradili mrežu oko tih tvrtki,
07:52
In the next step, we built the network around these companies,
125
472408
2961
07:55
so we took all the TNCs' shareholders,
126
475393
2356
i uzeli smo u obzir sve njihove dioničare,
07:57
and the shareholders' shareholders, etc.,
127
477773
1959
i dioničare njihovih dioničara, itd.
07:59
all the way upstream, and we did the same downstream,
128
479756
2852
odozdo prema gore, i odozgo prema dolje,
08:02
and ended up with a network containing 600,000 nodes
129
482632
4128
i okončali s mrežom od 600.000 čvorova
08:06
and one million links.
130
486784
1294
i milijun poveznica.
08:08
This is the TNC network which we analyzed.
131
488570
2491
Ovo je mreža TNC-ova, koju smo razmatrali.
Ispostavilo se da je strukturirana na sljedeći način.
08:12
And it turns out to be structured as follows.
132
492511
2109
08:14
So you have a periphery and a center
133
494644
2527
Postoji periferija i centar
08:17
which contains about 75 percent of all the players,
134
497195
4453
koji sadrži oko 75% svih igrača,
i u centru se nalazi ta sićušna, ali dominantna jezgra
08:22
and in the center, there's this tiny but dominant core
135
502199
4051
sačinjena od međusobno visokopovezanih tvrtki.
08:26
which is made up of highly interconnected companies.
136
506274
3139
08:30
To give you a better picture,
137
510376
2266
Radi bolje ilustracije,
08:32
think about a metropolitan area.
138
512666
1641
zamislite velegradsko područje.
08:34
So you have the suburbs and the periphery,
139
514331
2006
Ako su ondje predgrađa i periferija,
08:36
you have a center, like a financial district,
140
516361
2833
te središte grada kao što je to financijska četvrt,
08:39
then the core will be something like
141
519218
1726
tad će jezgra biti nešto poput
08:40
the tallest high-rise building in the center.
142
520968
2569
najvišeg nebodera u tom središtu.
08:44
And we already see signs of organization going on here.
143
524992
3457
Ovdje su već vidljivi znakovi organiziranja...
08:49
36 percent of the TNCs are in the core only,
144
529610
5214
36% TNC-ova nalaze se samo u jezgri,
08:54
but they make up 95 percent of the total operating revenue of all TNCs.
145
534848
6084
ali zarađuju 95% ukupnih operativnih prihoda
svih TNC-ova.
Dakle, raščlanili smo strukturu,
09:02
OK, so now we analyzed the structure,
146
542014
2602
09:04
so how does this relate to the control?
147
544640
2779
no u kakvom je ona odnosu s kontrolom?
09:08
Well, ownership gives voting rights to shareholders.
148
548777
3646
Vlasništvo osigurava dioničarima glasačka prava.
09:12
This is the normal notion of control.
149
552447
2377
To je uobičajeno shvaćanje kontrole.
Postoje različiti modeli koji vam omogućuju izračunati
09:15
And there are different models
150
555221
1468
09:16
which allow you to compute the control you get from ownership.
151
556713
3465
kontrolu koju vam vlasništvo osigurava.
Posjedujete li više od 50% dionica tvrtke,
09:21
If you have more than 50 percent of the shares in a company,
152
561178
2824
zadobivate kontrolu,
09:24
you get control,
153
564026
1325
09:25
but usually, it depends on the relative distribution of shares.
154
565375
3670
ali ona obično ovisi o relativnoj raspodjeli dionica.
09:30
And the network really matters.
155
570352
1821
A mreža je uistinu bitna.
09:33
About 10 years ago, Mr. Tronchetti Provera
156
573575
2925
Prije 10-ak godina, g. Tronchetti Provera
raspolagao je i vlasništvom i nadzorom u maloj tvrtki,
09:36
had ownership and control in a small company,
157
576524
3411
09:39
which had ownership and control in a bigger company.
158
579959
2809
koja je pak imala vlasničkih udjela i nadzor u većoj tvrtki.
Jasno vam je.
09:43
You get the idea.
159
583146
1150
09:44
This ended up giving him control in Telecom Italia with a leverage of 26.
