Do we see reality as it is? | Donald Hoffman | TED

Prevoditelj: Lidija Šimunović Recezent: Ivan Balić

I love a great mystery,

Volim velike misterije

and I'm fascinated by the greatest unsolved mystery in science,

i fascinira me najveći nerazrješeni misterij u znanosti,

perhaps because it's personal.

možda zato što je osoban.

It's about who we are,

Radi se o tome tko smo mi

and I can't help but be curious.

i ne mogu ne biti znatiželjan.

The mystery is this:

Misterij je sljedeći:

What is the relationship between your brain

koja je veza između vašeg mozga

and your conscious experiences,

i svjesnih iskustava,

such as your experience of the taste of chocolate

kao na primjer iskustvo okusa čokolade

or the feeling of velvet?

ili osjeta baršuna?

Now, this mystery is not new.

Ovaj misterij nije ništa novo.

In 1868, Thomas Huxley wrote,

1868. je Thomas Huxley napisao:

"How it is that anything so remarkable as a state of consciousness comes about

"Kako je moguće da nešto tako nevjerojatno kao što je stanje svijesti nastaje kao

as the result of irritating nervous tissue

posljedica iritacije živčanog tkiva

is just as unaccountable

jednako neobjašnjivo

as the appearance of the genie when Aladdin rubbed his lamp."

kao pojavljivanje duha kad Aladdin protrlja svoju svjetiljku?"

Now, Huxley knew that brain activity

Huxley je znao da su aktivnosti mozga

and conscious experiences are correlated,

i svjesna iskustva povezana,

but he didn't know why.

ali nije znao zašto.

To the science of his day, it was a mystery.

Za znanost njegova vremena to je bio misterij.

In the years since Huxley,

U godinama nakon Huxleyja

science has learned a lot about brain activity,

znanost je otkrila mnogo toga o aktivnosti mozga,

but the relationship between brain activity

ali je veza između aktivnosti mozga

and conscious experiences is still a mystery.

i svjesnih iskustava još uvijek misterij.

Why? Why have we made so little progress?

Zašto? Zašto nismo više napredovali?

Well, some experts think that we can't solve this problem

Neki stručnjaci misle da ne možemo riješiti ovaj problem jer

because we lack the necessary concepts and intelligence.

nemamo potrebnog koncepta i inteligencije.

We don't expect monkeys to solve problems in quantum mechanics,

Ne očekujemo od majmuna da riješe probleme iz kvantne mehanike,

and as it happens, we can't expect our species to solve this problem either.

i, čini se, ne možemo očekivati da naša vrsta riješi ovaj problem.

Well, I disagree. I'm more optimistic.

Ja se ne slažem. Optimističan sam.

I think we've simply made a false assumption.

Mislim da smo jednostavno krenuli od pogrešne pretpostavke.

Once we fix it, we just might solve this problem.

Jednom kada ju ispravimo, mogli bismo riješiti ovaj problem.

Today, I'd like tell you what that assumption is,

Danas bih vam želio reći koja je to pretpostavka,

why it's false, and how to fix it.

zašto je pogrešna i kako ju ispraviti.

Let's begin with a question:

Počnimo s pitanjem:

Do we see reality as it is?

Vidimo li stvarnost kakva ona jest?

I open my eyes

Otvorim oči

and I have an experience that I describe as a red tomato a meter away.

i doživim iskustvo koje opišem kao metar udaljenu crvenu rajčicu.

As a result, I come to believe that in reality,

Kao rezultat, povjerujem u to da u stvarnosti

there's a red tomato a meter away.

postoji metar udaljena crvena rajčica.

I then close my eyes, and my experience changes to a gray field,

Onda zatvorim oči i moje se iskustvo mijenja u sivo polje,

but is it still the case that in reality, there's a red tomato a meter away?

ali je li u stvarnosti još uvijek metar udaljena crvena rajčica?

I think so, but could I be wrong?

Mislim da je, ali mogu li biti u krivu?

Could I be misinterpreting the nature of my perceptions?

Je li moguće da pogrešno tumačim vlastite percepcije?

We have misinterpreted our perceptions before.

I ranije smo ih pogrešno tumačili.

We used to think the Earth is flat, because it looks that way.

Mislili smo da je Zemlja ravna jer nam se tako činilo.

Pythagorus discovered that we were wrong.

Pitagora je otkrio da smo u krivu.

