James B. Glattfelder: Who controls the world?

539,334 views ・ 2013-02-13

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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λ²ˆμ—­: K Bang κ²€ν† : 희상 κ°•
"μœ„κΈ°κ°€ λ‹₯치면,
00:16
"When the crisis came,
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ν˜„μ‘΄ν•˜λŠ” 경제적 μž¬μ •μ  λͺ¨ν˜•μ˜
00:18
the serious limitations of existing economic and financial models
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μ‹¬κ°ν•œ ν•œκ³„κ°€ λΆ„λͺ…ν•˜κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œλ‹€."
00:23
immediately became apparent."
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"λ‚˜λ„ κ³΅κ°ν•˜λŠ” λ°”μ΄μ§€λ§Œ, μ’‹μ§€μ•Šκ±°λ‚˜
00:27
"There is also a strong belief, which I share,
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00:31
that bad or oversimplistic and overconfident economics
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μ§€λ‚˜μΉ˜κ²Œ λ‹¨μˆœν™”λ˜κ³  μ§€λ‚˜μΉ˜κ²Œ μžμ‹ κ° μžˆλŠ” κ²½μ œκ°€
00:36
helped create the crisis."
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이런 μœ„ν—˜μ„ μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ”λ° μΌμ‘°ν–ˆλ‹€."
00:38
Now, you've probably all heard of similar criticism
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자, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ μ•„λ§ˆ μžλ³Έμ£Όμ˜μ— 회의적인 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„°
이런 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ λΉ„νŒμ„ 듀어보셨을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
coming from people who are skeptical of capitalism.
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00:44
But this is different.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이건 λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이건 금육의 μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ‚˜μ˜¨ κ±°μ£ .
00:46
This is coming from the heart of finance.
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00:49
The first quote is from Jean-Claude Trichet
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첫번째 μΈμš©μ€ 유럽 쀑앙 μ€ν–‰μ˜ 은행μž₯μ΄μ—ˆλ˜
00:52
when he was governor of the European Central Bank.
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μž₯-ν΄λ‘œλ“œ νŠΈλ¦¬μ…°μ˜ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:56
The second quote is from the head of the UK Financial Services Authority.
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λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έ μΈμš©μ€ 영ꡭ μž¬μ •μ²­μ˜ 수μž₯이
ν–ˆλ˜ λ§μ΄κ΅¬μš”.
01:02
Are these people implying
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이 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μš°λ¦¬κ°€
01:03
that we don't understand the economic systems
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ν˜„μž¬ μ‚¬νšŒλ₯Ό 이끌고 μžˆλŠ” 경제 체계λ₯Ό
01:06
that drive our modern societies?
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μ΄ν•΄ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν•˜λŠ” κ±΄κ°€μš”?
01:09
It gets worse.
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더 μ‹¬ν•œ 것도 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
01:11
"We spend billions of dollars
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"μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 아직
01:13
trying to understand the origins of the universe,
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μ•ˆμ •μ μΈ μ‚¬νšŒμ˜ μ‘°κ±΄μ΄λ‚˜
κΈ°λŠ₯적 경제, ν˜Ήμ€ ν‰ν™”μ˜ 쑰건이 무엇인지도 λͺ¨λ₯΄λ©΄μ„œ
01:17
while we still don't understand the conditions for a stable society,
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우주의 기원을 μ°ΎλŠ”λ° μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό μ“°κ³  μžˆλ‹€. "
01:23
a functioning economy, or peace."
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01:29
What's happening here? How can this be possible?
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이건 또 λ­λΌλŠ” κ±°μ£ ? μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이런게 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜μ£ ?
01:32
Do we really understand more about the fabric of reality
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ •λ§λ‘œ 우리 μΈκ°„λ“€μ˜ μƒν˜Έ μž‘μš©μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€λŠ”
01:35
than we do about the fabric which emerges from our human interactions?
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ꡬ쑰에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ” 것보닀
ν˜„μ‹€μ˜ ꡬ쑰에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 더 잘 μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
01:39
Unfortunately, the answer is yes.
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λΆˆν–‰ν•˜κ²Œλ„ κ·Έ 닡은 "κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€"μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
But there's an intriguing solution
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, μ—¬κΈ°μ—λŠ” λ³΅μž‘κ³„ 과학이라고 μ•Œλ €μ§„ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ‚˜μ˜¨
01:45
which is coming from what is known as the science of complexity.
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ν₯미둜운 ν•΄κ²° λ°©μ•ˆμ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
그게 무슨 뜻이고 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 무엇인지 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λ €λ©΄,
01:51
To explain what this means and what this thing is,
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01:53
please let me quickly take a couple of steps back.
