Do we see reality as it is? | Donald Hoffman | TED

2,749,390 views ใƒป 2015-06-11

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: ChulGi Han ๊ฒ€ํ† : Seoyun Choi
00:12
I love a great mystery,
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์ €๋Š” ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:14
and I'm fascinated by the greatest unsolved mystery in science,
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ ํ’€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์˜๋ฌธ์— ๋งค๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:19
perhaps because it's personal.
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
00:21
It's about who we are,
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
and I can't help but be curious.
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00:26
The mystery is this:
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์˜๋ฌธ์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
What is the relationship between your brain
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๋‘๋‡Œ์™€ ์˜์‹ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ผ๊นŒ?
00:31
and your conscious experiences,
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00:33
such as your experience of the taste of chocolate
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์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ ๋ง›์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฒจ๋ฒณ ๋Š๋‚Œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:35
or the feeling of velvet?
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00:38
Now, this mystery is not new.
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์ด ์˜๋ฌธ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1868๋…„ ํ† ๋จธ์Šค ํ—‰์Šฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
00:40
In 1868, Thomas Huxley wrote,
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00:44
"How it is that anything so remarkable as a state of consciousness comes about
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"์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์ž๊ทนํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜์‹์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š”
00:49
as the result of irritating nervous tissue
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์•Œ๋ผ๋”˜์ด ๋žจํ”„๋ฅผ ๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋•Œ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
00:53
is just as unaccountable
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์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๊ณ  ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค."
00:55
as the appearance of the genie when Aladdin rubbed his lamp."
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๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
Now, Huxley knew that brain activity
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ํ—‰์Šฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‘๋‡Œ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ์˜์‹ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
01:03
and conscious experiences are correlated,
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01:06
but he didn't know why.
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
To the science of his day, it was a mystery.
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์˜๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:12
In the years since Huxley,
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ํ—‰์Šฌ๋ฆฌ ์ดํ›„ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‘๋‡Œ ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ์ง€๋งŒ
01:14
science has learned a lot about brain activity,
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01:17
but the relationship between brain activity
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๋‘๋‡Œ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ์˜์‹ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
and conscious experiences is still a mystery.
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01:22
Why? Why have we made so little progress?
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์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:26
Well, some experts think that we can't solve this problem
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ’€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€
01:31
because we lack the necessary concepts and intelligence.
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์ง€์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
We don't expect monkeys to solve problems in quantum mechanics,
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์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์ด ์–‘์ž์—ญํ•™์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
01:39
and as it happens, we can't expect our species to solve this problem either.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ’€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
01:44
Well, I disagree. I'm more optimistic.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
I think we've simply made a false assumption.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
Once we fix it, we just might solve this problem.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
Today, I'd like tell you what that assumption is,
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์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์ •์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๊ณ 
01:56
why it's false, and how to fix it.
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์™œ ํ‹€๋ ธ๋Š”์ง€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ์น  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
Let's begin with a question:
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋˜์ €๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
Do we see reality as it is?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
02:04
I open my eyes
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//๋ˆˆ์„ ๋œจ๊ณ , ํ† ๋งˆํ† ๊ฐ€ 1๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์•ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
and I have an experience that I describe as a red tomato a meter away.
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02:12
As a result, I come to believe that in reality,
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ˜„์‹ค๋กœ ๋ฏฟ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
there's a red tomato a meter away.
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02:18
I then close my eyes, and my experience changes to a gray field,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ˆˆ์„ ๊ฐ๊ณ , ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ํ•„๋“œ๋กœ ์ œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
but is it still the case that in reality, there's a red tomato a meter away?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ํ† ๋งˆํ† ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:30
I think so, but could I be wrong?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป ์งš์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹๊นŒ์š”?
02:33
Could I be misinterpreting the nature of my perceptions?
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์ œ ์ธ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž˜๋ชป ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:39
We have misinterpreted our perceptions before.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ธ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž˜๋ชป ํ•ด์„ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
We used to think the Earth is flat, because it looks that way.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ‰ํ‰ํ•ด ๋ณด์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ง€์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
02:46
Pythagorus discovered that we were wrong.