Then we thought that the Earth is the unmoving center of the Universe,

Onda smo mislili da je Zemlja nepomično središte svemira,

again because it looks that way.

opet, jer nam se tako činilo.

Copernicus and Galileo discovered, again, that we were wrong.

Kopernik i Galileo otkrili su da smo, opet, u krivu.

Galileo then wondered if we might be misinterpreting our experiences

Galileo se onda zapitao je li moguće da pogrešno tumačimo

in other ways.

iskustva i na druge načine.

He wrote: "I think that tastes, odors, colors, and so on

Napisao je: "Smatram da okusi, mirisi, boje i ostalo

reside in consciousness.

žive u svijesti.

Hence if the living creature were removed, all these qualities would be annihilated."

Stoga, da se živa bića uklone, sve te osobine bile bi uništene."

Now, that's a stunning claim.

To je zapanjujuća tvrdnja.

Could Galileo be right?

Bi li Galileo mogao biti u pravu?

Could we really be misinterpreting our experiences that badly?

Je li moguće da toliko pogrešno tumačimo iskustva?

What does modern science have to say about this?

Što o tome kaže suvremena znanost?

Well, neuroscientists tell us that about a third of the brain's cortex

Pa, neuroznanstvenici kažu da je otprilike trećina moždane kore

is engaged in vision.

uključena u vid.

When you simply open your eyes and look about this room,

Kada otvorite oči i gledate uokolo,

billions of neurons and trillions of synapses are engaged.

milijarde neurona i trilijuni sinapsi su uključeni u taj proces.

Now, this is a bit surprising,

To je pomalo iznenađujuće

because to the extent that we think about vision at all,

jer, kada uopće razmišljamo o vidu,

we think of it as like a camera.

razmišljamo o tome kao o kameri.

It just takes a picture of objective reality as it is.

Jednostavno uslika objektivnu stvarnost onakvom kakva ona jest.

Now, there is a part of vision that's like a camera:

Postoji dio vida koji jest poput kamere:

the eye has a lens that focuses an image on the back of the eye

oko ima leću koja fokusira sliku na stražnjem dijelu oka

where there are 130 million photoreceptors,

gdje se nalazi 130 milijuna fotoreceptora,

so the eye is like a 130-megapixel camera.

tako da je oko poput kamere od 130 megapiksela

But that doesn't explain the billions of neurons

Ali to ne objašnjava milijune neurona

and trillions of synapses that are engaged in vision.

i trilijune sinapsi uključenih u vid.

What are these neurons up to?

Što ti neuroni rade?

Well, neuroscientists tell us that they are creating, in real time,

Neuroznanstvenici kažu da u stvarnom vremenu stvaraju

all the shapes, objects, colors, and motions that we see.

sve oblike, predmete, boje i pokrete koje vidimo.

It feels like we're just taking a snapshot of this room the way it is,

Čini nam se kao da snimamo prostoriju kakva ona jest,

but in fact, we're constructing everything that we see.

ali zapravo konstruiramo sve što vidimo.

We don't construct the whole world at once.

Ne konstruiramo sve odjednom,

We construct what we need in the moment.

već ono nam u tom trenutku treba.

Now, there are many demonstrations that are quite compelling

Mnogo demonstracija ukazuje na to

that we construct what we see.

da zaista konstruiramo ono što vidimo.

I'll just show you two.

Pokazat ću vam samo dvije.

In this example, you see some red discs with bits cut out of them,

U ovom primjeru vidite crvene diskove kojima su uklonjeni neki djelići,

but if I just rotate the disks a little bit,

ali ako malo okrenem diskove,

suddenly, you see a 3D cube pop out of the screen.

iznenada vidite 3D kocku koja iskače iz ekrana.

Now, the screen of course is flat,

Naravno, ekran je plosnat,

so the three-dimensional cube that you're experiencing

tako da trodimenzionalna kocka koju doživljavate mora

must be your construction.

biti rezultat vašeg konstruiranja.

In this next example,

U sljedećem primjeru

you see glowing blue bars with pretty sharp edges

vidite svjetleće plave šipke oštrih rubova

moving across a field of dots.

koje se kreću preko polja točkica.

In fact, no dots move.

A zapravo, nijedna se točkica ne kreće.

All I'm doing from frame to frame is changing the colors of dots

Samo mijenjam boju točkica od okvira do okvira,

from blue to black or black to blue.

od plave do crne ili crne do plave.