160
584714
5222
U konačnici je zadobio kontrolu u Telecom Italia
s utjecajem u razini od 26.
09:51
So this means that, with each euro he invested,
161
591750
3273
To znači da je svakim uloženim eurom
09:55
he was able to move 26 euros of market value
162
595047
3944
uspio pokrenuti 26 eura tržišne vrijednosti
kroz lanac vlasničkih odnosa.
09:59
through the chain of ownership relations.
163
599015
2168
10:02
Now what we actually computed in our study was the control over the TNCs' value.
164
602435
5915
Ono što smo doista izračunavali u našoj studiji
bila je kontrola nad vrijednošću TNC-ova.
Na osnovi toga smo svakome dioničaru
10:09
This allowed us to assign a degree of influence to each shareholder.
165
609295
4144
dodjeljivali stupanj utjecajnosti.
To je vrlo slično
10:15
This is very much in the sense of Max Weber's idea of potential power,
166
615025
4165
zamisli o potencijalnoj moći, Maxa Webera,
tj. vjerojatnosti nametanja vlastite volje
10:20
which is the probability of imposing one's own will
167
620124
3467
10:23
despite the opposition of others.
168
623615
1983
unatoč suprotstavljanju drugih.
10:27
If you want to compute the flow in an ownership network,
169
627666
4757
Želite li izračunati tok u vlasničkoj mreži,
10:32
this is what you have to do.
170
632447
1357
evo što trebate učiniti.
10:33
It's actually not that hard to understand.
171
633828
2194
Nije to osobito teško razumjeti.
10:36
Let me explain by giving you this analogy.
172
636046
3007
Poslužit ću se sljedećom usporedbom...
Zamislite vodu kako kola cijevima
10:39
So think about water flowing in pipes, where the pipes have different thickness.
173
639077
4925
različitih debljina.
10:44
So similarly, the control is flowing in the ownership networks
174
644851
5354
Slično tome, kontrola teče vlasničkim mrežama
i nakuplja se u čvorovima.
10:50
and is accumulating at the nodes.
175
650229
2087
10:54
So what did we find after computing all this network control?
176
654333
3793
Što smo, dakle, otkrili nakon izračunavanja sve te mrežne kontrole?
Proizlazi da 737 najkrupnijih dioničara
10:58
Well, it turns out that the 737 top shareholders
177
658385
5361
11:03
have the potential to collectively control 80 percent of the TNCs' value.
178
663770
5570
imaju potencijal skupno nadzirati
80% vrijednosti TNC-ova.
11:10
Now remember, we started out with 600,000 nodes,
179
670988
2705
Sjećate se? Krenuli smo od 600.000 čvorova,
11:13
so these 737 top players make up a bit more than 0.1 percent.
180
673717
6683
što znači da ovih 737 krovnih igrača
čini zajedno tek nešto više od 0.1%.
11:21
They're mostly financial institutions in the US and the UK.
181
681434
4320
Uglavnom su to američke i britanske financijske institucije.
11:26
And it gets even more extreme.
182
686345
1756
No, to nije sve.
U jezgri nalazimo 146 najvećih igrača
11:29
There are 146 top players in the core,
183
689312
3290
koji zajedno imaju potencijal skupno kontrolirati
11:34
and they together have the potential to collectively control
184
694239
3202
11:37
40 percent of the TNCs' value.
185
697465
3781
40% vrijednosti TNC-ova.
I što biste iz ovoga mogli naučiti?
11:43
What should you take home from all of this?
186
703341
2274
11:45
Well, the high degree of control you saw is very extreme by any standard.
187
705639
6984
Visok stupanj kontrole, što ste ga vidjeli,
vrlo je drastičan po svim mjerilima.
Visok stupanj međusobne povezanosti
11:54
The high degree of interconnectivity of the top players in the core
188
714545
4875
najvećih igrača u jezgri
mogao bi predstavljati znatan sistemski rizik za globalnu ekonomiju.
11:59
could pose a significant systemic risk to the global economy.
189
719527
4455
Lako bismo mogli reproducirati mrežu TNC-ova
12:05
And we could easily reproduce the TNC network
190
725220
2482
12:07
with a few simple rules.
191
727726
1587
sa svega nekoliko jednostavnih pravila.
