Do we see reality as it is? | Donald Hoffman | TED

2,625,195 views ・ 2015-06-11

TED


Molimo dvaput kliknite na engleski titl ispod za reprodukciju videa.

Translator: Zlata Hadzimuratovic Reviewer: Ivana Korom
00:12
I love a great mystery,
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Volim veliku misteriju,
00:14
and I'm fascinated by the greatest unsolved mystery in science,
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i fasciniran sam najvećom nerazriješenom misterijom u nauci,
00:19
perhaps because it's personal.
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vjerovatno zato jer je lična.
00:21
It's about who we are,
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Radi se o tome ko smo mi,
00:23
and I can't help but be curious.
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i ne mogu da ne budem znatiželjan.
00:26
The mystery is this:
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Misterija je sljedeća:
00:28
What is the relationship between your brain
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koji je odnos između tvog mozga
00:31
and your conscious experiences,
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i tvog svjesnog iskustva,
00:33
such as your experience of the taste of chocolate
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kao što je tvoje iskustvo ukusa čokolade
00:35
or the feeling of velvet?
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ili dodir baršuna?
00:38
Now, this mystery is not new.
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Ova misterija nije nova.
00:40
In 1868, Thomas Huxley wrote,
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1868. godine Thomas Huxley je napisao,
00:44
"How it is that anything so remarkable as a state of consciousness comes about
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"Kako nešto tako izvanredno kao što je stanje svijesti dolazi
00:49
as the result of irritating nervous tissue
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kao rezultat nadraženog živčanog tkiva
00:53
is just as unaccountable
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je podjednako neobjašnjivo
00:55
as the appearance of the genie when Aladdin rubbed his lamp."
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kao pojavljivanje duha kada Aladin protrlja svoju lampu".
01:01
Now, Huxley knew that brain activity
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Huxley je znao da su moždane aktivnosti
01:03
and conscious experiences are correlated,
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povezane sa svjesnim iskustvima,
01:06
but he didn't know why.
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ali nije znao zašto.
01:08
To the science of his day, it was a mystery.
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Nauci njegovog vremena to je bila misterija.
01:12
In the years since Huxley,
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Godinama nakon Huxley-a,
01:14
science has learned a lot about brain activity,
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nauka je otkrila mnogo o moždanoj aktivnosti,
01:17
but the relationship between brain activity
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ali je odnos između moždane aktivnosti
01:19
and conscious experiences is still a mystery.
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i svjesnih iskustava ostao misterija.
01:22
Why? Why have we made so little progress?
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Zašto? Zašto smo smo tako malo napredovali?
01:26
Well, some experts think that we can't solve this problem
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Pa, neki stručnjaci smatraju da mi ne možemo riješiti ovaj problem
01:31
because we lack the necessary concepts and intelligence.
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zbog pomanjkanja neophodnih koncepata i inteligencije.
01:35
We don't expect monkeys to solve problems in quantum mechanics,
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Ne očekujemo od majmuna da riješe probleme kvantne mehanike,
01:39
and as it happens, we can't expect our species to solve this problem either.
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kao što ne možemo očekivati ni od naše vrste da riješi ovaj problem.
01:44
Well, I disagree. I'm more optimistic.
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Ali, ja se ne slažem s tim. Ja sam više optimističan.
01:47
I think we've simply made a false assumption.
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Mislim da smo jednostavno stvorili lažnu pretpostavku.
01:50
Once we fix it, we just might solve this problem.
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Kada jednom to izmijenimo, možda ćemo i moći riješiti ovaj problem.
01:54
Today, I'd like tell you what that assumption is,
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Danas ću vam reći koja je to pretpostavka,
01:56
why it's false, and how to fix it.
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zašto je lažna, i kako je izmijeniti.
01:59
Let's begin with a question:
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Počnimo pitanjem:
02:01
Do we see reality as it is?
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vidimo li stvarnost onakvu kakva ona jeste?
02:04
I open my eyes
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Otvorim oči
02:06
and I have an experience that I describe as a red tomato a meter away.
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i imam iskustvo koje opisujem kao crveni paradajz na metar od mene.
02:12
As a result, I come to believe that in reality,
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Kao rezultat ovoga, vjerujem da se u stvarnosti,
02:15
there's a red tomato a meter away.
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crveni paradajz nalazi na metar od mene.
02:18
I then close my eyes, and my experience changes to a gray field,
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Onda zatvorim oči, i moje iskustvo se mijenja u sivo polje,
02:24
but is it still the case that in reality, there's a red tomato a meter away?
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ali da li je još uvijek u stvarnosti, crveni paradajz na metar od mene?
02:30
I think so, but could I be wrong?
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Mislim da jeste, ali možda griješim?
02:33
Could I be misinterpreting the nature of my perceptions?
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Možda pogrešno tumačim prirodu svojih opažanja?
02:39
We have misinterpreted our perceptions before.
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Pogrešno smo tumačili naša opažanja i ranije.
02:42
We used to think the Earth is flat, because it looks that way.
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Mislili smo da je Zemlja ravna ploča, jer izgleda tako.
02:46
Pythagorus discovered that we were wrong.
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Pitagora je otkrio da smo bili u krivu.