But when I do this quickly,

Ali kad to radim brzo,

your visual system creates the glowing blue bars

vaš vizualni sustav stvara svjetleće plave poluge

with the sharp edges and the motion.

oštrih rubova i u pokretu.

There are many more examples, but these are just two

Postoji još mnogo primjera, ali ovo su samo dva koja

that you construct what you see.

pokazuju da konstruirate ono što vidite.

But neuroscientists go further.

Ali, neuroznanstvenici tu ne staju.

They say that we reconstruct reality.

Oni kažu da mi rekonstruiramo stvarnost.

So, when I have an experience that I describe as a red tomato,

Tako da, kada doživim iskustvo koje opišem kao crvenu rajčicu,

that experience is actually an accurate reconstruction

ono je zapravo točna rekonstrukcija

of the properties of a real red tomato

osobina stvarne crvene rajčice

that would exist even if I weren't looking.

koja bi postojala čak i kada ju ja ne gledam.

Now, why would neuroscientists say that we don't just construct,

Zašto neuroznanstvenici kažu da mi ne konstruiramo,

we reconstruct?

nego rekonstruiramo?

Well, the standard argument given

Standardni je argument za to

is usually an evolutionary one.

obično onaj evolucijski.

Those of our ancestors who saw more accurately

Oni naši preci koji su vidjeli točnije

had a competitive advantage compared to those who saw less accurately,

imali su konkurentsku prednost nad onima koji su vidjeli manje točno

and therefore they were more likely to pass on their genes.

i zbog toga su imali veće šanse prenijeti svoje gene.

We are the offspring of those who saw more accurately,

Mi smo potomci onih koji su vidjeli točnije

and so we can be confident that, in the normal case,

tako da možemo biti sigurni da su, u normalnim slučajevima,

our perceptions are accurate.

naše percepcije točne.

You see this in the standard textbooks.

To vidite u standardnim udžbenicima.

One textbook says, for example,

Jedan udžbenik, na primjer, kaže:

"Evolutionarily speaking,

"Evolucijski govoreći,

vision is useful precisely because it is so accurate."

vid je koristan upravo zato što je tako točan".

So the idea is that accurate perceptions are fitter perceptions.

Zamisao je ta da su točne percepcije podobnije percepcije.

They give you a survival advantage.

Daju vam prednost u preživljavanju.

Now, is this correct?

No, je li to točno?

Is this the right interpretation of evolutionary theory?

Je li to ispravna interpretacija evolucijske teorije?

Well, let's first look at a couple of examples in nature.

Pogledajmo prvo nekoliko primjera iz prirode.

The Australian jewel beetle

Australski je kukac krasnik

is dimpled, glossy and brown.

udubljen, sjajan i smeđe boje.

The female is flightless.

Ženka ne može letjeti.

The male flies, looking, of course, for a hot female.

Mužjak leti uokolo tražeći, naravno, zgodnu ženku.

When he finds one, he alights and mates.

Kada ju pronađe, slijeće i pare se.

There's another species in the outback,

Postoji još jedna vrsta u pozadini,

Homo sapiens.

Homo sapiens.

The male of this species has a massive brain

Mužjak ove vrste ima ogroman mozak

that he uses to hunt for cold beer.

koji koristi za lov hladnog piva.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

And when he finds one, he drains it,

I kada ga pronađe, iskapi ga

and sometimes throws the bottle into the outback.

i ponekad baci bocu u pozadinu.

Now, as it happens, these bottles are dimpled, glossy,

Te su boce udubljene, sjajne

and just the right shade of brown to tickle the fancy of these beetles.

i odgovarajuće nijanse smeđe boje koja intrigira te kukce.

The males swarm all over the bottles trying to mate.

Mužjaci nahrupe na boce u pokušaju da se pare.

They lose all interest in the real females.

Gube zanimanje za prave ženke.

Classic case of the male leaving the female for the bottle.

Klasičan slučaj u kojem mužjak ostavlja ženku zbog boce!

(Laughter) (Applause)

(Smijeh) (Pljesak)

The species almost went extinct.

Vrsta je zamalo izumrla.

Australia had to change its bottles to save its beetles.

U Australiji su morali promijeniti boce kako bi spasili kornjaše.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Now, the males had successfully found females for thousands,

Mužjaci su uspješno pronalazili ženke tisućama,

perhaps millions of years.

možda i milijunima godina.

It looked like they saw reality as it is, but apparently not.

Izgledalo je kao da su vidjeli stvarnost kakva jest, ali se čini da nije tako.