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ํ”ผํƒ€๊ณ ๋ผ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ์ ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
Then we thought that the Earth is the unmoving center of the Universe,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
again because it looks that way.
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๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
02:56
Copernicus and Galileo discovered, again, that we were wrong.
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ํ›„์— ์ฝ”ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‹ˆ์ฟ ์Šค์™€ ๊ฐˆ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์˜ค๊ฐ€ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
Galileo then wondered if we might be misinterpreting our experiences
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๊ฐˆ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์˜ค๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ํ•ด์„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ด ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
in other ways.
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03:06
He wrote: "I think that tastes, odors, colors, and so on
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๊ทธ๋Š” "๋ง›, ํ–ฅ, ์ƒ‰๊น” ๋“ฑ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์˜์‹์†์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค" ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
03:11
reside in consciousness.
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03:14
Hence if the living creature were removed, all these qualities would be annihilated."
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„ ๊ฐ™์ด ์—†์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
Now, that's a stunning claim.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณผ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
Could Galileo be right?
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๊ฐˆ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์˜ค๊ฐ€ ๋งž์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:24
Could we really be misinterpreting our experiences that badly?
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ทธํ† ๋ก ์ž˜๋ชป ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:29
What does modern science have to say about this?
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ณผํ•™์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ž…์žฅ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
03:32
Well, neuroscientists tell us that about a third of the brain's cortex
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‘๋‡Œ ๋Œ€๋‡Œํ”ผ์งˆ์˜ 1/3์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
is engaged in vision.
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03:39
When you simply open your eyes and look about this room,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆˆ์„๋– ์„œ ๋ฐฉ์„ ๋ณผ๋•Œ
03:43
billions of neurons and trillions of synapses are engaged.
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๋ช‡๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์˜ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ ๋ช‡์กฐ์˜ ์‹œ๋ƒ…์Šค๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
Now, this is a bit surprising,
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์ด๊ฑด ๊ฝค ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด๋ฐ
03:49
because to the extent that we think about vision at all,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ• ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
we think of it as like a camera.
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03:54
It just takes a picture of objective reality as it is.
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ํ˜„์‹ค ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
Now, there is a part of vision that's like a camera:
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ˆˆ์€ 1์–ต 3์ฒœ๋งŒ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ด‘์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ Œ์ฆˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
the eye has a lens that focuses an image on the back of the eye
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04:06
where there are 130 million photoreceptors,
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04:10
so the eye is like a 130-megapixel camera.
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04:14
But that doesn't explain the billions of neurons
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ๋กœ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ ๋ช‡์กฐ๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹œ๋ƒ…์Šค๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
and trillions of synapses that are engaged in vision.
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04:21
What are these neurons up to?
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์—ญํ• ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
04:23
Well, neuroscientists tell us that they are creating, in real time,
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
all the shapes, objects, colors, and motions that we see.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ชจ์–‘, ์ƒ‰๊ฐˆ, ๋™์ž‘๋“ค์ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:32
It feels like we're just taking a snapshot of this room the way it is,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ผ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ
04:35
but in fact, we're constructing everything that we see.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ํ’๊ฒฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
We don't construct the whole world at once.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฉด๋งŒ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
We construct what we need in the moment.
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04:45
Now, there are many demonstrations that are quite compelling
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
that we construct what we see.
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04:50
I'll just show you two.
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
In this example, you see some red discs with bits cut out of them,
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์ด ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์›์— ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
but if I just rotate the disks a little bit,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์›์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ 3D ํ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
suddenly, you see a 3D cube pop out of the screen.
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05:06
Now, the screen of course is flat,
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ํ™”๋ฉด์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ํ‰ํ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด ํ๋ธŒ๋Š” ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
so the three-dimensional cube that you're experiencing
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05:11
must be your construction.
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05:15
In this next example,
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๋‹ค์Œ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜์ง์ด๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ž€ ๋ง‰๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
you see glowing blue bars with pretty sharp edges
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05:21
moving across a field of dots.
