Do we see reality as it is? | Donald Hoffman | TED

2,782,152 views ใƒป 2015-06-11

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Zeeva Livshitz
00:12
I love a great mystery,
0
12835
2066
ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช,
00:14
and I'm fascinated by the greatest unsolved mystery in science,
1
14901
4412
ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ืงืกื ืžื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคืชื•ืจื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื“ืข,
00:19
perhaps because it's personal.
2
19313
1958
ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืคืจื˜.
00:21
It's about who we are,
3
21681
1858
ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืžื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•,
00:23
and I can't help but be curious.
4
23539
2117
ื•ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืงืจืŸ.
00:26
The mystery is this:
5
26186
2089
ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื–ื•:
00:28
What is the relationship between your brain
6
28275
3435
ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื‘ื™ืŸ
00:31
and your conscious experiences,
7
31710
1511
ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืขืช,
00:33
such as your experience of the taste of chocolate
8
33221
2670
ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื• ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื˜ื•ืขืžื™ื ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“
00:35
or the feeling of velvet?
9
35891
1774
ืื• ื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ ืงื˜ื™ืคื”?
00:38
Now, this mystery is not new.
10
38805
1584
ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
00:40
In 1868, Thomas Huxley wrote,
11
40999
3599
ื‘-1868, ืชื•ืžืืก ื”ืืงืกืœื™ ื›ืชื‘:
00:44
"How it is that anything so remarkable as a state of consciousness comes about
12
44598
5294
"ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื” ืžื•ืคืœื ื›ืžื• ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื”, ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ
00:49
as the result of irritating nervous tissue
13
49892
3367
ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืจื™ืงืžื” ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช,
00:53
is just as unaccountable
14
53259
2066
ื”ื•ื ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืกื‘ืจ
00:55
as the appearance of the genie when Aladdin rubbed his lamp."
15
55325
4053
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืฉื“ ืžืžื ื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœืื“ื™ืŸ?"
01:01
Now, Huxley knew that brain activity
16
61268
2277
ื”ืืงืกืœื™ ื™ื“ืข ืฉืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—
01:03
and conscious experiences are correlated,
17
63545
3274
ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื•,
01:06
but he didn't know why.
18
66819
2159
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืžื“ื•ืข.
01:08
To the science of his day, it was a mystery.
19
68978
3321
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ืข ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืขืœื•ืžื”.
01:12
In the years since Huxley,
20
72299
2136
ืžืื– ื™ืžื™ ื”ืืงืกืœื™,
01:14
science has learned a lot about brain activity,
21
74435
3366
ื”ืžื“ืข ืœืžื“ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—,
01:17
but the relationship between brain activity
22
77801
2021
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—
01:19
and conscious experiences is still a mystery.
23
79822
3088
ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื ื•ืชืจ ืชืขืœื•ืžื”.
01:22
Why? Why have we made so little progress?
24
82910
3645
ืžื“ื•ืข? ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืชืงื“ืžื ื• ื›ื” ืžืขื˜?
01:26
Well, some experts think that we can't solve this problem
25
86555
4859
ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื”
01:31
because we lack the necessary concepts and intelligence.
26
91414
3799
ื›ื™ ื—ืกืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื.
01:35
We don't expect monkeys to solve problems in quantum mechanics,
27
95883
4069
ืื ื• ืœื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืžืงื•ืคื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื,
01:39
and as it happens, we can't expect our species to solve this problem either.
28
99952
4165
ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื•.
01:44
Well, I disagree. I'm more optimistic.
29
104527
3134
ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ื. ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™.
01:47
I think we've simply made a false assumption.
30
107661
3042
ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื ื—ื ื• ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”.
01:50
Once we fix it, we just might solve this problem.
31
110703
3506
ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื ืชืงื ื”, ืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื”.
01:54
Today, I'd like tell you what that assumption is,
32
114209
2417
ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžื”ื™ ืื•ืชื” ื”ื ื—ื”,
01:56
why it's false, and how to fix it.
33
116626
2758
ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”, ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืชืงื ื”.
01:59
Let's begin with a question:
34
119874
1694
ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉืืœื”:
02:01
Do we see reality as it is?
35
121778
3088
ื”ืื ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื?
02:04
I open my eyes
36
124866
1695
ืื ื™ ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™
02:06
and I have an experience that I describe as a red tomato a meter away.
37
126561
4937
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชืืจ ื›ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจ.
02:12
As a result, I come to believe that in reality,
38
132606
3243
ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื–ื”, ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
02:15
there's a red tomato a meter away.
39
135849
2642
ื™ืฉ ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืžื˜ืจ.
02:18
I then close my eyes, and my experience changes to a gray field,
40
138751
4864
ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฆื ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ื•ื”ืชื ืกื•ืชื™ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœืฉื“ื” ืืคื•ืจ,
02:24
but is it still the case that in reality, there's a red tomato a meter away?
41
144425
5166
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืžื˜ืจ?
02:30
I think so, but could I be wrong?
42
150361
3552
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื”?
02:33
Could I be misinterpreting the nature of my perceptions?
43
153913
4598
ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื™ ืžืคืจืฉ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืช ืื•ืคื™ ืชืคื™ืกื•ืชื™ื™?
02:39
We have misinterpreted our perceptions before.