Evolution had given them a hack.

Evolucija im je podvalila.

A female is anything dimpled, glossy and brown,

Ženka je bilo što udubljeno, sjajno i smeđe boje,

the bigger the better.

što veće, to bolje!

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Even when crawling all over the bottle, the male couldn't discover his mistake.

Čak i kad puže po boci, mužjak ne shvaća da je pogriješio.

Now, you might say, beetles, sure, they're very simple creatures,

Možda ćete reći da se to može dogoditi bubama jer su jednostavna bića,

but surely not mammals.

a nikako sisavcima.

Mammals don't rely on tricks.

Sisavci se ne oslanjaju na trikove.

Well, I won't dwell on this, but you get the idea. (Laughter)

Neću se zadržavati na ovome, ali shvaćate poantu. (Smijeh)

So this raises an important technical question:

To dovodi do važnog tehničkog pitanja:

Does natural selection really favor seeing reality as it is?

Daje li doista prirodna selekcija prednost viđenju stvarnosti kakva ona jest?

Fortunately, we don't have to wave our hands and guess;

Srećom, ne moramo pogađati;

evolution is a mathematically precise theory.

evolucija je matematički precizna teorija.

We can use the equations of evolution to check this out.

Možemo koristiti evolucijske jednadžbe kako bismo to provjerili.

We can have various organisms in artificial worlds compete

Možemo imati razne organizme koji se u umjetnom svijetu natječu i

and see which survive and which thrive,

vidjeti koji će preživjeti i napredovati,

which sensory systems are more fit.

koji su osjeti podobniji.

A key notion in those equations is fitness.

Podobnost je ključni pojam u tim jednadžbama.

Consider this steak:

Promotrite ovaj odrezak:

What does this steak do for the fitness of an animal?

Što on čini za podobnost životinje?

Well, for a hungry lion looking to eat, it enhances fitness.

Pa, gladnom lavu željnom hrane povećava podobnost.

For a well-fed lion looking to mate, it doesn't enhance fitness.

Sitom lavu željnom parenja ne povećava podobnost.

And for a rabbit in any state, it doesn't enhance fitness,

A zecu u bilo kojem stanju ne povećava podobnost,

so fitness does depend on reality as it is, yes,

tako da podobnost ovisi o stvarnosti kakva ona jest, da,

but also on the organism, its state and its action.

ali također i o organizmu, njegovom stanju i djelovanju.

Fitness is not the same thing as reality as it is,

Podobnost nije isto što i stvarnost kakva ona jest,

and it's fitness, and not reality as it is,

i upravo je podobnost, a ne stvarnost kakva jest

that figures centrally in the equations of evolution.

središte evolucijske jednadžbe.

So, in my lab,

U mom su se laboratoriju

we have run hundreds of thousands of evolutionary game simulations

odvile stotine tisuća simulacija evolucije

with lots of different randomly chosen worlds

s različitim, nasumičnim, svjetovima

and organisms that compete for resources in those worlds.

i organizmima koji se bore za resurse u tim svjetovima.

Some of the organisms see all of the reality,

Neki organizmi vide čitavu stvarnost,

others see just part of the reality,

neki samo dio nje,

and some see none of the reality,

a neki vide

only fitness.

samo podobnost.

Who wins?

Tko pobjeđuje?

Well, I hate to break it to you, but perception of reality goes extinct.

Žao mi je što vam ovo moram reći, ali percepcija stvarnosti je izumrla.

In almost every simulation,

U gotovo su svakoj simulaciji

organisms that see none of reality

oni koji uopće nisu vidjeli stvarnost

but are just tuned to fitness

nego su okrenuti podobnosti

drive to extinction all the organisms that perceive reality as it is.

doveli do izumiranja sve organizme koji doživljavaju stvarnost kakva jest.

So the bottom line is, evolution does not favor veridical,

Poanta je ta da evolucija ne daje prednost vertikalnim

or accurate perceptions.

ili točnim percepcijama.

Those perceptions of reality go extinct.

Te percepcije stvarnosti izumiru.

Now, this is a bit stunning.

To je zapanjujuće.

How can it be that not seeing the world accurately

Kako to da imamo prednost za preživljavanje ako svijet

gives us a survival advantage?

ne vidimo točno?

That is a bit counterintuitive.

To je malo kontraproduktivno.

But remember the jewel beetle.

Ali sjetite se kukca krasnika.