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λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ λͺ‡ 걸음 λ’€λ‘œ λ˜λŒμ•„κ°€ λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ €λŠ” μš°μ—°νžˆ 물리학을 κ³΅λΆ€ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
01:57
I ended up in physics by accident.
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01:59
It was a random encounter when I was young,
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μ œκ°€ 어릴 λ•Œ, μš°μ—°μΉ˜μ•Šκ²Œ 마주친 λΆ„μ•Όμ˜€κ³ 
02:02
and since then, I've often wondered about the amazing success of physics
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κ·Έ μ΄ν›„λ‘œ, μ €λŠ” μ’…μ’… μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 맀일 μ‚΄κ³  μžˆλŠ”
이 ν˜„μ‹€ 세계λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λŠ”λ°
물리학이 κ±°λ‘” 성곡에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 놀라곀 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
in describing the reality we wake up in every day.
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κ°„λ‹¨νžˆ 보면, 물리학은 λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같이 생각해 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:11
In a nutshell, you can think of physics as follows.
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02:14
So you take a chunk of reality you want to understand
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μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” ν˜„μ‹€μ˜ λ¬ΆμŒμ„ νƒν•΄μ„œ
02:17
and you translate it into mathematics.
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κ·Έκ±Έ μˆ˜ν•™μœΌλ‘œ λ°”κΏ‰λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λŠ” λ°©μ •μ‹μœΌλ‘œ λΆ€ν˜Έν™”ν•˜μ£ .
02:21
You encode it into equations.
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02:24
Then, predictions can be made and tested.
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κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λ‚˜λ©΄ μ˜ˆμΈ‘λ„ ν•˜κ³  μ‹œν—˜λ„ ν•΄λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:28
We're actually really lucky that this works,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이런걸 ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ”κ²ƒμ€ 사싀 정말 운이 쒋은 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
because no one really knows why the thoughts in our heads
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 사싀 μ–΄λŠ λˆ„κ΅¬λ„ 우리 λ¨Έλ¦Ώμ†μ˜ 생각이
02:33
should actually relate to the fundamental workings of the universe.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 우주의 기본적인 μž‘λ™ 원리와 연관이 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œμ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
02:39
Despite the success, physics has its limits.
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μ„±κ³΅μ μ΄μ—ˆμŒμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³  λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μ—λŠ” ν•œκ³„κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
As Dirk Helbing pointed out in the last quote,
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더크 헬빙이 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ μΈμš©μ—μ„œ μ§€μ ν–ˆλ“―μ΄
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μš°λ¦¬μ™€ μ—°κ΄€λœ, 우리λ₯Ό λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Έκ³  μžˆλŠ”,
02:46
we don't really understand the complexity that relates to us, that surrounds us.
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λ³΅μž‘μ„±μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 사싀 잘 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
This paradox is what got me interested in complex systems.
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이런 λͺ¨μˆœ λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ €λŠ” λ³΅μž‘κ³„μ— ν₯λ―Έλ₯Ό κ°€μ§€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:55
So these are systems which are made up
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λ³΅μž‘κ³„λŠ” μ„œλ‘œ μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄ μƒν˜Έ μž‘μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”
02:57
of many interconnected or interacting parts:
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ λΆ€λΆ„λ“€λ‘œ 이루어져 있죠:
03:01
swarms of birds or fish,
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μƒˆ λ–Ό, λ¬Όκ³ κΈ° λ–Ό, κ°œλ―Έλ–ΌλΌλ“ κ°€,
03:04
ant colonies, ecosystems, brains, financial markets.
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μƒνƒœκ³„, λ‘λ‡Œ, 금육 μ‹œμž₯ 등등이 그런 것듀이죠.
03:08
These are just a few examples.
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이런건 겨우 λͺ‡ 가지 예일 λΏμ΄μ—μš”.
03:12
Interestingly, complex systems are very hard to map
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ν₯λ―Έλ‘­κ²Œλ„, λ³΅μž‘κ³„λŠ” μˆ˜ν•™μ‹μœΌλ‘œ λ°”κΎΈκΈ°κ°€
03:18
into mathematical equations,
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맀우 μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
so the usual physics approach doesn't really work here.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 일반적인 물리학적 접근법은 μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ 잘 μž‘λ™ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„μš”.
03:24
So what do we know about complex systems?
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그러면 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ³΅μž‘κ³„μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 무엇을 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
03:26
Well, it turns out that what looks like complex behavior from the outside
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λ°–μ—μ„œ 보면 λ³΅μž‘ν•΄ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 거동은
사싀 μƒν˜Έ μž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ” λͺ‡ 가지 λ‹¨μˆœν•œ λ²•μΉ™μ˜
03:32
is actually the result of a few simple rules of interaction.