44
159351
3200
ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืคื™ืจืฉื ื• ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืช ืชืคื™ืกื•ืชื™ื ื•.
02:42
We used to think the Earth is flat, because it looks that way.
45
162551
3459
ื ื”ื’ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื”, ื›ื™ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช.
02:46
Pythagorus discovered that we were wrong.
46
166707
2879
ืคื™ืชื’ื•ืจืก ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื˜ืขื™ื ื•.
02:49
Then we thought that the Earth is the unmoving center of the Universe,
47
169586
4012
ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื•ืœื ื–ื–ื”,
02:53
again because it looks that way.
48
173603
1903
ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ื™ ื›ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื”.
02:56
Copernicus and Galileo discovered, again, that we were wrong.
49
176406
4906
ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงื•ืก ื•ื’ืœื™ืœืื• ื’ื™ืœื•, ืฉื•ื‘, ืฉื˜ืขื™ื ื•.
03:01
Galileo then wondered if we might be misinterpreting our experiences
50
181312
4088
ื’ืœื™ืœืื• ืื– ืชื”ื” ืื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื ื•
03:05
in other ways.
51
185400
1508
ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
03:06
He wrote: "I think that tastes, odors, colors, and so on
52
186908
5009
ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘: "ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืžื™ื, ืจื™ื—ื•ืช, ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื›ื•',
03:11
reside in consciousness.
53
191917
2004
ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
03:14
Hence if the living creature were removed, all these qualities would be annihilated."
54
194291
5752
ืžื›ืืŸ, ืื ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื™ืขืœืžื•, ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื "ืœ ื™ื™ืขืœืžื•."
03:20
Now, that's a stunning claim.
55
200955
1839
ื–ื• ื˜ืขื ื” ืžื”ืžืžืช.
03:23
Could Galileo be right?
56
203184
1811
ื”ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื’ืœื™ืœืื• ืฆื“ืง?
03:24
Could we really be misinterpreting our experiences that badly?
57
204995
4598
ื”ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช?
03:29
What does modern science have to say about this?
58
209593
2561
ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœืžื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ?
03:32
Well, neuroscientists tell us that about a third of the brain's cortex
59
212704
5224
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉื›ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื—
03:37
is engaged in vision.
60
217928
1858
ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืจืื™ื”.
03:39
When you simply open your eyes and look about this room,
61
219786
3506
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”,
03:43
billions of neurons and trillions of synapses are engaged.
62
223292
4272
ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืชืื™-ืขืฆื‘ ื•ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
03:47
Now, this is a bit surprising,
63
227564
1608
ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืžืคืชื™ืข,
03:49
because to the extent that we think about vision at all,
64
229172
2641
ื›ื™ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืจืื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
03:51
we think of it as like a camera.
65
231813
2837
ื ื“ืžื” ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœืช ื›ืžื• ืžืฆืœืžื”.
03:54
It just takes a picture of objective reality as it is.
66
234650
3940
ืฉื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืฆืœืžืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื.
03:58
Now, there is a part of vision that's like a camera:
67
238590
3700
ืืžื ื ื™ืฉื ื• ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืžื• ืžืฆืœืžื”:
04:02
the eye has a lens that focuses an image on the back of the eye
68
242290
4639
ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืขื“ืฉื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ,
04:06
where there are 130 million photoreceptors,
69
246929
3390
ืฉื ื™ืฉ 130 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชืื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืื•ืจ,
04:10
so the eye is like a 130-megapixel camera.
70
250319
3900
ื›ืš ืฉื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืฆืœืžืช 130 ืžื’ื” ืคื™ืงืกืœ.
04:14
But that doesn't explain the billions of neurons
71
254219
3483
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื”ืชืื™ื
04:17
and trillions of synapses that are engaged in vision.
72
257702
3622
ื•ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจืื™ื”.
04:21
What are these neurons up to?
73
261324
2299
ื‘ืžื” ื›ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื?
04:23
Well, neuroscientists tell us that they are creating, in real time,
74
263623
4207
ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช,
04:27
all the shapes, objects, colors, and motions that we see.
75
267830
4330
ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื, ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
04:32
It feels like we're just taking a snapshot of this room the way it is,
76
272160
3491
ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื• ืจืง ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืฆื™ืœื•ื-ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืœื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื,
04:35
but in fact, we're constructing everything that we see.
77
275651
3575
ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื• ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
04:39
We don't construct the whole world at once.
78
279226
3181
ืื ื• ืœื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
04:42
We construct what we need in the moment.
79
282407
2765
ืื ื• ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืจืง ืืช ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข.
04:45
Now, there are many demonstrations that are quite compelling
80
285542
3367
ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื“ื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•
04:48
that we construct what we see.
81
288909
1811
ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
04:50
I'll just show you two.
82
290720
2043
ืืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ืฉืชื™ื™ื.
04:52
In this example, you see some red discs with bits cut out of them,
83
292763
5766
ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื–ื•, ืจื•ืื™ื ื“ื™ืกืงื™ื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืชื›ื• ืžื”ืŸ ืคืœื—ื™ื,
04:58
but if I just rotate the disks a little bit,
84
298529
2941
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืจืง ืืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืงืฆืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืกืงื™ื•ืช,
05:01
suddenly, you see a 3D cube pop out of the screen.