The jewel beetle survived for thousands, perhaps millions of years,

Krasnik je uspio preživjeti tisućama, možda milijunima godina

using simple tricks and hacks.

koristeći jednostavne trikove.

What the equations of evolution are telling us

Ono što nam evolucijske jednadžbe govore

is that all organisms, including us, are in the same boat as the jewel beetle.

je da svi organizmi, uključujući i nas, dijele istu sudbinu kao i krasnici.

We do not see reality as it is.

Ne vidimo stvarnost kakva ona jest.

We're shaped with tricks and hacks that keep us alive.

Oblikovani smo trikovima koji nas drže na životu.

Still,

Ipak,

we need some help with our intuitions.

trebamo pomoć s intuicijom.

How can not perceiving reality as it is be useful?

Kako može biti korisno to da ne vidimo stvarnost kakva jest?

Well, fortunately, we have a very helpful metaphor:

Srećom, imamo vrlo korisnu metaforu:

the desktop interface on your computer.

radna površina vašeg računala.

Consider that blue icon for a TED Talk that you're writing.

Pogledajte plavu ikonicu za TED talk koji pišete.

Now, the icon is blue and rectangular

Ona je plava i pravokutna

and in the lower right corner of the desktop.

i u donjem je desnom uglu radne površine.

Does that mean that the text file itself in the computer is blue,

Znači li to da je tekstna datoteka u računalu plava,

rectangular, and in the lower right-hand corner of the computer?

pravokutna i u donjem desnom uglu računala?

Of course not.

Naravno da ne.

Anyone who thought that misinterprets the purpose of the interface.

Svatko tko to misli pogrešno shvaća svrhu sučelja radne površine.

It's not there to show you the reality of the computer.

Ono ne postoji da bi prikazalo stvarnost računala.

In fact, it's there to hide that reality.

Zapravo, postoji da ju sakrije.

You don't want to know about the diodes

Ne želite znati o diodama

and resistors and all the megabytes of software.

i otpornicima i svim megabajtima softvera.

If you had to deal with that, you could never write your text file

Da morate misliti o tome, nikad ne biste mogli pisati tekst

or edit your photo.

ili urediti fotografiju.

So the idea is that evolution has given us an interface

Zamisao je ta da nam je evolucija dala sučelje

that hides reality and guides adaptive behavior.

koje skriva stvarnost i upravlja adaptivnim ponašanjem.

Space and time, as you perceive them right now,

Vrijeme i prostor koje sada doživljavate

are your desktop.

su vaša radna površina.

Physical objects are simply icons in that desktop.

Fizički su objekti ikonice na toj površini.

There's an obvious objection.

Naravno, tu je očit prigovor.

Hoffman, if you think that train coming down the track at 200 MPH

Hoffmanu, ako misliš da je vlak koji juri 320 km/h samo

is just an icon of your desktop,

ikonica na radnoj površini,

why don't you step in front of it?

zašto ne staneš pred njega?

And after you're gone, and your theory with you,

I kada umreš, a s tobom i tvoja teorija,

we'll know that there's more to that train than just an icon.

znat ćemo da taj vlak nije samo ikonica.

Well, I wouldn't step in front of that train

Ne bih stao pred taj vlak

for the same reason

iz istog razloga

that I wouldn't carelessly drag that icon to the trash can:

zbog kojeg ne bih neoprezno tu ikonicu stavio u koš za smeće:

not because I take the icon literally --

ne zato što ikonicu smatram doslovno --

the file is not literally blue or rectangular --

datoteka nije doslovno plava ili pravokutna --

but I do take it seriously.

ali ju shvaćam ozbiljno.

I could lose weeks of work.

Mogao bih izgubiti tjedne rada.

Similarly, evolution has shaped us

Slično tomu, evolucija nas je oblikovala

with perceptual symbols that are designed to keep us alive.

perceptivnim simbolima koji nas održavaju živima.

We'd better take them seriously.

Trebamo ih shvatiti ozbiljno.

If you see a snake, don't pick it up.

Ako vidite zmiju, nemojte ju uzeti.

If you see a cliff, don't jump off.

Ako vidite liticu, nemojte skočiti s nje.

They're designed to keep us safe, and we should take them seriously.

Oni su osmišljeni da bismo bili sigurni, i moramo ih shvatiti ozbiljno.

That does not mean that we should take them literally.

No, to ne znači da bismo ih trebali shvatiti doslovno.

That's a logical error.