02:49
Then we thought that the Earth is the unmoving center of the Universe,
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Zatim smo mislili da je Zemlja nepokretni centar svemira,
02:53
again because it looks that way.
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jer izgleda tako.
02:56
Copernicus and Galileo discovered, again, that we were wrong.
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Kopernik i Galileo su otkrili ponovo, da smo u krivu.
03:01
Galileo then wondered if we might be misinterpreting our experiences
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Galileo se onda zapitao, može li biti da pogrešno tumačimo naša iskustva
03:05
in other ways.
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i na druge načine.
03:06
He wrote: "I think that tastes, odors, colors, and so on
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Napisao je: "Mislim da okusi, mirisi, boje itd
03:11
reside in consciousness.
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prebivaju u našoj svijesti.
03:14
Hence if the living creature were removed, all these qualities would be annihilated."
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Stoga, ako bi se živa bića uklonila, sva ova iskustva bi bila poništena."
03:20
Now, that's a stunning claim.
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E to je zapanjujuća tvrdnja.
03:23
Could Galileo be right?
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Je li Galileo mogao biti u pravu?
03:24
Could we really be misinterpreting our experiences that badly?
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Je li moguće da toliko pogrešno tumačimo naša iskustva?
03:29
What does modern science have to say about this?
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Šta moderna nauka ima da kaže na sve ovo?
03:32
Well, neuroscientists tell us that about a third of the brain's cortex
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Pa, neurolozi kažu da je skoro trećina moždane kore
03:37
is engaged in vision.
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odgovorna za vid.
03:39
When you simply open your eyes and look about this room,
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Kad samo otvorite oči i pogledate po ovoj prostoriji,
03:43
billions of neurons and trillions of synapses are engaged.
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milijarde neurona i bilioni sinapsi se angažuju.
03:47
Now, this is a bit surprising,
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Ovo je prilično iznenađujuće,
03:49
because to the extent that we think about vision at all,
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jer u mjeri u kojoj mi razmišljamo o vidu uopšte,
03:51
we think of it as like a camera.
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zamišljamo ga kao foto aparat.
03:54
It just takes a picture of objective reality as it is.
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On samo uslika objektivnu stvarnost kakva jeste.
03:58
Now, there is a part of vision that's like a camera:
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E sad, postoji dio vida koji jeste poput foto aparata:
04:02
the eye has a lens that focuses an image on the back of the eye
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oko sadrži leću koja fokusira sliku na pozadinu oka
04:06
where there are 130 million photoreceptors,
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gdje se nalazi 130 miliona fotoreceptora,
04:10
so the eye is like a 130-megapixel camera.
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tako da je oko nešto poput foto aparata od 130 megapiksela.
04:14
But that doesn't explain the billions of neurons
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Ali to ne objašnjava rad milijarde neurona
04:17
and trillions of synapses that are engaged in vision.
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i biliona sinapsi koje omogućuju vid.
04:21
What are these neurons up to?
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Šta rade ovi neuroni?
04:23
Well, neuroscientists tell us that they are creating, in real time,
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Pa, neurolozi nam kažu da oni stvaraju, u realnom vremenu,
04:27
all the shapes, objects, colors, and motions that we see.
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sve oblike, predmete, boje i pokrete koje vidimo.
04:32
It feels like we're just taking a snapshot of this room the way it is,
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Čini se kako mi samo pravimo snimak ove prostorije kakva jeste;
04:35
but in fact, we're constructing everything that we see.
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dok zapravo mi konstruišemo sve što vidimo.
04:39
We don't construct the whole world at once.
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Ne konstruišemo cijeli svijet odjednom.
04:42
We construct what we need in the moment.
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Konstruišemo samo ono što nam je potrebno u trenutku.
04:45
Now, there are many demonstrations that are quite compelling
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Postoje mnogi dokazi, koji su prilično uvjerljivi,
04:48
that we construct what we see.
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da mi konstruišemo ono što vidimo.
04:50
I'll just show you two.
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Pokazaću vam dva.
04:52
In this example, you see some red discs with bits cut out of them,
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U ovom primjeru, vidite crvene diskove kojima su neki dijelovi izrezani,
04:58
but if I just rotate the disks a little bit,
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ali ako samo malo zarotiram ove diskove,
05:01
suddenly, you see a 3D cube pop out of the screen.
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odjednom vidite trodimenzionalnu kocku koja se pojavljuje na ekranu.
05:06
Now, the screen of course is flat,
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Ekran je naravno ravan,
05:09
so the three-dimensional cube that you're experiencing
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stoga je trodimenzionalna kocka koju vidite
05:11
must be your construction.
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samo vaša konstrukcija.
05:15
In this next example,
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U sljedećem primjeru,
05:17
you see glowing blue bars with pretty sharp edges
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vidite svijetleće plave trake prilično oštrih ivica
05:21
moving across a field of dots.
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kako se kreću preko polja tačaka.
05:25
In fact, no dots move.
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U stvari, nijedna tačka se ne pomiče.
05:28
All I'm doing from frame to frame is changing the colors of dots
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Sve što radim, iz kadra u kadar, jeste mijenjanje boje tačaka
05:33
from blue to black or black to blue.
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iz plave u crnu, ili iz crne u plavu.