85
301470
4737
ืคืชืื•ื, ืจื•ืื™ื ืงื•ื‘ื™ื” ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืžืกืš,
05:06
Now, the screen of course is flat,
86
306207
2833
ื”ืžืกืš ื”ื•ื ืฉื˜ื•ื— ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
05:09
so the three-dimensional cube that you're experiencing
87
309040
2600
ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื” ื”ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื
05:11
must be your construction.
88
311640
2977
ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
05:15
In this next example,
89
315397
1913
ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ื‘ืื”,
05:17
you see glowing blue bars with pretty sharp edges
90
317310
4224
ืจื•ืื™ื ืคืกื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื
05:21
moving across a field of dots.
91
321534
3184
ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื“ื” ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช.
05:25
In fact, no dots move.
92
325708
3137
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื ื ืขื•ืช.
05:28
All I'm doing from frame to frame is changing the colors of dots
93
328845
4621
ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช
05:33
from blue to black or black to blue.
94
333466
2461
ืžื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ืžืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœื›ื—ื•ืœ.
05:35
But when I do this quickly,
95
335927
1834
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืžื”ืจ,
05:37
your visual system creates the glowing blue bars
96
337761
3715
ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ืคืกื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื
05:41
with the sharp edges and the motion.
97
341476
2671
ืขื ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืชื.
05:44
There are many more examples, but these are just two
98
344147
2670
ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืจืง ืฉืชื™ื™ื
05:46
that you construct what you see.
99
346817
2763
ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
05:49
But neuroscientists go further.
100
349580
2375
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื•ืง.
05:53
They say that we reconstruct reality.
101
353395
5101
ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
05:58
So, when I have an experience that I describe as a red tomato,
102
358496
4226
ื›ืš ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชืืจ ื›ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื” ืื“ื•ืžื”,
06:02
that experience is actually an accurate reconstruction
103
362722
4133
ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช
06:06
of the properties of a real red tomato
104
366855
2115
ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช
06:08
that would exist even if I weren't looking.
105
368970
3295
ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื’ื ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆื•ืคื”.
06:13
Now, why would neuroscientists say that we don't just construct,
106
373595
3221
ืœืžื” ืฉื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื™ืืžืจื• ืฉืื ื• ืœื ืจืง ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื,
06:16
we reconstruct?
107
376816
1880
ืืœื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ?
06:18
Well, the standard argument given
108
378696
2531
ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื›ืš
06:21
is usually an evolutionary one.
109
381227
2554
ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™.
06:24
Those of our ancestors who saw more accurately
110
384941
2439
ืืœื” ืžืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืฉืจืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง,
06:27
had a competitive advantage compared to those who saw less accurately,
111
387380
4853
ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืืœื” ืฉืจืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื
06:32
and therefore they were more likely to pass on their genes.
112
392233
2756
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืœืื” ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื.
06:34
We are the offspring of those who saw more accurately,
113
394989
3391
ืื ื• ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืฉืจืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง,
06:38
and so we can be confident that, in the normal case,
114
398380
2769
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ,
06:41
our perceptions are accurate.
115
401149
2531
ืชืคื™ืกื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื•ืช.
06:43
You see this in the standard textbooks.
116
403680
3695
ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืกืคืจื™-ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื.
06:47
One textbook says, for example,
117
407375
1994
ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืื•ืžืจ,
06:49
"Evolutionarily speaking,
118
409369
1971
"ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
06:51
vision is useful precisely because it is so accurate."
119
411340
4043
ืจืื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช."
06:55
So the idea is that accurate perceptions are fitter perceptions.
120
415383
4798
ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืชืคื™ืกื” ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืชืคื™ืกื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:00
They give you a survival advantage.
121
420181
2144
ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ืช ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื“ื•ืชื™.
07:02
Now, is this correct?
122
422325
1915
ื”ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
07:04
Is this the right interpretation of evolutionary theory?
123
424240
2659
ื”ืื ื–ื• ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”?
07:06
Well, let's first look at a couple of examples in nature.
124
426899
3381
ื”ื‘ื” ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
07:10
The Australian jewel beetle
125
430800
2438
ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื”
07:13
is dimpled, glossy and brown.
126
433238
3111
ืžื ื•ืžืจืช, ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื” ื•ื—ื•ืžื”.
07:16
The female is flightless.
127
436349
2345
ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ืื™ื ื” ืขืคื”.
07:18
The male flies, looking, of course, for a hot female.
128
438694
4017
ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื›ืŸ, ื•ืžื—ืคืฉ ื ืงื‘ื” ืžื•ืฉื›ืช.
07:22
When he finds one, he alights and mates.
129
442711
3948
ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ืื—ืช, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื—ืช ื•ืžื–ื“ื•ื•ื’.
07:26
There's another species in the outback,
130
446659
2471
ื™ืฉ ื–ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืฉื,
07:29
Homo sapiens.
131
449130
1334
ื”ืื“ื.
07:30
The male of this species has a massive brain
132
450464
3067
ืœื–ื›ืจ ืžื”ื–ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ
07:33
that he uses to hunt for cold beer.
133
453531
3948
ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืจื” ืงืจื”.
07:37
(Laughter)
134
457889
1279
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:39
And when he finds one, he drains it,
135
459168
2374
ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ืื—ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืจื•ืงื ื”,
07:41
and sometimes throws the bottle into the outback.