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결과물일 λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
그것은 방정식을 λ¬΄μ‹œν•˜κ³ ,
03:38
This means you can forget about the equations
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03:42
and just start to understand the system
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체계 자체λ₯Ό κ·Έ μƒν˜Έ μž‘μš©μ— μ˜ν•΄μ„œ
이해할 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ˜λ―Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
by looking at the interactions,
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03:46
so you can actually forget about the equations
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ 방정식은 μžŠμ–΄λ²„λ¦¬κ³ ,
03:49
and you just start to look at the interactions.
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μƒν˜Έ μž‘μš©μ„ 관찰해보기 μ‹œμž‘ν•˜μ„Έμš”.
03:51
And it gets even better, because most complex systems
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그러면 훨씬 더 λ‚˜μ„κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€, μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ λ³΅μž‘κ³„μ—λŠ”
03:54
have this amazing property called emergence.
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λ°œμƒμ΄λΌκ³  ν•˜λŠ” λ†€λΌμš΄ μ„±μ§ˆμ΄ 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
So this means that the system as a whole suddenly starts to show a behavior
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이것이 λœ»ν•˜λŠ” λ°”λŠ” 체계 전체가
κ°‘μžκΈ° κ·Έ 뢀뢄을 λ³΄λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œλŠ”
μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•  수 μ—†λŠ” μ›€μ§μž„μ„
04:02
which cannot be understood or predicted
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04:05
by looking at the components of the system.
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보이기 μ‹œμž‘ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:07
So the whole is literally more than the sum of its parts.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ μ „μ²΄λŠ” 문자 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 총합보닀도 더 ν¬λ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
04:11
And all of this also means
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이 λͺ¨λ“  것은 μ²΄κ³„μ˜
04:13
that you can forget about the individual parts of the system,
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각 뢀뢄이 아무리 λ³΅μž‘ν•˜λ‹€κ³  해도, 뢀뢄적 μš”μ†ŒλŠ” λ¬΄μ‹œν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” λœ»μ΄μ—μš”.
04:18
how complex they are.
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04:19
So if it's a cell or a termite or a bird,
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세포든, ν°κ°œλ―Έλ“ , ν˜Ήμ€ μƒˆλ“ 
04:24
you just focus on the rules of interaction.
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κ·Έμ € μƒν˜Έ μž‘μš©μ˜ κ·œμΉ™μ—λ§Œ μ§‘μ€‘ν•˜λ©΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
결과적으둜, λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λŠ” λ³΅μž‘κ³„μ˜
04:29
As a result, networks are ideal representations of complex systems.
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이상적인 ν‘œν˜„ 방법인거죠.
λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ˜ μ—°κ²° λ§ˆλ””λŠ”
04:36
The nodes in the network are the system's components,
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λ³΅μž‘κ³„μ˜ μš”μ†Œμ΄κ³ 
연결은 μƒν˜Έ μž‘μš©μ— μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:42
and the links are given by the interactions.
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04:45
So what equations are for physics,
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즉, 방정식이 물리학에 역할을 ν•˜λ“―
04:48
complex networks are for the study of complex systems.
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λ³΅μž‘ν•œ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λŠ” λ³΅μž‘κ³„λ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ”λ° 역할을 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:52
This approach has been very successfully applied
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이런 μ ‘κ·Ό 방법은 물리학과 생물학,
04:56
to many complex systems in physics, biology,
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컴퓨터 κ³Όν•™κ³Ό μ‚¬νšŒ 과학에
04:59
computer science, the social sciences,
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μ•„μ£Ό μ„±κ³΅μ μœΌλ‘œ μ μš©λλŠ”λ°
05:02
but what about economics?
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κ²½μ œν•™μ€ μ–΄λ• μ„κΉŒμš”?
05:04
Where are economic networks?
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경제적 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬κ°€ 뭐죠?
05:07
This is a surprising and prominent gap in the literature.
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이건 λ¬Έν—Œμ΄ κ°–λŠ” λ†€λžκ³ λ„ ν™•μ—°ν•œ μ°¨μ΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ§€λ‚œν•΄μ— 저희가 λ°œν‘œν•œ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ”
05:12
The study we published last year, called "The Network of Global Corporate Control,"
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"세계적 κΈ°μ—…μ˜ 지배 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬"λΌλŠ” 제λͺ©μΈλ°
κ·Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 경제적 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ— λŒ€ν•œ 첫번째 λŒ€κ·œλͺ¨ λΆ„μ„μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:18
was the first extensive analysis of economic networks.