05:35
But when I do this quickly,
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Ali kada ovo radim brzo,
05:37
your visual system creates the glowing blue bars
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vaš vizuelni sistem kreira svijetleće plave trake
05:41
with the sharp edges and the motion.
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oštrih ivica i u pokretu.
05:44
There are many more examples, but these are just two
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Postoji još mnogo primjera, a ovo su samo dva
05:46
that you construct what you see.
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da vi konstruišete ono što vidite.
05:49
But neuroscientists go further.
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Međutim neurolozi idu još dalje.
05:53
They say that we reconstruct reality.
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Oni tvrde da mi rekonstruišemo stvarnost.
05:58
So, when I have an experience that I describe as a red tomato,
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Tako kada imam iskustvo koje opisujem kao crveni paradajz,
06:02
that experience is actually an accurate reconstruction
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to iskustvo je zapravo tačna rekonstrukcija
06:06
of the properties of a real red tomato
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svojstava stvarnog crvenog paradajza
06:08
that would exist even if I weren't looking.
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koji bi postojao čak i ako ne gledam.
06:13
Now, why would neuroscientists say that we don't just construct,
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E sad, zašto neurolozi kažu da mi ne samo da konstruišemo,
06:16
we reconstruct?
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nego i rekonstruišemo?
06:18
Well, the standard argument given
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Pa, standardni argument
06:21
is usually an evolutionary one.
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je uglavnom evolucioni.
06:24
Those of our ancestors who saw more accurately
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Oni naši preci koji su vidjeli preciznije,
06:27
had a competitive advantage compared to those who saw less accurately,
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imali su konkurentsku prednost u odnosu na one koji su vidjeli manje precizno,
06:32
and therefore they were more likely to pass on their genes.
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i zato su su imali više izgleda da prenose svoje gene.
06:34
We are the offspring of those who saw more accurately,
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Mi smo potomci onih koji su vidjeli preciznije,
06:38
and so we can be confident that, in the normal case,
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tako da možemo biti sigurni da su, u normalnom slučaju,
06:41
our perceptions are accurate.
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naše percepcije tačne.
06:43
You see this in the standard textbooks.
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Ovo piše u standardnim udžbenicima.
06:47
One textbook says, for example,
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U jednom udžbeniku stoji, na primjer, da
06:49
"Evolutionarily speaking,
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"U kontekstu evolucije,
06:51
vision is useful precisely because it is so accurate."
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vid je koristan baš zato što je tako tačan."
06:55
So the idea is that accurate perceptions are fitter perceptions.
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Dakle ideja je da su tačne percepcije pogodnije percepcije.
07:00
They give you a survival advantage.
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Daju vam prednost za opstanak.
07:02
Now, is this correct?
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Ipak, da li je ovo ispravno?
07:04
Is this the right interpretation of evolutionary theory?
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Je li ovo ispravna interpretacija teorije evolucije?
07:06
Well, let's first look at a couple of examples in nature.
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Pa, prvo pogledajmo nekoliko primjera iz prirode.
07:10
The Australian jewel beetle
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Australijski krasnik
07:13
is dimpled, glossy and brown.
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je jamičast, sjajan i braon.
07:16
The female is flightless.
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Ženka ne može letjeti.
07:18
The male flies, looking, of course, for a hot female.
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Mužjak leti, u potrazi, naravno, za primamljivom ženkom.
07:22
When he finds one, he alights and mates.
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Kada je pronađe, sleti i pare se.
07:26
There's another species in the outback,
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Postoje još neke vrste u australskoj divljni,
07:29
Homo sapiens.
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Homo sapiensi.
07:30
The male of this species has a massive brain
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Mužjak ove vrste ima masivan mozak
07:33
that he uses to hunt for cold beer.
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koji koristi za lov na hladno pivo.
07:37
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
07:39
And when he finds one, he drains it,
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Kada ga pronađe, iskapi ga,
07:41
and sometimes throws the bottle into the outback.
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i ponekad baci flašu nazad u divljinu.
07:44
Now, as it happens, these bottles are dimpled, glossy,
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E sad ove boce imaju sitna ispupčenja, sjajne su
07:49
and just the right shade of brown to tickle the fancy of these beetles.
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i takve nijanse smeđe da zagolicaju maštu ovih buba.
07:54
The males swarm all over the bottles trying to mate.
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Mužjaci se počnu rojiti oko ovih boca, pokušavajući ih pariti.
07:59
They lose all interest in the real females.
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Gube sav interes za stvarne ženke.
08:02
Classic case of the male leaving the female for the bottle.
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Klasični slučaj kad muškarac napusti ženu zbog boce.
08:06
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Smijeh) (Aplauz)
08:11
The species almost went extinct.
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Ova vrsta insekata je skoro izumrla.
08:14
Australia had to change its bottles to save its beetles.
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Australija je morala da promijeni boce za pivo, kako bi spasila svoje bube.
08:18
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
08:21
Now, the males had successfully found females for thousands,
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Mužjaci su uspješno pronalazili ženke
08:25
perhaps millions of years.
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hiljadama, vjerovatno i milionima godina.
08:28
It looked like they saw reality as it is, but apparently not.
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Činilo se da su oni vidjeli stvarnost onakvu kakva jeste, ali očigledno nisu.