136
461542
3390
ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื–ื•ืจืง ืืช ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
07:44
Now, as it happens, these bottles are dimpled, glossy,
137
464932
4248
ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ื ืžื ื•ืžืจื™ื, ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื,
07:49
and just the right shade of brown to tickle the fancy of these beetles.
138
469180
4140
ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ืช ืืช ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
07:54
The males swarm all over the bottles trying to mate.
139
474772
3463
ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืขื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’.
07:59
They lose all interest in the real females.
140
479582
2787
ื”ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช.
08:02
Classic case of the male leaving the female for the bottle.
141
482369
4203
ืžืงืจื” ืงืœืืกื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื ืงื‘ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืžืฉืงื”.
08:06
(Laughter) (Applause)
142
486572
2947
(ืฆื—ื•ืง) (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:11
The species almost went extinct.
143
491402
2371
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื–ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื ื›ื—ื“.
08:14
Australia had to change its bottles to save its beetles.
144
494443
4309
ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื ืืœืฆื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
08:18
(Laughter)
145
498752
3000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:21
Now, the males had successfully found females for thousands,
146
501752
4208
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš
08:25
perhaps millions of years.
147
505960
2438
ืืœืคื™ ืื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
08:28
It looked like they saw reality as it is, but apparently not.
148
508398
4434
ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื•ื™ืชื”, ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืœื.
08:32
Evolution had given them a hack.
149
512832
2857
ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืชืขืชืขื” ื‘ื”ื.
08:35
A female is anything dimpled, glossy and brown,
150
515689
4736
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื›ืจ, ื ืงื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื ื•ืžืจ, ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ื•ื—ื•ื,
08:40
the bigger the better.
151
520425
2276
ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
08:42
(Laughter)
152
522701
1834
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:44
Even when crawling all over the bottle, the male couldn't discover his mistake.
153
524535
4840
ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื–ื—ื™ืœืชื• ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง, ื”ื–ื›ืจ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื˜ืขื•ืชื•.
08:49
Now, you might say, beetles, sure, they're very simple creatures,
154
529945
3645
ืื•ืœื™ ืชืืžืจื•, ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื,
08:53
but surely not mammals.
155
533590
1858
ืืฆืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
08:55
Mammals don't rely on tricks.
156
535448
2717
ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืœื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ื.
08:58
Well, I won't dwell on this, but you get the idea. (Laughter)
157
538165
6013
ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืกื•ืžืš ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื.
09:04
So this raises an important technical question:
158
544178
3158
ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ืฉืืœื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช:
09:07
Does natural selection really favor seeing reality as it is?
159
547336
5991
ื”ืื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื‘ืืžืช ื ื•ื˜ื” ื—ืกื“ ืœืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื•ื™ืชื”?
09:13
Fortunately, we don't have to wave our hands and guess;
160
553877
3536
ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื™ื;
09:17
evolution is a mathematically precise theory.
161
557413
3181
ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืชืžื˜ื™.
09:20
We can use the equations of evolution to check this out.
162
560594
3553
ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง.
09:24
We can have various organisms in artificial worlds compete
163
564147
4153
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฆื•ืจื•ืช-ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื
09:28
and see which survive and which thrive,
164
568300
1953
ื•ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžื™ ืฉื•ืจื“ ื•ืžืฉื’ืฉื’,
09:30
which sensory systems are more fit.
165
570253
3553
ืืœื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช.
09:33
A key notion in those equations is fitness.
166
573806
4085
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
09:37
Consider this steak:
167
577891
2695
ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืง ื”ื–ื”:
09:41
What does this steak do for the fitness of an animal?
168
581956
2962
ืžื” ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืง ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื”?
09:45
Well, for a hungry lion looking to eat, it enhances fitness.
169
585438
6016
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืจื™ื” ืจืขื‘ ื”ืžื—ืคืฉ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
09:52
For a well-fed lion looking to mate, it doesn't enhance fitness.
170
592179
4594
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืจื™ื” ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืžื—ืคืฉ ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
09:58
And for a rabbit in any state, it doesn't enhance fitness,
171
598053
3871
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืจื ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘, ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืง ืœื ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
10:01
so fitness does depend on reality as it is, yes,
172
601924
4124
ืื– ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช-ื›ื”ื•ื•ื™ืชื”,
10:06
but also on the organism, its state and its action.
173
606048
4188
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื• ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื•ืœืชื•.
10:10
Fitness is not the same thing as reality as it is,
174
610236
3553
ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ื–ื”ื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช-ื›ื”ื•ื•ื™ืชื”,
10:13
and it's fitness, and not reality as it is,
175
613789
3483
ื•ื–ื• ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื•ื™ืชื”,
10:17
that figures centrally in the equations of evolution.
176
617272
4179
ืืฉืจ ืžืžืœืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
10:21
So, in my lab,
177
621451
3191
ื›ืš, ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื™,
10:24
we have run hundreds of thousands of evolutionary game simulations
178
624642
3775
ื”ืจืฆื ื• ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื”
10:28
with lots of different randomly chosen worlds
179
628417
3065
ืขื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืืงืจืื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
10:31
and organisms that compete for resources in those worlds.
180
631482
4179
ืฉืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ืื•ืชื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช.