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05:23
The study went viral on the Internet
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연ꡬ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” μΈν„°λ„·μœΌλ‘œ νΌμ Έλ‚˜κ°”κ³ 
05:26
and it attracted a lot of attention from the international media.
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ꡭ제적인 λ―Έλ””μ–΄λ‘œ λΆ€ν„° λ§Žμ€ μ£Όλͺ©μ„ λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:31
This is quite remarkable, because, again, why did no one look at this before?
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이건 λŒ€λ‹¨ν•œ κ²°κ³ΌμΈλ°μš”, μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄,
μ™œ μ–΄λŠ λˆ„κ΅¬λ„ μ˜ˆμ „μ— 이걸 보지 μ•Šμ•˜λŠλƒλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
05:35
Similar data has been around for quite some time.
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λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ μžλ£Œκ°€ 상당 κΈ°κ°„ λ™μ•ˆ λŒμ•„λ‹€λ…”κ±°λ“ μš”.
05:38
What we looked at in detail was ownership networks.
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저희가 μžμ„Ένžˆ λ³Έ 것은 μ†Œμœ κΆŒ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ˜€μ–΄μš”.
μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μ—°κ²° λ§ˆλ””λŠ” κΈ°μ—…κ³Ό μ‚¬λžŒ, μ •λΆ€,
05:44
So here the nodes are companies, people, governments, foundations, etc.
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단체 λ“±μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:51
And the links represent the shareholding relations,
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연결은 주식을 λ³΄μœ ν•˜λŠ” 관계λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:54
so shareholder A has x percent of the shares in company B.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ A λΌλŠ” μ£Όμ£Όκ°€ B νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ 주식을 x νΌμ„ΌνŠΈ μ†Œμœ ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:59
And we also assign a value to the company given by the operating revenue.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 또, μ˜μ—… μˆ˜μ΅μ„ λ‚΄λŠ” νšŒμ‚¬μ—
κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό λΆ€μ—¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ μ†Œμœ κΆŒ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λŠ” 주식 보유 κ΄€κ³„μ˜
06:05
So ownership networks reveal the patterns of shareholding relations.
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ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ—¬κΈ° 이 κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ μ˜ˆμ—μ„œ,
06:11
In this little example, you can see a few financial institutions
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λͺ‡λͺ‡ 금육 기관을 보싀 수 μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”,
μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ—°κ²° 쀑에 λͺ‡λͺ‡μ΄ κ°•μ‘°λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:15
with some of the many links highlighted.
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06:19
Now, you may think that no one looked at this before
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이제 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ μ΄μ œκΉŒμ§€ 아무도 이걸 보지 μ•Šμ€ μ΄μœ κ°€
06:21
because ownership networks are really, really boring to study.
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μ†Œμœ κΆŒ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λŠ” μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° λ„ˆλ¬΄ 지겹기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λΌκ³ 
μƒκ°ν•˜μ‹€μ§€ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:27
Well, as ownership is related to control,
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μ†Œμœ κΆŒμ€ 지배와 관련이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:31
as I shall explain later,
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이건 λ‚˜μ€‘μ— μ„€λͺ…λ“œλ¦΄ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:32
looking at ownership networks
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μ†Œμœ κΆŒ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ₯Ό 보면
06:34
actually can give you answers to questions like,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ—κ²Œ 이런 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λŒ€ν•œ 닡을 λ“œλ¦΄ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:36
who are the key players?
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λˆ„κ°€ "큰 손"인가?
06:38
How are they organized? Are they isolated?
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그듀은 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‘°μ§ν™”ν•˜κ³  μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 고립될까?
06:40
Are they interconnected?
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ν˜Ήμ€, 그듀은 μ„œλ‘œ μƒν˜Έ μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ„κΉŒ?
06:42
And what is the overall distribution of control?
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그리고, 전체적인 μ†Œμœ κΆŒμ˜ λΆ„ν¬λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ„κΉŒ? 같은 μ§ˆλ¬Έλ“€μ΄μš”.
06:46
In other words, who controls the world?
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λ‹€μ‹œ 말해, λˆ„κ°€ 세계λ₯Ό μ§€λ°°ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”κ°€?λΌλŠ”κ±°μ£ .
06:49
I think this is an interesting question.
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μ €λŠ” 이게 ν₯미둜운 질문이라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이건 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ΄ κ°–λŠ” μœ„ν—˜μ„ ν•¨μΆ•ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ–΄μš”.
06:52
And it has implications for systemic risk.
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이것은 μ–΄λ–€ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ΄ μ „μ²΄μ μœΌλ‘œ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ·¨μ•½ν•œμ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ§€ν‘œκ°€ λ˜μš”.