08:32
Evolution had given them a hack.
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Evolucija im je omogućila hakovanje.
08:35
A female is anything dimpled, glossy and brown,
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Ženka je sve što je bradavičasto, sjajno i smeđe,
08:40
the bigger the better.
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što veća to bolja.
08:42
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
08:44
Even when crawling all over the bottle, the male couldn't discover his mistake.
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Čak i puzajući po cijeloj boci, mužjak nije uvidio svoju grešku.
08:49
Now, you might say, beetles, sure, they're very simple creatures,
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E sada, možete reći, bube, naravno, one su veoma jednostavna stvorenja,
08:53
but surely not mammals.
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ali takvi sigurno nisu sisari.
08:55
Mammals don't rely on tricks.
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Sisari se ne oslanjaju na trikove.
08:58
Well, I won't dwell on this, but you get the idea. (Laughter)
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Pa ne bih se baš zadržavao na ovome, ali ideja vam je jasna. (Smijeh)
09:04
So this raises an important technical question:
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Ovim se postavlja važno tehničko pitanje:
09:07
Does natural selection really favor seeing reality as it is?
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da li prirodna selekcija zaista favorizuje viđenje stvarnosti onakve kakva ona jeste?
09:13
Fortunately, we don't have to wave our hands and guess;
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Srećom, ne moramo mahati rukama i pogađati;
09:17
evolution is a mathematically precise theory.
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evolucija je matematički precizna teorija.
09:20
We can use the equations of evolution to check this out.
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Možemo da ovo provjerimo koristeći jednačine evolucije.
09:24
We can have various organisms in artificial worlds compete
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Možemo, tako, da imamo različite organizme koji se takmiče u vještačkim okruženjima
09:28
and see which survive and which thrive,
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i da vidimo koji od njih će preživjeti a koji će napredovati,
09:30
which sensory systems are more fit.
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čiji senzorni sistemi su podobniji.
09:33
A key notion in those equations is fitness.
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Ključni pojam u ovim jednačinama je podobnost.
09:37
Consider this steak:
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Pogledajmo ovaj odrezak:
09:41
What does this steak do for the fitness of an animal?
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šta ovaj odrezak predstavlja u kontekstu podobnosti životinje?
09:45
Well, for a hungry lion looking to eat, it enhances fitness.
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Pa, za gladnog lava koji traži hranu, on povećava podobnost.
09:52
For a well-fed lion looking to mate, it doesn't enhance fitness.
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Za dobro uhranjenog lava koji je u potrazi za parom, ne povećava podobnost.
09:58
And for a rabbit in any state, it doesn't enhance fitness,
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I za zeca u bilo kojem stanju, odrezak ne povećava podobnost,
10:01
so fitness does depend on reality as it is, yes,
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tako da podobnost ne zavisi od stvarnosti kakva jeste, da,
10:06
but also on the organism, its state and its action.
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ali takođe i od organizma, njegovog stanja i njegovog djelovanja.
10:10
Fitness is not the same thing as reality as it is,
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Podobnost nije isto što i stvarnost kakva jeste,
10:13
and it's fitness, and not reality as it is,
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i podobnost je ta, ne stvarnost kakva jeste,
10:17
that figures centrally in the equations of evolution.
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koja je centralna tačka u jednačini evolucije.
10:21
So, in my lab,
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Tako, u mojoj laboratoriji,
10:24
we have run hundreds of thousands of evolutionary game simulations
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izvodili smo stotine hiljada simulacija evolucijskih igara
10:28
with lots of different randomly chosen worlds
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sa mnogo različitih, nasumice odabranih okruženja
10:31
and organisms that compete for resources in those worlds.
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i organizama koji se takmiče za resurse u ovim okruženjima.
10:35
Some of the organisms see all of the reality,
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Neki organizmi vide cjelokupnu stvarnost,
10:39
others see just part of the reality,
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drugi vide samo njene dijelove,
10:41
and some see none of the reality,
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dok drugi ne vide ništa od stvarnosti,
10:43
only fitness.
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samo podobnost.
10:46
Who wins?
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Ko pobjeđuje?
10:48
Well, I hate to break it to you, but perception of reality goes extinct.
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Pa, mrzim što ovo moram da kažem, ali percepcija stvarnosti izumire.
10:54
In almost every simulation,
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U skoro svakoj simulaciji,
10:56
organisms that see none of reality
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organizmi koji nisu vidjeli ništa od stvarnosti,
10:58
but are just tuned to fitness
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ali su podobni
11:00
drive to extinction all the organisms that perceive reality as it is.
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istrijebili su sve organizme koji su vidjeli stvarnost kakva jeste.
11:05
So the bottom line is, evolution does not favor veridical,
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Tako da je zaključak da evolucija ne favorizuje vertikalne,
11:10
or accurate perceptions.
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ili tačne percepcije.
11:11
Those perceptions of reality go extinct.
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Ovakve percepcije stvarnosti izumiru.
11:15
Now, this is a bit stunning.
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Ovo je pomalo zapanjujuće.
11:17
How can it be that not seeing the world accurately
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Kako može biti da nam to što ne vidimo svijet precizno
11:21
gives us a survival advantage?
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daje prednost za opstanak?