10:35
Some of the organisms see all of the reality,
181
635661
4319
ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
10:39
others see just part of the reality,
182
639980
1889
ืื—ืจื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืจืง ืืช ื—ืœืงื”,
10:41
and some see none of the reality,
183
641869
2105
ื•ื”ืฉืืจ ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืœื•ื,
10:43
only fitness.
184
643974
1766
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจืง ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
10:46
Who wins?
185
646240
1580
ืžื™ ืžื ืฆื—?
10:48
Well, I hate to break it to you, but perception of reality goes extinct.
186
648290
5965
ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืœืื›ื–ื‘ ืืชื›ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื ื›ื—ื“ืช.
10:54
In almost every simulation,
187
654255
1909
ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืžื™ื”,
10:56
organisms that see none of reality
188
656164
2182
ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืฃ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
10:58
but are just tuned to fitness
189
658346
2090
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœืžื•ืช
11:00
drive to extinction all the organisms that perceive reality as it is.
190
660436
5224
ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื.
11:05
So the bottom line is, evolution does not favor veridical,
191
665660
4590
ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ื ื•ื˜ื” ื—ืกื“ ืœืชืคื™ืกืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
11:10
or accurate perceptions.
192
670250
1656
ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืื• ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช.
11:11
Those perceptions of reality go extinct.
193
671906
3762
ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช.
11:15
Now, this is a bit stunning.
194
675668
2020
ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
11:17
How can it be that not seeing the world accurately
195
677688
3682
ื”ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื™-ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง
11:21
gives us a survival advantage?
196
681370
1820
ื ื•ืชื ืช ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื™?
11:23
That is a bit counterintuitive.
197
683190
2113
ื–ื” ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
11:25
But remember the jewel beetle.
198
685303
1835
ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื”.
11:27
The jewel beetle survived for thousands, perhaps millions of years,
199
687138
3761
ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื” ืฉืจื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
11:30
using simple tricks and hacks.
200
690899
2694
ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื›ืกื™ืกื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
11:33
What the equations of evolution are telling us
201
693593
3177
ืžื” ืฉืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืœื ื•
11:36
is that all organisms, including us, are in the same boat as the jewel beetle.
202
696770
5643
ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื•ืชื ื•, ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืกื™ืจื” ืขื ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื”.
11:42
We do not see reality as it is.
203
702413
1930
ืื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื.
11:44
We're shaped with tricks and hacks that keep us alive.
204
704343
4272
ืื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืชื›ืกื™ืกื™ื ื•ืชืขืชื•ืขื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
11:48
Still,
205
708615
2020
ืื‘ืœ, ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ื’ื
11:50
we need some help with our intuitions.
206
710635
2067
ืœืขื–ืจื” ืžื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
11:52
How can not perceiving reality as it is be useful?
207
712702
4783
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื™-ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœื ื•?
11:57
Well, fortunately, we have a very helpful metaphor:
208
717485
3669
ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืื” ืœืขื–ืจืชื ื•:
12:01
the desktop interface on your computer.
209
721154
2832
ืžืžืฉืง ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
12:03
Consider that blue icon for a TED Talk that you're writing.
210
723986
4133
ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžืกืžืœ ื”ืจืฆืืช TED ืฉืืชื ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื.
12:08
Now, the icon is blue and rectangular
211
728119
4004
ื”ืื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ื—ื•ืœ, ืžืœื‘ื ื™ ื•ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืคื™ื ื”
12:12
and in the lower right corner of the desktop.
212
732123
2381
ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืš.
12:15
Does that mean that the text file itself in the computer is blue,
213
735324
4186
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•
12:20
rectangular, and in the lower right-hand corner of the computer?
214
740200
3755
ื”ื•ื ื›ื—ื•ืœ, ืžืœื‘ื ื™ ื•ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘?
12:23
Of course not.
215
743955
1323
ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื.
12:25
Anyone who thought that misinterprets the purpose of the interface.
216
745278
4709
ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืš ืœื ืงืœื˜ ืืช ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืžืฉืง.
12:29
It's not there to show you the reality of the computer.
217
749987
2768
ื”ืžืžืฉืง ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘.
12:32
In fact, it's there to hide that reality.
218
752755
2925
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
12:35
You don't want to know about the diodes
219
755680
1875
ืื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื•ืœืจืื•ืช
12:37
and resistors and all the megabytes of software.
220
757555
2250
ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื.
12:39
If you had to deal with that, you could never write your text file
221
759805
3131
ืื ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ืขื ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื˜ืงืกื˜
12:42
or edit your photo.
222
762936
1475
ืื• ืœืขืจื•ืš ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช.
12:44
So the idea is that evolution has given us an interface
223
764411
4717
ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื’ื ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื ื• ืžืžืฉืง
12:49
that hides reality and guides adaptive behavior.
224
769128
4315
ื”ืžืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืกื’ืœืชื ื™ืช.
12:53
Space and time, as you perceive them right now,
225
773443
3018
ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืจื—ื‘, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืื•ืชื,
12:56
are your desktop.
226
776461
2174
ื”ื ื”ืžืžืฉืง ืฉืœื ื•.
12:58
Physical objects are simply icons in that desktop.
227
778635
4737
ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืง.
13:04
There's an obvious objection.
228
784192
2221
ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ืžื—ืื” ืžื•ื‘ื ืช.