06:56
This is a measure of how vulnerable a system is overall.
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높은 μƒν˜Έ 연결성이 μ•ˆμ •μ„±μ„ μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
07:02
A high degree of interconnectivity can be bad for stability,
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쒋지 μ•Šμ„ μˆ˜λ„ 있죠.
07:06
because then the stress can spread through the system like an epidemic.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 그런 κ²½μš°μ— λ¬Έμ œμ μ€ μ „μ—Όλ³‘μ²˜λŸΌ 전체 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμœΌλ‘œ
νΌμ Έλ‚˜κ°ˆ 수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—μš”.
07:13
Scientists have sometimes criticized economists
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ λ•Œλ‘œ 아이디어와 κ°œλ…μ΄
κ²½ν—˜μ  μžλ£Œλ³΄λ‹€ 더 μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  λ―ΏλŠ”
07:16
who believe ideas and concepts are more important than empirical data,
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κ²½μ œν•™μžλ“€μ„ λΉ„νŒν•΄ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:21
because a foundational guideline in science is:
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κ³Όν•™μ—μ„œμ˜ 기본적인 틀은 이런 κ±°λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”:
μžλ£Œκ°€ λͺ¨λ“  κ±Έ λ§ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λΌ. μ’‹μ•„, ν•œλ²ˆ ν•΄λ³΄μž.
07:25
Let the data speak. OK. Let's do that.
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07:27
So we started with a database containing 13 million ownership relations from 2007.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 저희도 2007λ…„λΆ€ν„° 1,300만개의
μ†Œμœ κΆŒ 관계λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•˜λŠ” λ°μ΄ν„°λ² μ΄μŠ€λ‘œ μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:34
This is a lot of data, and because we wanted to find out
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이건 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μžλ£ŒμΈλ°μš”, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λˆ„κ°€ 세상을 μ§€λ°°ν•˜λŠ”μ§€
μ•Œκ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆκ±°λ“ μš”.
07:38
"who rules the world,"
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 닀ꡭ적 기업에 μ΄ˆμ μ„ λ§žμ·„μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:40
we decided to focus on transnational corporations,
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07:43
or "TNCs," for short.
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κ°„λ‹¨νžˆ TNC라고 λΆ€λ₯΄μ£ .
07:45
These are companies that operate in more than one country,
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이런 νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ€ ν•˜λ‚˜ μ΄μƒμ˜ κ΅­κ°€μ—μ„œ μš΄μ˜λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:48
and we found 43,000.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ°Ύμ•„λ‚Έ 것이 4만 3천개 μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ·Έ λ‹€μŒμ—, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ„ μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:52
In the next step, we built the network around these companies,
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07:55
so we took all the TNCs' shareholders,
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TNC의 λͺ¨λ“  μ£Όμ£Όλ₯Ό νƒν•œ λ‹€μŒ,
07:57
and the shareholders' shareholders, etc.,
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ£Όμ£Ό, 또 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ£Όμ£Ό,
07:59
all the way upstream, and we did the same downstream,
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이런 λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μœ„μ•„λž˜λ‘œ λκΉŒμ§€ μΆ”μ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:02
and ended up with a network containing 600,000 nodes
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κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό 60만개의 μ—°κ²° λ§ˆλ””μ™€ 백만 개의 연결을 가진
08:06
and one million links.
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λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:08
This is the TNC network which we analyzed.
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이것이 저희가 λΆ„μ„ν•œ TNC λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ—μš”.
이 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λŠ” λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 게 λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:12
And it turns out to be structured as follows.
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08:14
So you have a periphery and a center
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ£Όλ³€ 정보와 ν•¨κ»˜
08:17
which contains about 75 percent of all the players,
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전체 κ΄€λ ¨ μ •λ³΄μ˜ μ•½ 75%λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 쀑앙뢀λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚Έ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ·Έ μ€‘μ•™λΆ€μ—λŠ” μž‘μ§€λ§Œ 지배적인 핡심이 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
08:22
and in the center, there's this tiny but dominant core
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이건 μƒν˜Έ 결합도가 맀우 높은 νšŒμ‚¬λ“€λ‘œ 이루어져 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:26
which is made up of highly interconnected companies.
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08:30
To give you a better picture,
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μ’€ 더 잘 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ,
08:32
think about a metropolitan area.
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λ„μ‹œ 지역을 생각해 보죠.
08:34
So you have the suburbs and the periphery,
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ꡐ외와 μ£Όλ³€ 지역도 있고,
08:36
you have a center, like a financial district,
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κΈˆμœ΅κ°€μ™€ 같은 쀑심뢀가 있죠.