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์ ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด์ฃ .
05:25
In fact, no dots move.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ ๋„ ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
All I'm doing from frame to frame is changing the colors of dots
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์ ์˜ ์ƒ‰๊ฐˆ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พผ ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:33
from blue to black or black to blue.
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05:35
But when I do this quickly,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ๋ง‰๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
your visual system creates the glowing blue bars
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05:41
with the sharp edges and the motion.
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05:44
There are many more examples, but these are just two
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์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๋ฉด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
that you construct what you see.
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05:49
But neuroscientists go further.
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋” ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
They say that we reconstruct reality.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
So, when I have an experience that I describe as a red tomato,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ํ† ๋งˆํ† ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ๋•Œ๋Š”
06:02
that experience is actually an accurate reconstruction
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์‹ค์ œ ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ํ† ๋งˆํ† ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
of the properties of a real red tomato
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06:08
that would exist even if I weren't looking.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:13
Now, why would neuroscientists say that we don't just construct,
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ "์žฌ๊ตฌํ˜„" ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
06:16
we reconstruct?
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06:18
Well, the standard argument given
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
is usually an evolutionary one.
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06:24
Those of our ancestors who saw more accurately
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๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๋ณธ ์„ ์กฐ๋“ค์ด ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์•„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์‹œ๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
06:27
had a competitive advantage compared to those who saw less accurately,
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06:32
and therefore they were more likely to pass on their genes.
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06:34
We are the offspring of those who saw more accurately,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ›„์†์ด๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ๋ ฅ์€ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํŽธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
and so we can be confident that, in the normal case,
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06:41
our perceptions are accurate.
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06:43
You see this in the standard textbooks.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์—๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
One textbook says, for example,
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06:49
"Evolutionarily speaking,
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"์ง„ํ™”๋ก  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์‹œ์•ผ๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค"
06:51
vision is useful precisely because it is so accurate."
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06:55
So the idea is that accurate perceptions are fitter perceptions.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ธ์‹์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:00
They give you a survival advantage.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ƒ์กด์— ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•จ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
Now, is this correct?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํ•ด์„์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
07:04
Is this the right interpretation of evolutionary theory?
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07:06
Well, let's first look at a couple of examples in nature.
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์ž์—ฐ์†์—์„œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
The Australian jewel beetle
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ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ๋ณด์„ ๋”ฑ์ •๋ฒŒ๋ž˜๋Š” ๋น›๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:13
is dimpled, glossy and brown.
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07:16
The female is flightless.
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์•”์ปท์€ ๋‚ ์ง€๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜์ปท์„ ๋‚ ์ˆ˜์žˆ๊ณ  ์•”์ปท์„ ์ฐพ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
The male flies, looking, of course, for a hot female.
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07:22
When he finds one, he alights and mates.
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์ฐพ๊ฒŒ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฐฉ์ง€ํ•ด์„œ ์ง์ง“๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
There's another species in the outback,
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์ž์—ฐ์† ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
Homo sapiens.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
The male of this species has a massive brain
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์ˆ˜์ปท์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
07:33
that he uses to hunt for cold beer.
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์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ๋งฅ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„ ๋‚˜์„ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:39
And when he finds one, he drains it,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ฉด ๋งˆ์…”๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
and sometimes throws the bottle into the outback.
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07:44
Now, as it happens, these bottles are dimpled, glossy,
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์ดํ›„์— ๊ทธ ๋ณ‘์€ ๋ฐ˜์ง์ด๊ณ  ๋”ฑ์ •๋ฒŒ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์œ ํ˜นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
and just the right shade of brown to tickle the fancy of these beetles.
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07:54
The males swarm all over the bottles trying to mate.
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์ˆ˜์ปท์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ €๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ชฐ๋ ค๋“ค์–ด ์ง์ง“๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
They lose all interest in the real females.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ง„์งœ ์•”์ปท์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
Classic case of the male leaving the female for the bottle.