13:06
Hoffman, if you think that train coming down the track at 200 MPH
229
786413
3948
ื”ื•ืคืžืŸ, ืื ืืชื” ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช 300 ืงืž"ืฉ
13:10
is just an icon of your desktop,
230
790361
2461
ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืžืฉืง ืฉืœื ื•,
13:12
why don't you step in front of it?
231
792822
2125
ืœืžื” ืฉืœื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืœื”?
13:14
And after you're gone, and your theory with you,
232
794947
2293
ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืชื™ืขืœื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœืš,
13:17
we'll know that there's more to that train than just an icon.
233
797240
3314
ื ื“ืข ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืชื ืื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ.
13:20
Well, I wouldn't step in front of that train
234
800554
2043
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื ืืขืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช
13:22
for the same reason
235
802597
1556
ืžืื•ืชื” ืกื™ื‘ื”
13:24
that I wouldn't carelessly drag that icon to the trash can:
236
804153
4295
ืฉืœื ืื’ืจื•ืจ ืกืชื ื›ืš ืืช ื”ืื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœืคื— ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ:
13:28
not because I take the icon literally --
237
808448
3181
ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืœื ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ืื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืฉื˜ื ื™.
13:31
the file is not literally blue or rectangular --
238
811629
3005
ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืื• ืžืœื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืฉื˜ื ื™.
13:34
but I do take it seriously.
239
814934
2326
ืื ื™ ืœื•ืงื— ืื•ืชื• ื›ืืžื™ืชื™ ื›ื™ ืื ืœื,
13:37
I could lose weeks of work.
240
817260
2031
ืืื‘ื“ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
13:39
Similarly, evolution has shaped us
241
819291
2554
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ืœื ื•
13:41
with perceptual symbols that are designed to keep us alive.
242
821845
4436
ืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
13:46
We'd better take them seriously.
243
826811
2465
ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื ื• ืœืงื—ืชื ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
13:49
If you see a snake, don't pick it up.
244
829276
2205
ืื ืจื•ืื™ื ื ื—ืฉ, ืืœ ืชืจื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื•.
13:52
If you see a cliff, don't jump off.
245
832391
2759
ืื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฆื•ืง, ืืœ ืชืงืคืฆื• ืžืžื ื•.
13:55
They're designed to keep us safe, and we should take them seriously.
246
835150
3576
ื”ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืงื—ืชื ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
13:58
That does not mean that we should take them literally.
247
838726
2691
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืงื—ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืฉื˜ื ื™.
14:01
That's a logical error.
248
841417
2254
ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื’ื™ืื” ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
14:03
Another objection: There's nothing really new here.
249
843671
3205
ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช: ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ.
14:06
Physicists have told us for a long time that the metal of that train looks solid
250
846876
3924
ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืžืชื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื ืจืื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื”
14:10
but really it's mostly empty space with microscopic particles zipping around.
251
850800
4388
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื” ื—ืœืœ ืจื™ืง ืขื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื–ืขืจื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžืกืชื—ืจืจื™ื ืฉื.
14:15
There's nothing new here.
252
855188
1488
ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ.
14:16
Well, not exactly.
253
856676
2204
ืื‘ืœ, ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง.
14:18
It's like saying, I know that that blue icon on the desktop
254
858880
4040
ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืกืš
14:22
is not the reality of the computer,
255
862920
2299
ืื™ื ื• ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘,
14:25
but if I pull out my trusty magnifying glass and look really closely,
256
865219
3459
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืกืชื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžื’ื“ืœืช ื•ืžืžืฉ ืžืงืจื•ื‘,
14:28
I see little pixels,
257
868678
1811
ืืจืื” ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื,
14:30
and that's the reality of the computer.
258
870489
2461
ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘.
14:32
Well, not really -- you're still on the desktop, and that's the point.
259
872950
3808
ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ -- ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš, ื•ื–ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
14:36
Those microscopic particles are still in space and time:
260
876758
2996
ืื•ืชื ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื—ืœืœ:
14:39
they're still in the user interface.
261
879754
2391
ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืžืฉืง ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ.
14:42
So I'm saying something far more radical than those physicists.
262
882145
3762
ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื—ื™ืง-ืœื›ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื.
14:46
Finally, you might object,
263
886727
1473
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ,
14:48
look, we all see the train,
264
888200
2559
ืชืจืื”, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช,
14:50
therefore none of us constructs the train.
265
890759
3042
ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื• ืœื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช.
14:53
But remember this example.
266
893801
2090
ืื‘ืœ ืชื–ื›ืจื• ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ื–ื•.
14:55
In this example, we all see a cube,
267
895891
2716
ื›ืืŸ, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื”,
14:59
but the screen is flat,
268
899597
2093
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืกืš ื”ื•ื ืฉื˜ื•ื—,
15:01
so the cube that you see is the cube that you construct.
269
901690
2737
ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ื ืงื•ื‘ื™ื” ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
15:05
We all see a cube
270
905736
2043
ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืงื•ื‘ื™ื”
15:07
because we all, each one of us, constructs the cube that we see.
271
907779
4859
ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื•, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ื‘ื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื”.
15:12
The same is true of the train.
272
912638
2060
ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช.
15:14
We all see a train because we each see the train that we construct,
273
914698
4482
ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืจื›ื‘ืช ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืจื•ืื” ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื ื”,
15:19
and the same is true of all physical objects.