08:39
then the core will be something like
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그리고 ν•΅μ‹¬λΆ€λŠ” 쀑앙에 μžˆλŠ”
08:40
the tallest high-rise building in the center.
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κ°€μž₯ 높이 μ†Ÿμ€ 건물 같은 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:44
And we already see signs of organization going on here.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이미 여기에 λ“œλŠ” λ‹¨μ²΄λ“€μ˜ 그림자λ₯Ό λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:49
36 percent of the TNCs are in the core only,
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TNCλ“€ κ°€μš΄λ° 36%만 핡심뢀에 λ“€μ–΄κ°€μ§€λ§Œ,
08:54
but they make up 95 percent of the total operating revenue of all TNCs.
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이 νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ€ λͺ¨λ“  TNC듀이 λ‚΄λŠ” 전체 운영 수읡의 95%λ₯Ό
μ°¨μ§€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
자 그럼 이제 ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό 뢄석해 λ³ΌκΉŒμš”.
09:02
OK, so now we analyzed the structure,
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09:04
so how does this relate to the control?
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이것이 지배 ꡬ쑰와 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 연관이 λ κΉŒμš”?
09:08
Well, ownership gives voting rights to shareholders.
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μ†Œμœ κΆŒμ€ μ£Όμ£Όλ“€μ—κ²Œ νˆ¬ν‘œν•  ꢌ리λ₯Ό λΆ€μ—¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:12
This is the normal notion of control.
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이것이 정상적인 μ§€λ°°μ˜ κ°œλ…μ΄μ£ .
μ†Œμœ κΆŒμœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 얻을 수 μžˆλŠ” 지배λ ₯을 κ³„μ‚°ν•˜λŠ”
09:15
And there are different models
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09:16
which allow you to compute the control you get from ownership.
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ λͺ¨λΈλ“€μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ–΄λ–€ νšŒμ‚¬μ—μ„œ 50% μ΄μƒμ˜ μ£Όλ₯Ό 가지면
09:21
If you have more than 50 percent of the shares in a company,
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지배λ ₯을 κ°–μ£ .
09:24
you get control,
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09:25
but usually, it depends on the relative distribution of shares.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 보톡 지배λ ₯은 주의 μƒλŒ€μ μΈ 뢄포에 따라 λ‹¬λΌμ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:30
And the network really matters.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬κ°€ μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:33
About 10 years ago, Mr. Tronchetti Provera
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10λ…„ μ „, νŠΈλ‘±μΌ€ν‹° ν”„λ‘œλ² λΌ μ”¨λŠ”
μž‘μ€ νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ μ†Œμœ κΆŒμ„ κ°–κ³  νšŒμ‚¬λ₯Ό μ§€λ°°ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:36
had ownership and control in a small company,
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09:39
which had ownership and control in a bigger company.
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그리고, κ·Έ νšŒμ‚¬λŠ” 더 큰 νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ μ†Œμœ κΆŒκ³Ό 지배λ ₯을 λ³΄μœ ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ΄ν•΄ν•˜μ‹œκ² μ£ ?
09:43
You get the idea.
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09:44
This ended up giving him control in Telecom Italia with a leverage of 26.
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κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό 이 μ‚¬λžŒμ€ 26%의 μ§€λΆ„μœΌλ‘œ ν…”λ ˆμ½€ μ΄νƒˆλ¦¬μ•„λ₯Ό
μ§€λ°°ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:51
So this means that, with each euro he invested,
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이것이 μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” λ°”λŠ”, κ·Έκ°€ 1유둜λ₯Ό νˆ¬μžν•  λ•Œ λ§ˆλ‹€,
09:55
he was able to move 26 euros of market value
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이 μ‚¬λžŒμ€ 연쇄적 μ†Œμœ  관계λ₯Ό 톡해
26 유둜의 μ‹œμž₯ κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό 움직일 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” λœ»μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:59
through the chain of ownership relations.
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10:02
Now what we actually computed in our study was the control over the TNCs' value.
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저희 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ κ³„μ‚°ν•œ 것은
TNC의 κ°€μΉ˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ 지배λ ₯μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 각 μ£Όμ£Όλ“€μ—κ²Œ 영ν–₯λ ₯의 척도λ₯Ό
10:09
This allowed us to assign a degree of influence to each shareholder.
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λΆ€μ—¬ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
이것은 λ§‰μŠ€ 베버가 λ§ν•˜λŠ” 잠재λ ₯의 μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄λΌλŠ”
10:15
This is very much in the sense of Max Weber's idea of potential power,
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츑면이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이것은 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ λ°˜λŒ€μ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
10:20
which is the probability of imposing one's own will
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10:23
despite the opposition of others.