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๊ณ ์ „์ ์ธ ์ผ€์ด์Šค์ด์ฃ .
08:06
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
08:11
The species almost went extinct.
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์ด ๋”ฑ์ •๋ฒŒ๋ž˜๋Š” ๋ฉธ์ข…์œ„๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์„œ
08:14
Australia had to change its bottles to save its beetles.
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ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณ‘์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:21
Now, the males had successfully found females for thousands,
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์ˆ˜์ปท๋“ค์€ ๋ช‡์ฒœ๋…„ ํ˜น์€ ๋ช‡๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์•”์ปท์„ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
perhaps millions of years.
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08:28
It looked like they saw reality as it is, but apparently not.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
Evolution had given them a hack.
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์ง„ํ™”๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:35
A female is anything dimpled, glossy and brown,
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์•”์ปท์€ ์–ด๋–ค๊ฒƒ์ด๋“  ๋ฐ˜์ง์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰์ด์ฃ .
08:40
the bigger the better.
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ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹๊ณ ์š”.
08:42
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:44
Even when crawling all over the bottle, the male couldn't discover his mistake.
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๋ณ‘์„ ๊ธฐ์–ด๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„์ฑ„์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
Now, you might say, beetles, sure, they're very simple creatures,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋”ฑ์ •๋ฒŒ๋ž˜๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
but surely not mammals.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
08:55
Mammals don't rely on tricks.
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ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ํŠธ๋ฆญ์— ์†์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
Well, I won't dwell on this, but you get the idea. (Laughter)
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์ €๋Š” ๊ณฐ๊ณฐํžˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ฃ . (์›ƒ์Œ)
09:04
So this raises an important technical question:
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
Does natural selection really favor seeing reality as it is?
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์ž์—ฐ์„ ํƒ์„ค์ด ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
09:13
Fortunately, we don't have to wave our hands and guess;
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๋‹คํ–‰์ด๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ถ”์ธกํ•  ํ•„์š”์—†์ด ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
evolution is a mathematically precise theory.
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09:20
We can use the equations of evolution to check this out.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ณต์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…์˜ ์ƒ์กด๊ณผ ๋ฒˆ์‹์„ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ
09:24
We can have various organisms in artificial worlds compete
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09:28
and see which survive and which thrive,
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09:30
which sensory systems are more fit.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋” ์ ์ ˆํ•œ์ง€ ํŒ๋‹จํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:33
A key notion in those equations is fitness.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ๋Š” ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:37
Consider this steak:
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์ด ์Šคํ…Œ์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
09:41
What does this steak do for the fitness of an animal?
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์–ด๋–ค ๋™๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ์Šคํ…Œ์ดํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ๊นŒ์š”?
09:45
Well, for a hungry lion looking to eat, it enhances fitness.
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๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ”ˆ ์‚ฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
For a well-fed lion looking to mate, it doesn't enhance fitness.
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๋ฐฐ๋ถ€๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น์ด ์—†๊ตฐ์š”.
09:58
And for a rabbit in any state, it doesn't enhance fitness,
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ํ† ๋ผ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
so fitness does depend on reality as it is, yes,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์€ ํ˜„์‹ค ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
but also on the organism, its state and its action.
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
Fitness is not the same thing as reality as it is,
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์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์€ ํ˜„์‹ค ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์™€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
and it's fitness, and not reality as it is,
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10:17
that figures centrally in the equations of evolution.
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10:21
So, in my lab,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:24
we have run hundreds of thousands of evolutionary game simulations
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10:28
with lots of different randomly chosen worlds
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10:31
and organisms that compete for resources in those worlds.
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10:35
Some of the organisms see all of the reality,
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๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์€ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์ง์‹œํ–ˆ๊ณ 
10:39
others see just part of the reality,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง์‹œํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
10:41
and some see none of the reality,
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ์ง์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
only fitness.
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์˜ค์ง ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋งŒ ๊ณ ๋ คํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
Who wins?
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์•˜์„๊นŒ์š”?