To je logička pogreška.

Another objection: There's nothing really new here.

Još jedan prigovor: Ovo nije ništa novo.

Physicists have told us for a long time that the metal of that train looks solid

Fizičari nam dugo već govore da metal toga vlaka izgleda čvrsto,

but really it's mostly empty space with microscopic particles zipping around.

ali je uglavnom prazan prostor u kojem se kreću mikroskopske čestice.

There's nothing new here.

Tu nema ništa novo.

Well, not exactly.

Pa, ne baš.

It's like saying, I know that that blue icon on the desktop

To je kao da kažete da znate da plava ikona na radnoj površini

is not the reality of the computer,

nije stvarnost računala,

but if I pull out my trusty magnifying glass and look really closely,

ali ako se poslužim povećalom i pomno promotrim,

I see little pixels,

vidjet ću malene piksele,

and that's the reality of the computer.

a to jest stvarnost računala.

Well, not really -- you're still on the desktop, and that's the point.

Pa, zapravo i nije tako - još ste uvijek na radnoj površini, o tome se radi.

Those microscopic particles are still in space and time:

Te su mikroskopske čestice još uvijek u vremenu i prostoru:

they're still in the user interface.

još uvijek su u korisničkom sučelju.

So I'm saying something far more radical than those physicists.

Ja govorim o nečemu daleko radikalnijem od onih fizičara.

Finally, you might object,

Možda ćete prigovoriti da

look, we all see the train,

svi vidimo vlak i stoga

therefore none of us constructs the train.

ga nitko od nas ne konstruira.

But remember this example.

Ali sjetite se ovog primjera.

In this example, we all see a cube,

U ovom primjeru, svi vidimo kocku,

but the screen is flat,

ali je ekran plosnat

so the cube that you see is the cube that you construct.

tako da je kocka koju vidite kocka koju ste konstruirali.

We all see a cube

Svi vidimo kocku

because we all, each one of us, constructs the cube that we see.

jer svatko od nas konstruira kocku koju vidimo.

The same is true of the train.

Isto je i s vlakom.

We all see a train because we each see the train that we construct,

Svi vidimo vlak jer svi vidimo vlak koji konstruiramo,

and the same is true of all physical objects.

a to je slučaj sa svim fizičkim predmetima.

We're inclined to think that perception is like a window on reality as it is.

Skloni smo mišljenju da je percepcija prozor u stvarnost kakva ona jest.

The theory of evolution is telling us that this is an incorrect interpretation

Evolucijska nam teorija govori da je to netočna interpretacija

of our perceptions.

naših percepcija.

Instead, reality is more like a 3D desktop

No, stvarnost je kao 3D radna površina

that's designed to hide the complexity of the real world

koja je osmišljena za skrivanje složenosti stvarnog svijeta

and guide adaptive behavior.

i upravljanje adaptivnim ponašanjem.

Space as you perceive it is your desktop.

Percipirani prostor je radna površina.

Physical objects are just the icons in that desktop.

Fizički predmeti samo su ikone na toj radnoj površini.

We used to think that the Earth is flat because it looks that way.

Mislili smo da je Zemlja ravna jer tako izgleda.

Then we thought that the Earth is the unmoving center of reality

Zatim smo mislili da je Zemlja nepomično središte stvarnosti

because it looks that way.

jer nam tako izgleda.

We were wrong.

Bili smo u krivu.

We had misinterpreted our perceptions.

Pogrešno smo protumačili percepcije.

Now we believe that spacetime and objects

Sada vjerujemo da su prostor, vrijeme i predmeti

are the nature of reality as it is.

priroda stvarnosti kakva ona jest.

The theory of evolution is telling us that once again, we're wrong.

Evolucijska nam je teorija još jednom pokazala da smo u krivu.

We're misinterpreting the content of our perceptual experiences.

Pogrešno tumačimo sadržaj perceptivnih iskustava.

There's something that exists when you don't look,

Postoji nešto i kada ne gledate,

but it's not spacetime and physical objects.

ali nije prostor, vrijeme i fizički predmeti.

It's as hard for us to let go of spacetime and objects

Teško nam je pustiti koncept prostora, vremena i predmeta

as it is for the jewel beetle to let go of its bottle.

isto kao što je krasniku teško pustiti bocu.

Why? Because we're blind to our own blindnesses.

Zašto? Zato što smo slijepi i ne vidimo vlastito sljepilo.