11:23
That is a bit counterintuitive.
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Ovo je pomalo kontraproduktivno.
11:25
But remember the jewel beetle.
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Ali, sjetite se australskog krasnika.
11:27
The jewel beetle survived for thousands, perhaps millions of years,
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Krasnik je preživjeo hiljadama, vjerovatno milionima godina,
11:30
using simple tricks and hacks.
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koristeći se jednostavim trikovima i hakovima.
11:33
What the equations of evolution are telling us
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Ono što nam jednačine evolucije govore
11:36
is that all organisms, including us, are in the same boat as the jewel beetle.
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je da su svi organizmi uključujući i nas, u istoj situaciji kao i buba krasnik.
11:42
We do not see reality as it is.
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Mi ne vidimo stvarnost kakva jeste.
11:44
We're shaped with tricks and hacks that keep us alive.
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Oblikovani smo trikovima i hakovima koji nas održavaju u životu.
11:48
Still,
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Ipak,
11:50
we need some help with our intuitions.
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potrebna je pomoć našim intuicijama.
11:52
How can not perceiving reality as it is be useful?
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Kako može biti korisno da ne vidimo stvarnost kakva jeste?
11:57
Well, fortunately, we have a very helpful metaphor:
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Pa srećom, imamo veoma korisnu metaforu:
12:01
the desktop interface on your computer.
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sučelje desktopa na vašem kompjuteru.
12:03
Consider that blue icon for a TED Talk that you're writing.
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Zamislite plavu ikonicu za TED govor kojeg pišete.
12:08
Now, the icon is blue and rectangular
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Ikonica je plava i pravougaona
12:12
and in the lower right corner of the desktop.
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i nalazi se u donjem desnom uglu na desktopu.
12:15
Does that mean that the text file itself in the computer is blue,
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Da li to znači da je i sam tekst u kompjuteru plav,
12:20
rectangular, and in the lower right-hand corner of the computer?
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pravougaon, i u donjem desnom dijelu kompjutera?
12:23
Of course not.
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Naravno da nije.
12:25
Anyone who thought that misinterprets the purpose of the interface.
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Svako ko tako misli je pogrešno shvatio svrhu sučelja.
12:29
It's not there to show you the reality of the computer.
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Ono nije tu da vam pokaže stvarnost kompjutera.
12:32
In fact, it's there to hide that reality.
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Ono je tu, zapravo, da sakrije tu stvarnost.
12:35
You don't want to know about the diodes
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Ne želite znati o diodama
12:37
and resistors and all the megabytes of software.
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rezistorima i svim megabajtima softvera.
12:39
If you had to deal with that, you could never write your text file
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Ako biste se bavili ovim nikada ne biste napisali tekst
12:42
or edit your photo.
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ili uredili fotografiju.
12:44
So the idea is that evolution has given us an interface
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Stoga, ideja je da nam je evolucija omogućila sučelje
12:49
that hides reality and guides adaptive behavior.
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koje prikriva stvarnost i vodič je prilagodljivom ponašanju.
12:53
Space and time, as you perceive them right now,
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Prostor i vrijeme, kako ih vi sada doživljavate,
12:56
are your desktop.
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su vaš desktop.
12:58
Physical objects are simply icons in that desktop.
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Fizički objekti su samo ikonice na desktopu.
13:04
There's an obvious objection.
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To je očigledno.
13:06
Hoffman, if you think that train coming down the track at 200 MPH
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Hoffman, ako misliš da je voz koji juri prugom 200 milja/h
13:10
is just an icon of your desktop,
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samo ikonica na tvom kompjuteru,
13:12
why don't you step in front of it?
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zašto ne staneš pred njega?
13:14
And after you're gone, and your theory with you,
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I nakon što te više ne bude, kao ni tvoje teorije,
13:17
we'll know that there's more to that train than just an icon.
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znaćemo da je taj voz nešto više od ikonice.
13:20
Well, I wouldn't step in front of that train
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Pa, ja ne bih stao pred taj voz
13:22
for the same reason
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iz istog razloga
13:24
that I wouldn't carelessly drag that icon to the trash can:
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iz kojeg ne bih neoprezno tu ikonicu bacio u kantu za smeće:
13:28
not because I take the icon literally --
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ne zato što doživljavam samu ikonicu doslovno -
13:31
the file is not literally blue or rectangular --
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fajl nije doslovno plav ili pravougaon -
13:34
but I do take it seriously.
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ali je ipak ozbiljno tretiram.
13:37
I could lose weeks of work.
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Mogao bih izgubiti sedmice rada.
13:39
Similarly, evolution has shaped us
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Slično tome, evolucija nas je oblikovala
13:41
with perceptual symbols that are designed to keep us alive.
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uz pomoć simbola opažanja dizajniranih da nas održe živima.
13:46
We'd better take them seriously.
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Bolje da ih shvatimo ozbiljno.
13:49
If you see a snake, don't pick it up.
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Ako ugledate zmiju, nemojte je podizati.
13:52
If you see a cliff, don't jump off.
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Ako ugledate liticu, nemojte skočiti s nje.
13:55
They're designed to keep us safe, and we should take them seriously.
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Ovi simboli su dizajnirani zbog naše bezbjednosti i treba ih shvatati ozbiljno.