274
919180
3553
ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื.
15:24
We're inclined to think that perception is like a window on reality as it is.
275
924343
5053
ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื.
15:29
The theory of evolution is telling us that this is an incorrect interpretation
276
929396
5004
ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืœื ื• ืฉื–ื• ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”
15:34
of our perceptions.
277
934400
1465
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
15:37
Instead, reality is more like a 3D desktop
278
937095
3544
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืžืžืฉืง ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™
15:40
that's designed to hide the complexity of the real world
279
940639
3297
ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™
15:43
and guide adaptive behavior.
280
943936
1866
ื•ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืกื’ืœืชื ื™ืช.
15:46
Space as you perceive it is your desktop.
281
946282
2928
ื”ื—ืœืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืžืฉืง ืฉืœื ื•.
15:49
Physical objects are just the icons in that desktop.
282
949210
3026
ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืจืง ื”ืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืžืฉืง.
15:53
We used to think that the Earth is flat because it looks that way.
283
953456
3670
ืคืขื ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื˜ื•ื— ื›ื™ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืœื ื•.
15:57
Then we thought that the Earth is the unmoving center of reality
284
957520
3134
ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืงื•ื
16:00
because it looks that way.
285
960654
1724
ื›ื™ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืœื ื•.
16:02
We were wrong.
286
962378
1142
ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื˜ืขื™ื ื•.
16:03
We had misinterpreted our perceptions.
287
963520
2670
ืคื™ืจืฉื ื• ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
16:06
Now we believe that spacetime and objects
288
966910
3409
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ืœืœ-ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื
16:10
are the nature of reality as it is.
289
970319
2614
ื”ื ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื.
16:13
The theory of evolution is telling us that once again, we're wrong.
290
973453
3924
ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืœื ื• ืฉืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื.
16:17
We're misinterpreting the content of our perceptual experiences.
291
977377
5039
ืื ื• ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
16:22
There's something that exists when you don't look,
292
982416
2531
ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืœื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื,
16:24
but it's not spacetime and physical objects.
293
984947
3403
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื—ืœืœ-ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืขืฆืžื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื.
16:28
It's as hard for us to let go of spacetime and objects
294
988350
3028
ืงืฉื” ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื—ืœืœ-ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืขืฆืžื™ื
16:31
as it is for the jewel beetle to let go of its bottle.
295
991378
3483
ื›ืžื• ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื” ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœื”.
16:34
Why? Because we're blind to our own blindnesses.
296
994861
4418
ืžื“ื•ืข? ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
16:40
But we have an advantage over the jewel beetle:
297
1000409
2347
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื”,
16:42
our science and technology.
298
1002756
1788
ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
16:44
By peering through the lens of a telescope
299
1004544
2391
ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืฆื” ื“ืจืš ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค
16:46
we discovered that the Earth is not the unmoving center of reality,
300
1006935
4636
ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ื ื” ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
16:51
and by peering through the lens of the theory of evolution
301
1011571
2878
ื•ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืฆื” ื“ืจืš ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”
16:54
we discovered that spacetime and objects
302
1014449
2322
ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื—ืœืœ-ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืขืฆืžื™ื
16:56
are not the nature of reality.
303
1016771
2368
ืื™ื ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
16:59
When I have a perceptual experience that I describe as a red tomato,
304
1019139
4285
ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชืืจื” ื›ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื” ืื“ื•ืžื”,
17:03
I am interacting with reality,
305
1023424
2937
ืื ื™ ื‘ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
17:06
but that reality is not a red tomato and is nothing like a red tomato.
306
1026361
5210
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื” ืื“ื•ืžื”.
17:11
Similarly, when I have an experience that I describe as a lion or a steak,
307
1031571
5401
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชืืจ ื›ืืจื™ื” ืื• ืกื˜ื™ื™ืง,
17:16
I'm interacting with reality,
308
1036972
1848
ืื ื™ ื‘ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
17:18
but that reality is not a lion or a steak.
309
1038820
3158
ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืืจื™ื” ืื• ืกื˜ื™ื™ืง.
17:21
And here's the kicker:
310
1041978
2020
ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ืื” ื”ื”ืคืชืขื”:
17:23
When I have a perceptual experience that I describe as a brain, or neurons,
311
1043998
4690
ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชืืจ ื›ืžื•ื— ืื• ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื,
17:28
I am interacting with reality,
312
1048688
2090
ืื ื™ ื‘ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
17:30
but that reality is not a brain or neurons
313
1050778
3529
ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื— ืื• ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื
17:34
and is nothing like a brain or neurons.
314
1054307
3498
ื•ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ืœืœ ืœืžื•ื— ืื• ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื.
17:37
And that reality, whatever it is,
315
1057805
4779
ื•ืื•ืชื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื”,
17:42
is the real source of cause and effect
316
1062584
3611
ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช
17:46
in the world -- not brains, not neurons.
317
1066195
4032
ื‘ืขื•ืœื -- ืœื ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื.
17:50
Brains and neurons have no causal powers.
318
1070227
2600
ืœืžื•ื— ื•ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ืช.
17:52
They cause none of our perceptual experiences,
319
1072827
2601
ื”ื ืœื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
17:55
and none of our behavior.
320
1075428
1788
ื•ืœืืฃ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
17:57
Brains and neurons are a species-specific set of symbols, a hack.