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μžμ‹ μ˜ μ˜μ§€λ₯Ό κ΄€μ² ν•˜λŠ” ν™•λ₯ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:27
If you want to compute the flow in an ownership network,
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λ§Œμ•½ μ†Œμœ κΆŒμ˜ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ—μ„œ 흐름을 κ³„μ‚°ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άλ‹€λ©΄
10:32
this is what you have to do.
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이걸 해봐야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:33
It's actually not that hard to understand.
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사싀 이걸 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 게 그리 μ–΄λ ΅μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ•„μš”.
10:36
Let me explain by giving you this analogy.
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λΉ„μœ λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μ„€λͺ…ν•΄ λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
νŒŒμ΄ν”„μ— 물이 흐λ₯Έλ‹€κ³  해보죠.
10:39
So think about water flowing in pipes, where the pipes have different thickness.
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νŒŒμ΄ν”„λ“€μ€ μ„œλ‘œ λ‘κ»˜κ°€ λ‹¬λΌμš”.
10:44
So similarly, the control is flowing in the ownership networks
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λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ 지배λ ₯은 μ†Œμœ κΆŒ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬ μ•ˆμ„ 흐λ₯΄λŠ”데
연결점에 μŒ“μ΄κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:50
and is accumulating at the nodes.
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10:54
So what did we find after computing all this network control?
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그러면 이런 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ˜ 지배λ ₯을 λͺ¨λ‘ κ³„μ‚°ν•΄μ„œ μ–΄λ–€κ±Έ μ•Œμ•„λƒˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
음, μƒμœ„ 737λͺ…μ˜ 주주듀이
10:58
Well, it turns out that the 737 top shareholders
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11:03
have the potential to collectively control 80 percent of the TNCs' value.
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μ „μ²΄μ μœΌλ‘œ TNC κ°€μΉ˜μ˜ 80%λ₯Ό 지배할
κ°€λŠ₯성이 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 점을 λ°ν˜€λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:10
Now remember, we started out with 600,000 nodes,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 60만의 μ—°κ²°μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 점을 κΈ°μ–΅ν•΄ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
11:13
so these 737 top players make up a bit more than 0.1 percent.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ 이 737λͺ…은
μ•½ 0.1%λ₯Ό μ•½κ°„ μƒνšŒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:21
They're mostly financial institutions in the US and the UK.
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그듀은 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ λ―Έκ΅­κ³Ό 영ꡭ의 κΈˆμœ΅μ‚¬λ“€μ΄μ—μš”.
11:26
And it gets even more extreme.
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κ²Œλ‹€κ°€ 이런 ν˜„μƒμ€ 훨씬 더 심해지고 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
ν•΅μ‹¬λΆ€μ—λŠ” μƒμœ„ 146λͺ…μ˜ μ£Όμ£Ό(사)듀이 있고
11:29
There are 146 top players in the core,
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그듀은 ν•¨κ»˜ TNC κ°€μΉ˜μ˜ 40%λ₯Ό 지배할 수 μžˆλŠ”
11:34
and they together have the potential to collectively control
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11:37
40 percent of the TNCs' value.
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잠재λ ₯을 κ°€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μ•Œ 수 μžˆλŠ” 게 λ­˜κΉŒμš”?
11:43
What should you take home from all of this?
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11:45
Well, the high degree of control you saw is very extreme by any standard.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€κ»˜μ„œ 보신 지배λ ₯의 μ •λ„λŠ”
μ–΄λŠ κΈ°μ€€κ³Ό λΉ„κ΅ν•˜λ”λΌλ„, μ•„μ£Ό λ†’μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
핡심뢀에 μžˆλŠ” μƒμœ„ νˆ¬μžμžλ“€μ˜
11:54
The high degree of interconnectivity of the top players in the core
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μƒν˜Έ μ—°κ²°μ„±μ˜ μ •λ„λŠ”
세계 κ²½μ œμ— μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ μ‹¬κ°ν•œ 쑰직적 μœ„ν—˜μ„±μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚΄κ³ 
11:59
could pose a significant systemic risk to the global economy.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ‡ 개의 κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ κ·œμΉ™λ§ŒμœΌλ‘œλ„ TNC λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ₯Ό
12:05
And we could easily reproduce the TNC network
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12:07
with a few simple rules.
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μ‰½κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이것은 κ·Έ ꡬ쑰가 μ•„λ§ˆλ„ 자체 ν˜•μ„±λœ
12:10
This means that its structure is probably the result of self-organization.