13:58
That does not mean that we should take them literally.
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To ipak ne znači da ih trebamo shvatati doslovno.
14:01
That's a logical error.
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To je logička greška.
14:03
Another objection: There's nothing really new here.
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Još jedna primjedba: ništa od ovog nije zapravo novo.
14:06
Physicists have told us for a long time that the metal of that train looks solid
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Fizičari nam već dugo ukazuju na to da metal tog voza djeluje čvrsto
14:10
but really it's mostly empty space with microscopic particles zipping around.
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ali je zapravo najviše prazan prostor sa mikroskopskim česticama koje jure naokolo.
14:15
There's nothing new here.
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Ovdje ništa nije novo.
14:16
Well, not exactly.
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Pa, i ne baš.
14:18
It's like saying, I know that that blue icon on the desktop
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To je kao da kažete, znam da ta plava ikonica na desktop-u
14:22
is not the reality of the computer,
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ne predstavlja stvarnost tog kompjutera,
14:25
but if I pull out my trusty magnifying glass and look really closely,
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ali ako bih uzeo lupu i zagledao se u nju izbliza,
14:28
I see little pixels,
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vidio bih sitne piksele,
14:30
and that's the reality of the computer.
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i to je stvarnost kompjutera.
14:32
Well, not really -- you're still on the desktop, and that's the point.
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Pa, i ne baš - još uvijek ste na desktop-u, i to je sva poenta.
14:36
Those microscopic particles are still in space and time:
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Ove mikrosopske čestice i dalje postoje u prostoru i vremenu
14:39
they're still in the user interface.
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još uvijek su u sučelju korisnika.
14:42
So I'm saying something far more radical than those physicists.
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Tako da ja iznosim nešto znatno radikalnije od ovih fizičara.
14:46
Finally, you might object,
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Napokon, možete mi prigovoriti,
14:48
look, we all see the train,
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vidi, svi mi vidimo voz,
14:50
therefore none of us constructs the train.
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samim tim niko od nas ne konstruiše voz.
14:53
But remember this example.
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Ali, zapamtite ovaj primjer.
14:55
In this example, we all see a cube,
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U ovom primjeru, svi mi vidimo kocku,
14:59
but the screen is flat,
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ali ekran je ravan,
15:01
so the cube that you see is the cube that you construct.
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tako da je kocka koju vidite kocka koju ste sami stvorili.
15:05
We all see a cube
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Svi vidimo kocku
15:07
because we all, each one of us, constructs the cube that we see.
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jer smo svi mi, svi do jednog, stvorili kocku koju vidimo.
15:12
The same is true of the train.
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Isto važi i za voz.
15:14
We all see a train because we each see the train that we construct,
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Svi vidimo voz jer svi vidimo voz koji smo konstruisali,
15:19
and the same is true of all physical objects.
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i isto vrijedi za sve fizičke predmete.
15:24
We're inclined to think that perception is like a window on reality as it is.
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Skloni smo da mislimo da je opažanje nešto poput prozora u stvarnost kakva jeste.
15:29
The theory of evolution is telling us that this is an incorrect interpretation
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Teorija evolucije nam govori da je ovo pogrešno tumačenje
15:34
of our perceptions.
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naših opažanja.
15:37
Instead, reality is more like a 3D desktop
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Naprotiv, stvarnost je više poput trodimenzionalnog desktop-a
15:40
that's designed to hide the complexity of the real world
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dizajniranog tako da sakrije složenost realnog svijeta
15:43
and guide adaptive behavior.
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i usmjerava prilagodljivo ponašanje.
15:46
Space as you perceive it is your desktop.
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Prostor kako ga opažate je desktop.
15:49
Physical objects are just the icons in that desktop.
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Fizički predmeti su samo ikonice na tom dekstop-u.
15:53
We used to think that the Earth is flat because it looks that way.
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Nekad smo mislili da je Zemlja ravna ploča jer je tako izgledalo.
15:57
Then we thought that the Earth is the unmoving center of reality
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Onda smo mislili da je Zemlja nepokretni centar stvarnosti
16:00
because it looks that way.
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jer je tako izgledalo.
16:02
We were wrong.
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Pogriješili smo.
16:03
We had misinterpreted our perceptions.
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Pogrešno smo protumačili naša opažanja,
16:06
Now we believe that spacetime and objects
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Sada vjerujemo da su vrijeme/prostor i predmeti
16:10
are the nature of reality as it is.
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priroda stvarnosti kakva jeste.
16:13
The theory of evolution is telling us that once again, we're wrong.
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Teorija evolucije nam kaže da opet griješimo.
16:17
We're misinterpreting the content of our perceptual experiences.
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Pogrešno tumačimo sadržaj naših perceptivnih iskustava.
16:22
There's something that exists when you don't look,
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Nešto postoji kada ne gledate
16:24
but it's not spacetime and physical objects.
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ali to nije vrijeme/prostor niti su to fizički objekti.
16:28
It's as hard for us to let go of spacetime and objects
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Ali nama je teško otpustiti vrijeme/prostor i predmete
16:31
as it is for the jewel beetle to let go of its bottle.
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kao što je teško za bubu krasnika da pusti svoju flašu.
16:34
Why? Because we're blind to our own blindnesses.