But we have an advantage over the jewel beetle:

Ali, imamo prednost nad krasnikom:

our science and technology.

znanost i tehnologiju.

By peering through the lens of a telescope

Gledajući kroz leću teleskopa

we discovered that the Earth is not the unmoving center of reality,

otkrili smo da Zemlja nije nepomično središte stvarnosti,

and by peering through the lens of the theory of evolution

a gledajući kroz leću evolucijske teorije

we discovered that spacetime and objects

otkrili smo da prostor, vrijeme i predmeti

are not the nature of reality.

nisu priroda stvarnosti.

When I have a perceptual experience that I describe as a red tomato,

Kada doživim perceptivno iskustvo koje opišem kao crvenu rajčicu,

I am interacting with reality,

u interakciji sam sa stvarnošću,

but that reality is not a red tomato and is nothing like a red tomato.

ali ta stvarnost nije crvena rajčica i nije ništa kao crvena rajčica.

Similarly, when I have an experience that I describe as a lion or a steak,

Slično tomu, kada doživim iskustvo koje opišem kao lava ili odrezak,

I'm interacting with reality,

u interakciji sam sa stvarnošću,

but that reality is not a lion or a steak.

ali ona nije lav ili odrezak.

And here's the kicker:

I, evo iznenađenja:

When I have a perceptual experience that I describe as a brain, or neurons,

Kada doživim perceptivno iskustvo koje opišem kao mozak ili neuroni,

I am interacting with reality,

u interakciji sam sa stvarnošću,

but that reality is not a brain or neurons

ali ona nije mozak ili neuroni

and is nothing like a brain or neurons.

i nije ni nalik na mozak ili neurone.

And that reality, whatever it is,

A ta stvarnost, kakva god ona bila,

is the real source of cause and effect

je pravi izvor uzroka i posljedica

in the world -- not brains, not neurons.

u svijetu - ne mozgovi niti neuroni.

Brains and neurons have no causal powers.

Mozgovi i neuroni nemaju moć uzročnosti.

They cause none of our perceptual experiences,

Ne uzrokuju perceptivna iskustva

and none of our behavior.

niti naše ponašanje.

Brains and neurons are a species-specific set of symbols, a hack.

Mozgovi i neuroni su skup znakova specifični za vrstu, trikovi.

What does this mean for the mystery of consciousness?

Što to znači za misterij svijesti?

Well, it opens up new possibilities.

Otvara niz mogućnosti.

For instance,

Na primjer,

perhaps reality is some vast machine that causes our conscious experiences.

možda je stvarnost neki ogroman stroj koji uzrokuje naša svjesna iskustva.

I doubt this, but it's worth exploring.

Čisto sumnjam, ali vrijedi istražiti.

Perhaps reality is some vast, interacting network of conscious agents,

Možda je stvarnost neka ogromna interakcijska mreža agenata svijesti,

simple and complex, that cause each other's conscious experiences.

jednostavnih i složenih, koji uzrokuju međusobna svjesna iskustva.

Actually, this isn't as crazy an idea as it seems,

Zapravo, ova zamisao ni nije tako luda kako se na prvu čini,

and I'm currently exploring it.

i trenutno ju istražujem.

But here's the point:

Ali evo poante:

Once we let go of our massively intuitive

Jednom kada napustimo uvelike intuitivnu,

but massively false assumption about the nature of reality,

ali uvelike lažnu pretpostavku o prirodi stvarnosti,

it opens up new ways to think about life's greatest mystery.

pojavit će se novi načini razmišljanja o najvećem životnom misteriju.

I bet that reality will end up turning out to be more fascinating

Kladim se da će stvarnost na kraju ispasti puno fascinantnija i

and unexpected than we've ever imagined.

neočekivanija nego što smo mislili.

The theory of evolution presents us with the ultimate dare:

Evolucijska teorija predstavlja nam najveći izazov:

Dare to recognize that perception is not about seeing truth,

Usudite se priznati da percepcija nije viđenje istine,

it's about having kids.

nego imanje djece.

And by the way, even this TED is just in your head.

I, usput, čak je i ovaj TED talk samo u vašoj glavi.

Thank you very much.

Puno vam hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Chris Anderson: If that's really you there, thank you.

Chris Anderson: Ako si to zaista ti ovdje, hvala ti.

So there's so much from this.

Toliko je toga rečeno sada.