10:48
Well, I hate to break it to you, but perception of reality goes extinct.
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ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์ง์‹œํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š” ๋ฉธ์ข…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:54
In almost every simulation,
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์ง์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€
10:56
organisms that see none of reality
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10:58
but are just tuned to fitness
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11:00
drive to extinction all the organisms that perceive reality as it is.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์„ ๋ฉธ์ข…์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:05
So the bottom line is, evolution does not favor veridical,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
or accurate perceptions.
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11:11
Those perceptions of reality go extinct.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ธ์‹์œผ๋ก  ์ƒ์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:15
Now, this is a bit stunning.
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์ข€ ์ด์ƒํ•˜์ฃ ?
11:17
How can it be that not seeing the world accurately
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์ ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
11:21
gives us a survival advantage?
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11:23
That is a bit counterintuitive.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ƒ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต์ง€๋งŒ ์œ„์— ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋”ฑ์ •๋ฒŒ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
11:25
But remember the jewel beetle.
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11:27
The jewel beetle survived for thousands, perhaps millions of years,
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์ด ๋”ฑ์ •๋ฒŒ๋ž˜๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋…„์„ ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์กดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:30
using simple tricks and hacks.
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11:33
What the equations of evolution are telling us
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์ง„ํ™” ๊ณต์‹์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จ์•ˆ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
is that all organisms, including us, are in the same boat as the jewel beetle.
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11:42
We do not see reality as it is.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:44
We're shaped with tricks and hacks that keep us alive.
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11:48
Still,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง๊ด€์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋„์›€์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:50
we need some help with our intuitions.
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11:52
How can not perceiving reality as it is be useful?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ˜„์‹ค ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ ์šฉํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
11:57
Well, fortunately, we have a very helpful metaphor:
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๋‹คํ–‰์ด๋„ ์ข‹์€ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
the desktop interface on your computer.
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•ํ™”๋ฉด์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
12:03
Consider that blue icon for a TED Talk that you're writing.
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์ด ์•„์ด์ฝ˜์€ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์ด๋ฉฐ ์ง์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:08
Now, the icon is blue and rectangular
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12:12
and in the lower right corner of the desktop.
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12:15
Does that mean that the text file itself in the computer is blue,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ์–‘์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‹๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
rectangular, and in the lower right-hand corner of the computer?
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12:23
Of course not.
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12:25
Anyone who thought that misinterprets the purpose of the interface.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ ์•„์ด์ฝ˜์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜ ์‹ค์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
12:29
It's not there to show you the reality of the computer.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:32
In fact, it's there to hide that reality.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
You don't want to know about the diodes
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์ด์šฉ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ์™€ ๋ ˆ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ
12:37
and resistors and all the megabytes of software.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:39
If you had to deal with that, you could never write your text file
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ฌธ์„œ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:42
or edit your photo.
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12:44
So the idea is that evolution has given us an interface
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์ง„ํ™”๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ์ถ”๊ณ  ์ ์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ–‰๋™๋ ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
that hides reality and guides adaptive behavior.
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12:53
Space and time, as you perceive them right now,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•ํ™”๋ฉด ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:56
are your desktop.
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12:58
Physical objects are simply icons in that desktop.
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๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•ํ™”๋ฉด์˜ ์•„์ด์ฝ˜๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:04
There's an obvious objection.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:06
Hoffman, if you think that train coming down the track at 200 MPH
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์†๋„๋กœ ์˜ค๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•ํ™”๋ฉด์˜ ์•„์ด์ฝ˜๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:10
is just an icon of your desktop,
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13:12
why don't you step in front of it?
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๊ทธ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋Š๋ƒ?
13:14
And after you're gone, and your theory with you,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด ์•„์ด์ฝ˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
13:17
we'll know that there's more to that train than just an icon.
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13:20
Well, I wouldn't step in front of that train
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
13:22
for the same reason
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๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ €๋Š” ์•„์ด์ฝ˜์„ ๋ถ€์ฃผ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ญ์ œํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:24
that I wouldn't carelessly drag that icon to the trash can:
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13:28
not because I take the icon literally --
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ž ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
13:31
the file is not literally blue or rectangular --
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13:34
but I do take it seriously.