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Zašto? Zato što smo slijepi za naše sopstveno sljepilo.
16:40
But we have an advantage over the jewel beetle:
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Ali, imamo prednost u odnosu na bubu krasnika:
16:42
our science and technology.
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u našoj nauci i tehnologiji.
16:44
By peering through the lens of a telescope
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Gledajući kroz leće teleskopa
16:46
we discovered that the Earth is not the unmoving center of reality,
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otkrili smo da Zemlja nije nepokretni centar stvarnosti,
16:51
and by peering through the lens of the theory of evolution
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i gledajući kroz leće teorije evolucije,
16:54
we discovered that spacetime and objects
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otkrili smo da vrijeme/prostor i predmeti
16:56
are not the nature of reality.
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nisu prava priroda stvarnosti.
16:59
When I have a perceptual experience that I describe as a red tomato,
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Kada proživljavam perceptivno iskustvo koje opisujem kao crveni paradajz,
17:03
I am interacting with reality,
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ja sam u interakciji sa stvarnošću,
17:06
but that reality is not a red tomato and is nothing like a red tomato.
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ali ta stvarnost nije crveni paradajz i nije ni slična crvenom paradajzu.
17:11
Similarly, when I have an experience that I describe as a lion or a steak,
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Slično tome, kada imam iskustvo koje opisujem kao lav ili odrezak,
17:16
I'm interacting with reality,
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ja sam u inetarkciji sa stvarnošću,
17:18
but that reality is not a lion or a steak.
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ali ta stvarnost nije lav ili odrezak.
17:21
And here's the kicker:
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U ovome je fora:
17:23
When I have a perceptual experience that I describe as a brain, or neurons,
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kada imam perceptivno iskustvo koje opisujem kao mozak, ili neurone,
17:28
I am interacting with reality,
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ja sam u interakciji sa stvarnošću,
17:30
but that reality is not a brain or neurons
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ali ta stvarnost nije mozak ili neoroni,
17:34
and is nothing like a brain or neurons.
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niti je slična mozgu ili neuronima.
17:37
And that reality, whatever it is,
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I ta stvarnost, što god ona bila,
17:42
is the real source of cause and effect
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je stvarni izvor uzroka i posljedice
17:46
in the world -- not brains, not neurons.
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u svijetu - to nije mozak niti su to neuroni.
17:50
Brains and neurons have no causal powers.
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Mozak i neuroni nemaju uzročne moći.
17:52
They cause none of our perceptual experiences,
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Oni nisu uzrokom nijednog od naših perceptivnih iskustava,
17:55
and none of our behavior.
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niti našeg ponašanja.
17:57
Brains and neurons are a species-specific set of symbols, a hack.
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Mozak i neuroni su vrste - specifični skup simbola, hakovanje.
18:02
What does this mean for the mystery of consciousness?
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Šta ovo znači za misteriju svjesnosti?
18:05
Well, it opens up new possibilities.
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Pa, otvara nove mogućnosti.
18:09
For instance,
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Na primjer,
18:11
perhaps reality is some vast machine that causes our conscious experiences.
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uzmimo da je stvarnost neka ogromna mašina koja uzrokuje naša svjesna iskustva.
18:18
I doubt this, but it's worth exploring.
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Sumnjam u to, ali je vrijedno istražiti.
18:22
Perhaps reality is some vast, interacting network of conscious agents,
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Pretpostavimo da je stvarnost velika mreža interakcija između agenata svjesnosti,
18:27
simple and complex, that cause each other's conscious experiences.
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jednostavna i kompleksna, koja uzrokuje međusobna iskustva svjesnosti.
18:33
Actually, this isn't as crazy an idea as it seems,
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Zapravo, ovo nije tako blesava ideja kao što se čini,
18:36
and I'm currently exploring it.
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i ja je trenutno istražujem,
18:38
But here's the point:
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Ali, u ovome je poenta:
18:40
Once we let go of our massively intuitive
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jednom kada se odreknemo naše uveliko intuitivne
18:43
but massively false assumption about the nature of reality,
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ali jako pogrešne pretpostavke o prirodi same stvarnosti,
18:47
it opens up new ways to think about life's greatest mystery.
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otvoriće se nove perspektive o najvećoj misteriji života.
18:53
I bet that reality will end up turning out to be more fascinating
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Kladim se da će se stvarnost pokazati fascinantnijom
18:57
and unexpected than we've ever imagined.
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i više nepredvidivom nego što smo ikada zamišljali.
19:01
The theory of evolution presents us with the ultimate dare:
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Teorija evolucije daje nam konačni izazov:
19:06
Dare to recognize that perception is not about seeing truth,
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usudi se prepoznati da opažanje nije u tome da se spozna istina,
19:11
it's about having kids.
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nego da se rađaju djeca.
19:15
And by the way, even this TED is just in your head.
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I usput, čak je ovaj TED samo u vašim glavama.
19:20
Thank you very much.
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Hvala vam mnogo.
19:22
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
19:32
Chris Anderson: If that's really you there, thank you.
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Chris Anderson: Ako ste to stvarno Vi tamo, hvala Vam.
19:36
So there's so much from this.
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Toliko toga je u ovome.