I mean, first of all, some people may just be profoundly depressed

Prvo, neki su ljudi sada u dubokoj depresiji zbog

at the thought that, if evolution does not favor reality,

pomisli da, ako evolucija ne daje prednost stvarnosti,

I mean, doesn't that to some extent undermine all our endeavors here,

ne znači li to da, donekle, potkopava sva naša nastojanja,

all our ability to think that we can think the truth,

naše razmišljanje da možemo misliti istinito,

possibly even including your own theory, if you go there?

čak uključujući i tvoju teoriju?

Donald Hoffman: Well, this does not stop us from a successful science.

Donald Hoffman: To nas ne sprječava da budemo uspješni u znanosti.

What we have is one theory that turned out to be false,

Imamo jednu teoriju za koju se ispostavilo da je netočna,

that perception is like reality and reality is like our perceptions.

da je percepcija poput stvarnosti i stvarnost poput percepcija.

That theory turns out to be false.

Ispostavilo se da je ona netočna.

Okay, throw that theory away.

Ok, odbacit ćemo tu teoriju.

That doesn't stop us from now postulating all sorts of other theories

To nas ne sprječava da postuliramo razne teorije

about the nature of reality,

o prirodi stvarnosti,

so it's actually progress to recognize that one of our theories was false.

tako da je zapravo napredak priznati da je neka naša teorija netočna.

So science continues as normal. There's no problem here.

Znanost normalno nastavlja dalje. Nema problema.

CA: So you think it's possible -- (Laughter) --

CA: Znači, misliš da je moguće -- (Smijeh) --

This is cool, but what you're saying I think is it's possible that evolution

To je fora, ali mislim da govoriš da je moguće da nas evolucija

can still get you to reason.

može urazumiti.

DH: Yes. Now that's a very, very good point.

DH: Da. To je jako, jako dobar zaključak.

The evolutionary game simulations that I showed were specifically about perception,

Igre simulacije evolucije koje sam pokazao bile su specifične za percepciju,

and they do show that our perceptions have been shaped

i one pokazuju da su naše percepcije oblikovane

not to show us reality as it is,

ne da nam pokažu stvarnost kakva jest,

but that does not mean the same thing about our logic or mathematics.

nego da to nije isto kada se radi o logici ili matematici.

We haven't done these simulations, but my bet is that we'll find

Te simulacije nismo proveli, ali kladim se da bismo saznali

that there are some selection pressures for our logic and our mathematics

kako postoje selekcijski pritisci za našu logiku i matematiku

to be at least in the direction of truth.

kako bi bile barem usmjerene prema istini.

I mean, if you're like me, math and logic is not easy.

Ako ste poput mene, matematika i logika nisu jednostavne.

We don't get it all right, but at least the selection pressures are not

Ne shvaćamo ih baš, ali barem selekcijski pritisak nije

uniformly away from true math and logic.

daleko od istinske matematike i logike.

So I think that we'll find that we have to look at each cognitive faculty

Mislim da ćemo otkriti da svaku kognitivnu sposobnost treba promatrati

one at a time and see what evolution does to it.

zasebno i pratiti njezin razvoj tijekom evolucije.

What's true about perception may not be true about math and logic.

Što je istinito o percepciji ne mora biti istinito o matematici i logici.

CA: I mean, really what you're proposing is a kind of modern-day Bishop Berkeley

CA: Znači, predlažeš nekakvu vrstu moderne interpretacije svijeta sličnu

interpretation of the world:

onoj biskupa Berkeleya:

consciousness causes matter, not the other way around.

svijest uzrokuje materiju, a ne obrnuto.

DH: Well, it's slightly different than Berkeley.

DH: Pa, malo se razlikuje od Berkeleyja.

Berkeley thought that, he was a deist, and he thought that the ultimate

Berkeley je bio deist i smatrao je da je Bog

nature of reality is God and so forth,

krajnja priroda stvarnosti, i tako dalje,

and I don't need to go where Berkeley's going,

a ja ne moram govoriti o tome kao on,

so it's quite a bit different from Berkeley.

tako da se dosta razlikujem od Berkeleyja.

I call this conscious realism. It's actually a very different approach.

Ovo nazivam svjesnim realizmom. To je sasvim drukčiji pristup.

CA: Don, I could literally talk with you for hours, and I hope to do that.

CA: Don, doslovno bih s tobom mogao razgovarati satima, i nadam se da hoću.

Thanks so much for that. DH: Thank you. (Applause)

Puno ti hvala na tome. DH: Hvala tebi. (Pljesak)