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์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ณด์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:37
I could lose weeks of work.
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13:39
Similarly, evolution has shaped us
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์ง„ํ™”๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ์ง•์„ ๋””์ž์ธ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:41
with perceptual symbols that are designed to keep us alive.
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13:46
We'd better take them seriously.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:49
If you see a snake, don't pick it up.
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๋ฑ€์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์žก์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ 
13:52
If you see a cliff, don't jump off.
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์ ˆ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ ํ”„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:55
They're designed to keep us safe, and we should take them seriously.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์•„์ด์ฝ˜์ด๋ฉฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:58
That does not mean that we should take them literally.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ž ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
That's a logical error.
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๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์ฃ .
14:03
Another objection: There's nothing really new here.
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜๊ฒฌ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:06
Physicists have told us for a long time that the metal of that train looks solid
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ธˆ์†์ด ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ
14:10
but really it's mostly empty space with microscopic particles zipping around.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์ € ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:15
There's nothing new here.
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์ƒˆ๋กญ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
14:16
Well, not exactly.
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์ œ ์˜๋„์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:18
It's like saying, I know that that blue icon on the desktop
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๋ฐ”ํƒ•ํ™”๋ฉด์˜ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์•„์ด์ฝ˜์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ
14:22
is not the reality of the computer,
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14:25
but if I pull out my trusty magnifying glass and look really closely,
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ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋ณด๋ฉด
14:28
I see little pixels,
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ํ”ฝ์…€๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:30
and that's the reality of the computer.
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ฃ .
14:32
Well, not really -- you're still on the desktop, and that's the point.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•ํ™”๋ฉด ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:36
Those microscopic particles are still in space and time:
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๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์€ ์•„์ง๋„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์†์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
14:39
they're still in the user interface.
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๋ฐ”ํƒ•ํ™”๋ฉด ์†์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
14:42
So I'm saying something far more radical than those physicists.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:46
Finally, you might object,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ• ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:48
look, we all see the train,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
14:50
therefore none of us constructs the train.
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14:53
But remember this example.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
14:55
In this example, we all see a cube,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ™”๋ฉด์€ ํ‰๋ฉด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:59
but the screen is flat,
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15:01
so the cube that you see is the cube that you construct.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ๋ธŒ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
15:05
We all see a cube
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15:07
because we all, each one of us, constructs the cube that we see.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ํ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:12
The same is true of the train.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ์—๋„ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:14
We all see a train because we each see the train that we construct,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:19
and the same is true of all physical objects.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฌผ์ฒด์—๊ฒŒ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:24
We're inclined to think that perception is like a window on reality as it is.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ธ์‹์€ ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:29
The theory of evolution is telling us that this is an incorrect interpretation
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์€ ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:34
of our perceptions.
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15:37
Instead, reality is more like a 3D desktop
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๋Œ€์‹  ํ˜„์‹ค์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ์ˆจ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋œ 3D ๋ฐ”ํƒ•ํ™”๋ฉด๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:40
that's designed to hide the complexity of the real world
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15:43
and guide adaptive behavior.
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์ ์‘์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
15:46
Space as you perceive it is your desktop.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•ํ™”๋ฉด ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:49
Physical objects are just the icons in that desktop.
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฐ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์•„์ด์ฝ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋น„์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:53
We used to think that the Earth is flat because it looks that way.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ‰ํ‰ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒผ์œผ๋ฉฐ
15:57
Then we thought that the Earth is the unmoving center of reality
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์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:00
because it looks that way.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
16:02
We were wrong.
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ํ‹€๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:03
We had misinterpreted our perceptions.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ธ์‹์„ ์ž˜๋ชป ์ดํ•ดํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
16:06
Now we believe that spacetime and objects
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ํ˜„์‹ค ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
16:10
are the nature of reality as it is.
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16:13
The theory of evolution is telling us that once again, we're wrong.