19:39
I mean, first of all, some people may just be profoundly depressed
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Mislim, prije svega, neki ljudi mogu postati duboko depresivni
19:42
at the thought that, if evolution does not favor reality,
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razmišljajući o tome da, ako evolucija ne favorizuje stvarnost,
19:47
I mean, doesn't that to some extent undermine all our endeavors here,
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zar to u nekoj mjeri, ne podriva sva naša nastojanja,
19:51
all our ability to think that we can think the truth,
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našu sposobnost da mislimo da možemo saznati istinu,
19:53
possibly even including your own theory, if you go there?
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vjerovatno ukjučujući i vašu teoriju, ako idemo tako daleko?
19:57
Donald Hoffman: Well, this does not stop us from a successful science.
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Donald Hoffman: Pa, ovo ne sprečava uspjeh u nauci.
20:01
What we have is one theory that turned out to be false,
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Ono što imamo je jedna teorija, koja se pokazala krivom,
20:04
that perception is like reality and reality is like our perceptions.
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da je opažanje isto što stvarnost, i da je stvarnost ono što opažamo.
20:09
That theory turns out to be false.
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Ta teorija se pokazala pogrešnom.
20:10
Okay, throw that theory away.
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OK, odbacimo tu teoriju.
20:12
That doesn't stop us from now postulating all sorts of other theories
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To nas ne sprečava da postulišemo razne vrste drugih teorija,
20:15
about the nature of reality,
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o prirodi stvarnosti,
20:16
so it's actually progress to recognize that one of our theories was false.
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tako da je napredak prepoznati da je jedna od naših teorija neispravna.
20:20
So science continues as normal. There's no problem here.
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Nauka nastavlja kao i inače. Nema problema tu.
20:23
CA: So you think it's possible -- (Laughter) --
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CA: Znači mislite da je moguće - (Smijeh) -
20:25
This is cool, but what you're saying I think is it's possible that evolution
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To je cool, ali ono što Vi kažete, mislim, da je moguće da vas evolucija
20:29
can still get you to reason.
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ipak može urazumiti.
20:32
DH: Yes. Now that's a very, very good point.
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DH: Da. To je vrlo, vrlo dobra poenta.
20:34
The evolutionary game simulations that I showed were specifically about perception,
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Simulacije evolucijskih igara koje sam pokazao su konkretno o našim opažanjima,
20:39
and they do show that our perceptions have been shaped
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i one pokazuju da naša opažanja nisu oblikovana tako
20:41
not to show us reality as it is,
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da nam pokažu stvarnost kakva jeste,
20:43
but that does not mean the same thing about our logic or mathematics.
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ali to nije ista stvar sa našom logikom ili matematikom.
20:48
We haven't done these simulations, but my bet is that we'll find
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Nismo radili takve simulacije, ali se kladim da ćemo otkriti
20:51
that there are some selection pressures for our logic and our mathematics
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da postoje određeni selekcijski pritisci na našu logiku i matematiku
20:55
to be at least in the direction of truth.
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da se makar kreću u pravcu istine.
20:57
I mean, if you're like me, math and logic is not easy.
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Mislim, ako ste poput mene, matematika i logika nisu lagane.
21:00
We don't get it all right, but at least the selection pressures are not
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Ne shvatamo ih kako treba, ali barem selekcijski pritisci
21:03
uniformly away from true math and logic.
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nisu ravnomjerno daleko od stvarne matematike i logike.
21:05
So I think that we'll find that we have to look at each cognitive faculty
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Mislim da ćemo otkriti da moramo posmatrati svaku kognitivnu sposobnost
21:09
one at a time and see what evolution does to it.
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pojedinačno, i vidjeti šta evolucija radi svakoj od njih.
21:11
What's true about perception may not be true about math and logic.
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Ono što je istinito za opažanje, možda nije istinito i za matematiku i logiku.
21:15
CA: I mean, really what you're proposing is a kind of modern-day Bishop Berkeley
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CA: Mislim, zaista, ono što Vi predlažete je nešto poput savremene
21:19
interpretation of the world:
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interpretacije svijeta biskupa Berkeley-a:
21:21
consciousness causes matter, not the other way around.
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svijest kreira materiju, ne obratno.
21:24
DH: Well, it's slightly different than Berkeley.
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DH: Pa, malo je drugačije od Berkeley-a.
21:27
Berkeley thought that, he was a deist, and he thought that the ultimate
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Berkley je smatrao da, on je bio vjernik, i mislio je da je krajnja
21:30
nature of reality is God and so forth,
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priroda stvarnosti bog i tako dalje,
21:32
and I don't need to go where Berkeley's going,
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i ja ne idem tamo gdje je on išao,
21:35
so it's quite a bit different from Berkeley.
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tako da je malo drugačije od Berkeley-a.
21:39
I call this conscious realism. It's actually a very different approach.
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Ja ovo zovem realizmom svjesnosti. Zapravo je veoma drugačiji pristup.
21:43
CA: Don, I could literally talk with you for hours, and I hope to do that.
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CA: Don, ja doslovno mogu pričati s Vama satima, i nadam se da će biti tako.
21:46
Thanks so much for that. DH: Thank you. (Applause)
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Hvala mnogo na tome. DH: Hvala Vama. (Aplauz)
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