To znači da je njihova struktura vjerojatno
12:10
This means that its structure is probably the result of self-organization.
192
730026
3654
posljedica samoorganiziranja.
Ono je proizlazeće svojstvo koje ovisi
12:14
It's an emergent property which depends on the rules of interaction in the system,
193
734090
5843
o pravilima međudjelovanja u sustavu,
12:19
so it's probably not the result of a top-down approach
194
739957
3815
pa vjerojatno nije posljedica nekih autoritarnih utjecaja
12:23
like a global conspiracy.
195
743796
1703
poput globalne zavjere.
Naša je studija "dojam o površini Mjeseca.
12:27
Our study "is an impression of the moon's surface.
196
747359
2599
12:29
It's not a street map."
197
749982
1309
Ona nije plan grada."
12:31
So you should take the exact numbers in our study with a grain of salt,
198
751315
3810
Stoga uzmite egzaktne numeričke pokazatelje iz naše studije
sa zrnom soli,
12:35
yet it "gave us a tantalizing glimpse of a brave new world of finance."
199
755149
6083
premda nam je "pružila primamljiv tračak svjetla
vrlog novog svijeta financija."
Nadamo se da smo odškrinuli vrata brojnim sličnim istraživanjima,
12:43
We hope to have opened the door for more such research in this direction,
200
763448
4029
12:47
so the remaining unknown terrain will be charted in the future.
201
767501
4297
i da će preostalo nepoznato zemljište biti ucrtano u budućnosti.
12:52
And this is slowly starting.
202
772296
1581
I polako se to pokreće...
12:53
We're seeing the emergence of long-term and highly-funded programs
203
773901
5091
Primjećujemo da se pojavljuju dugoročni
i izdašno financirani programi usmjereni k razumijevanju
12:59
which aim at understanding our networked world
204
779016
3627
našeg umreženog svijeta iz perspektive kompleksnosti.
13:02
from a complexity point of view.
205
782667
1730
Međutim, ovo smo putovanje tek započeli,
13:05
But this journey has only just begun,
206
785121
1798
13:06
so we will have to wait before we see the first results.
207
786943
3701
i morat ćemo se još strpjeti do prvih rezultata.
13:12
Now there is still a big problem, in my opinion.
208
792670
3179
Po mom mišljenju, još uvijek postoji velik problem.
Predodžbe koje imamo o financijama, ekonomiji, politici,
13:16
Ideas relating to finance, economics, politics, society,
209
796801
5925
društvu, nerijetko su zatrovane
13:22
are very often tainted by people's personal ideologies.
210
802750
3945
našim osobnim ideologijama.
13:28
I really hope that this complexity perspective
211
808708
3528
Iskreno se nadam da nam ovo gledište o kompleksnosti
13:32
allows for some common ground to be found.
212
812857
3587
pruža priliku da iznađemo neku zajedničku osnovu.
Bilo bi uistinu sjajno kad bi nam moglo
13:38
It would be really great if it has the power
213
818237
2237
13:40
to help end the gridlock created by conflicting ideas,
214
820498
5129
pomoći okončati ovu zavrzlamu koju stvaraju suprotstavljene zamisli,
13:45
which appears to be paralyzing our globalized world.
215
825651
3307
i koja, čini se, paralizira naš globalizirani svijet.
13:50
Reality is so complex, we need to move away from dogma.
216
830832
3747
Stvarnost je toliko kompleksna da se moramo osloboditi dogmi.
13:55
But this is just my own personal ideology.
217
835620
2557
No, ovo je tek moja osobna ideologija.
13:58
Thank you.
218
838201
1151
Hvala vam.
13:59
(Applause)
219
839376
6272
(Pljesak)
O ovoj web stranici

Ova stranica će vas upoznati s YouTube videozapisima koji su korisni za učenje engleskog jezika. Vidjet ćete lekcije engleskog koje vode vrhunski profesori iz cijelog svijeta. Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove prikazane na svakoj video stranici da biste reproducirali video s tog mjesta. Titlovi se pomiču sinkronizirano s reprodukcijom videozapisa. Ako imate bilo kakvih komentara ili zahtjeva, obratite nam se putem ovog obrasca za kontakt.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7