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์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ‹€๋ฆผ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:17
We're misinterpreting the content of our perceptual experiences.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž˜๋ชป ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:22
There's something that exists when you don't look,
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์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:24
but it's not spacetime and physical objects.
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16:28
It's as hard for us to let go of spacetime and objects
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๋”ฑ์ •๋ฒŒ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณ‘์„ ๋†“์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:31
as it is for the jewel beetle to let go of its bottle.
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16:34
Why? Because we're blind to our own blindnesses.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฌด์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:40
But we have an advantage over the jewel beetle:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:42
our science and technology.
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16:44
By peering through the lens of a telescope
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๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์›€์ง์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ์•˜๊ณ 
16:46
we discovered that the Earth is not the unmoving center of reality,
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16:51
and by peering through the lens of the theory of evolution
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์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์‹ค ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:54
we discovered that spacetime and objects
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16:56
are not the nature of reality.
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16:59
When I have a perceptual experience that I describe as a red tomato,
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๋นจ๊ฐ„ ํ† ๋งˆํ† ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:03
I am interacting with reality,
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17:06
but that reality is not a red tomato and is nothing like a red tomato.
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17:11
Similarly, when I have an experience that I describe as a lion or a steak,
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๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์ž์™€ ์Šคํ…Œ์ดํฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋‚ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:16
I'm interacting with reality,
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17:18
but that reality is not a lion or a steak.
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17:21
And here's the kicker:
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ๋‘๋‡Œ์™€ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋„
17:23
When I have a perceptual experience that I describe as a brain, or neurons,
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17:28
I am interacting with reality,
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17:30
but that reality is not a brain or neurons
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ๋ชจ์Šต๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:34
and is nothing like a brain or neurons.
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17:37
And that reality, whatever it is,
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ํ˜„์‹ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“  ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๊ทผ์›์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:42
is the real source of cause and effect
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17:46
in the world -- not brains, not neurons.
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๋‘๋‡Œ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:50
Brains and neurons have no causal powers.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:52
They cause none of our perceptual experiences,
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์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:55
and none of our behavior.
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17:57
Brains and neurons are a species-specific set of symbols, a hack.
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๋‘๋‡Œ์™€ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์€ ์ข…์กฑ ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:02
What does this mean for the mystery of consciousness?
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์ธ์‹์˜ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
18:05
Well, it opens up new possibilities.
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์•„๋งˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:09
For instance,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค๋ฉด ํ˜„์‹ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:11
perhaps reality is some vast machine that causes our conscious experiences.
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18:18
I doubt this, but it's worth exploring.
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์ „ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:22
Perhaps reality is some vast, interacting network of conscious agents,
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ํ˜„์‹ค์€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์‹์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:27
simple and complex, that cause each other's conscious experiences.
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18:33
Actually, this isn't as crazy an idea as it seems,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ—ˆ๋ฌด๋งน๋ž‘ํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:36
and I'm currently exploring it.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:38
But here's the point:
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ์ ์€
18:40
Once we let go of our massively intuitive
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์ง๊ด€์„ ๋†“์•„์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด
18:43
but massively false assumption about the nature of reality,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ํ˜„์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž˜๋ชป ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ง๊ด€์ด์ฃ .
18:47
it opens up new ways to think about life's greatest mystery.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:53
I bet that reality will end up turning out to be more fascinating
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ํ˜„์‹ค์€ ๋”์šฑ ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ธฐ๋ฐœํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:57
and unexpected than we've ever imagined.
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19:01
The theory of evolution presents us with the ultimate dare:
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์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ถ๊ทน์˜ ๋„์ „์„ ์„ ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:06
Dare to recognize that perception is not about seeing truth,
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์ธ์‹์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋„์ „.
19:11
it's about having kids.
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19:15
And by the way, even this TED is just in your head.
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์–ด์จŒ๋“  ์ด TED๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:20
Thank you very much.
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:22
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
19:32
Chris Anderson: If that's really you there, thank you.
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ง„์งœ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ง์”€์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋„ค์š”.