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κ²°κ³Όλ¬Όμ΄λΌλŠ” λœ»μ΄μ—μš”.
그것은 체계 μ•ˆμ—μ„œ μƒν˜Έ μž‘μš©μ˜ κ·œμΉ™μ— μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜λŠ”
12:14
It's an emergent property which depends on the rules of interaction in the system,
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ„±μ§ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:19
so it's probably not the result of a top-down approach
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즉, 이것은 μ•„λ§ˆλ„ μ „ 세계적 음λͺ¨μ™€ 같은 ν•˜ν–₯식 μ ‘κ·Όλ²•μ˜ κ²°κ³Όκ°€
12:23
like a global conspiracy.
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μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ €ν¬μ˜ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” "달 ν‘œλ©΄μ„ 보고 λ°›λŠ” 인상 정도일 뿐,
12:27
Our study "is an impression of the moon's surface.
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12:29
It's not a street map."
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μ§€λ„λŠ” μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€."
12:31
So you should take the exact numbers in our study with a grain of salt,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ 저희 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ 보톡 μ •ν™•ν•œ 수치λ₯Ό
νƒν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
12:35
yet it "gave us a tantalizing glimpse of a brave new world of finance."
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜, 그건 "κΈˆμœ΅μ΄λΌλŠ” μš©κ°λ¬΄μŒν•œ μ‹ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ
겨우 μ• νƒ€κ²Œ λ³΄λŠ” 첫인상 정도일 λΏμ΄μ—μš”"
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 λ°©ν–₯의 연ꡬ에 λŒ€ν•΄ 더 λ§Žμ€ λ¬Έν˜Έκ°€ 개방되기λ₯Ό λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:43
We hope to have opened the door for more such research in this direction,
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12:47
so the remaining unknown terrain will be charted in the future.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, 아직 μ•Œλ €μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 채 남은 μ˜μ—­λ„ λ―Έλž˜μ—λŠ” λ°ν˜€μ§€κΈ°λ₯Ό λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:52
And this is slowly starting.
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이건 아직 느린 μ‹œμž‘ λ‹¨κ³„μ—μš”.
12:53
We're seeing the emergence of long-term and highly-funded programs
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이제 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ³΅μž‘κ³„μ˜ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ
우리의 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬ 세상을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λ €λŠ” μž₯기적 μž¬μ • 지원이 μžˆλŠ”
12:59
which aim at understanding our networked world
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ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ˜ 탄생을 λͺ©λ„ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:02
from a complexity point of view.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, 이 여정은 이제 겨우 μ‹œμž‘μΌ λΏμ΄μ—μš”.
13:05
But this journey has only just begun,
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13:06
so we will have to wait before we see the first results.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ κ·Έ 첫 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό 보렀면 κΈ°λ‹€λ €μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:12
Now there is still a big problem, in my opinion.
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제 μ˜κ²¬μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ—¬μ „νžˆ 큰 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ 남아 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κΈˆμœ΅μ΄λ‚˜ 경제, μ •μΉ˜, μ‚¬νšŒμ™€ μ—°κ²°ν•˜λ €λŠ” 생각은
13:16
Ideas relating to finance, economics, politics, society,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 개인적인 이념에 따라
13:22
are very often tainted by people's personal ideologies.
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자주 λ³€μ§ˆλ˜κ³€ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:28
I really hope that this complexity perspective
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μ €λŠ” 이런 λ³΅μž‘κ³„μ˜ μ‹œκ°μ„ 톡해
13:32
allows for some common ground to be found.
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μƒλ‹Ήν•œ 곡톡적 원리가 찾아지기λ₯Ό λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ„œλ‘œ λͺ¨μˆœμ μΈ 생각에 μ˜ν•΄ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€λŠ”
13:38
It would be really great if it has the power
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13:40
to help end the gridlock created by conflicting ideas,
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거기에 정체 μƒνƒœλ₯Ό μ’…μ‹μ‹œν‚€λŠ”λ° 도움이 λ˜λŠ” 힘이 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ 정말 λŒ€λ‹¨ν•œ μΌμ΄κ² μ§€μš”.
13:45
which appears to be paralyzing our globalized world.
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이런 λͺ¨μˆœμ  생각듀이 μ„Έκ³„ν™”λœ μ§€κ΅¬μ΄Œμ„ λ§ˆλΉ„μ‹œν‚€λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ΄κ±°λ“ μš”.
13:50
Reality is so complex, we need to move away from dogma.
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ν˜„μ‹€μ€ λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ³ , μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ„κ·Έλ§ˆμ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:55
But this is just my own personal ideology.
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λ¬Όλ‘ , 이건 μ €μ˜ 개인적인 이념일 λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:58
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:59
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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