19:36
So there's so much from this.
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€๋ฐ์š”.
19:39
I mean, first of all, some people may just be profoundly depressed
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ง„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
19:42
at the thought that, if evolution does not favor reality,
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19:47
I mean, doesn't that to some extent undermine all our endeavors here,
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19:51
all our ability to think that we can think the truth,
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ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์‹ค๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ์š”?
19:53
possibly even including your own theory, if you go there?
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
19:57
Donald Hoffman: Well, this does not stop us from a successful science.
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๋„๋‚ ๋“œ ํ˜ธํ”„๋งŒ: ๊ธ€์Ž„์š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์•ž๋‚ ์„ ๋ง‰์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:01
What we have is one theory that turned out to be false,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
20:04
that perception is like reality and reality is like our perceptions.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์ง„์‹ค์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:09
That theory turns out to be false.
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20:10
Okay, throw that theory away.
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20:12
That doesn't stop us from now postulating all sorts of other theories
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆผ๋Œ์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:15
about the nature of reality,
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20:16
so it's actually progress to recognize that one of our theories was false.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํŒ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
20:20
So science continues as normal. There's no problem here.
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๊ณผํ•™์€ ์ง„๋ณดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ์•„๋ฌด ๋ฌธ์ œ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:23
CA: So you think it's possible -- (Laughter) --
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20:25
This is cool, but what you're saying I think is it's possible that evolution
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ๋ฌธ์ œ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด๊ตฐ์š”. (์›ƒ์Œ)
๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด๋ฐ, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ง„ํ™”์—” ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:29
can still get you to reason.
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20:32
DH: Yes. Now that's a very, very good point.
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๋„๋‚ ๋“œ ํ˜ธํ”„๋งŒ: ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์€ ํฌ์ธํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:34
The evolutionary game simulations that I showed were specifically about perception,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์€ ์ธ์‹์— ํฌ์ปค์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ธ์‹์€
20:39
and they do show that our perceptions have been shaped
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20:41
not to show us reality as it is,
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ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:43
but that does not mean the same thing about our logic or mathematics.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์—๋„ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:48
We haven't done these simulations, but my bet is that we'll find
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๊ทธ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ•ด๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š”
20:51
that there are some selection pressures for our logic and our mathematics
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20:55
to be at least in the direction of truth.
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20:57
I mean, if you're like me, math and logic is not easy.
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์ง„์‹ค์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ํ”๋“ค๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:00
We don't get it all right, but at least the selection pressures are not
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๋‹ค ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ ์ ์–ด๋„ ์„ ํƒ์••์ด ์ˆ˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:03
uniformly away from true math and logic.
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21:05
So I think that we'll find that we have to look at each cognitive faculty
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ธ์‹ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:09
one at a time and see what evolution does to it.
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21:11
What's true about perception may not be true about math and logic.
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์ธ์‹์˜ ์ง„์‹ค๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
21:15
CA: I mean, really what you're proposing is a kind of modern-day Bishop Berkeley
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋น„์ˆ ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ์š”.
21:19
interpretation of the world:
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์ธ์‹์ด ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
21:21
consciousness causes matter, not the other way around.
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21:24
DH: Well, it's slightly different than Berkeley.
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๋„๋„๋“œ ํ˜ธํ”„๋งŒ: ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:27
Berkeley thought that, he was a deist, and he thought that the ultimate
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์‹ ๋ก ์ž์˜€๊ณ , ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง„์‹ค์€ ์‹ ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:30
nature of reality is God and so forth,
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21:32
and I don't need to go where Berkeley's going,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ธธ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ณ  ์ข€ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:35
so it's quite a bit different from Berkeley.
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21:39
I call this conscious realism. It's actually a very different approach.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜์‹ํ˜„์‹ค์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:43
CA: Don, I could literally talk with you for hours, and I hope to do that.
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ณ„์† ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:46
Thanks so much for that. DH: Thank you. (Applause)
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋„๋„๋“œ ํ˜ธํ”„๋งŒ: ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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