321
1077216
5376
ืžื•ื— ื•ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžืขืจืš ืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื–ื ื™-ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™, ืžื™ืŸ ืชืขืชื•ืข.
18:02
What does this mean for the mystery of consciousness?
322
1082592
2681
ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืขืœื•ืžืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”?
18:05
Well, it opens up new possibilities.
323
1085923
3993
ื–ื” ืคื•ืชื— ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
18:09
For instance,
324
1089916
1695
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
18:11
perhaps reality is some vast machine that causes our conscious experiences.
325
1091611
6979
ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื™ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืขื ืงื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืชื•ื“ืขืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
18:18
I doubt this, but it's worth exploring.
326
1098590
3670
ืื ื™ ืžืกื•ืคืง ืื ืื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืš, ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื–ืืช.
18:22
Perhaps reality is some vast, interacting network of conscious agents,
327
1102260
5349
ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืŸ ืจืฉืช ืขื ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช-ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื•ื“ืขื”,
18:27
simple and complex, that cause each other's conscious experiences.
328
1107609
5573
ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช, ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
18:33
Actually, this isn't as crazy an idea as it seems,
329
1113182
3250
ื–ื” ืœื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื–ื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืฉืžืข,
18:36
and I'm currently exploring it.
330
1116432
1620
ื•ืื ื™ ื›ืจื’ืข ื—ื•ืงืจ ืื•ืชื•.
18:38
But here's the point:
331
1118592
2066
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื
18:40
Once we let go of our massively intuitive
332
1120658
3321
ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื ื• ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ืžื”ื”ื ื—ื”
18:43
but massively false assumption about the nature of reality,
333
1123979
3924
ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
18:47
it opens up new ways to think about life's greatest mystery.
334
1127903
4388
ื ืคืชื—ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
18:53
I bet that reality will end up turning out to be more fascinating
335
1133251
4609
ืื ื™ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืชืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืชืงืช
18:57
and unexpected than we've ever imagined.
336
1137860
3974
ื•ื‘ืœืชื™-ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืžืฉื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื™-ืคืขื.
19:01
The theory of evolution presents us with the ultimate dare:
337
1141834
4388
ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžื˜ื™ืœื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™:
19:06
Dare to recognize that perception is not about seeing truth,
338
1146222
5142
ื”ืขื–ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืืžืช,
19:11
it's about having kids.
339
1151364
4096
ืืœื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืฆืืฆืื™ื.
19:15
And by the way, even this TED is just in your head.
340
1155460
4740
ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืจื•ืข TED ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ืจืืฉื™ื›ื.
19:20
Thank you very much.
341
1160200
2044
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
19:22
(Applause)
342
1162244
3388
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
19:32
Chris Anderson: If that's really you there, thank you.
343
1172786
3435
ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื–ื” ืืชื” ืฉื, ืชื•ื“ื”.
19:36
So there's so much from this.
344
1176221
2931
ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”.
19:39
I mean, first of all, some people may just be profoundly depressed
345
1179152
3269
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ืง
19:42
at the thought that, if evolution does not favor reality,
346
1182421
5549
ืžื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืื ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ืฉืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
19:47
I mean, doesn't that to some extent undermine all our endeavors here,
347
1187970
3330
ื”ืื ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืžื—ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
19:51
all our ability to think that we can think the truth,
348
1191300
2684
ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืืžืช,
19:53
possibly even including your own theory, if you go there?
349
1193984
3506
ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœืš, ืื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช?
19:57
Donald Hoffman: Well, this does not stop us from a successful science.
350
1197490
4454
ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื”ื•ืคืžืŸ: ื–ื” ืœื ืžื ืข ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—.
20:01
What we have is one theory that turned out to be false,
351
1201944
2812
ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื–ื• ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืื—ืช ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจื” ื›ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
20:04
that perception is like reality and reality is like our perceptions.
352
1204756
4459
ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
20:09
That theory turns out to be false.
353
1209215
1685
ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื” ื›ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
20:10
Okay, throw that theory away.
354
1210900
1418
ืื– ื ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
20:12
That doesn't stop us from now postulating all sorts of other theories
355
1212318
3254
ื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ื ืข ื‘ืขื“ื ื• ืžื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
20:15
about the nature of reality,
356
1215572
1358
ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
20:16
so it's actually progress to recognize that one of our theories was false.
357
1216930
3605
ืœื›ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืื—ืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
20:20
So science continues as normal. There's no problem here.
358
1220535
2658
ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืข ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืชื• ื‘ืขื™ื”.
20:23
CA: So you think it's possible -- (Laughter) --
359
1223193
2601
ื›.ื.: ืื– ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ -- (ืฆื—ื•ืง) --
20:25
This is cool, but what you're saying I think is it's possible that evolution
360
1225794
4110
ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”
20:29
can still get you to reason.
361
1229904
2647
ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื“ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
20:32
DH: Yes. Now that's a very, very good point.
362
1232551
2313
ื“.ื”.: ื›ืŸ. ื–ื• ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
20:34
The evolutionary game simulations that I showed were specifically about perception,
363
1234864
4527
ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืจืืชื™ ื”ื™ื• ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
20:39
and they do show that our perceptions have been shaped
364
1239391
2578
ื”ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ืฆื‘ื” ืœื ื›ื“ื™
20:41
not to show us reality as it is,
365
1241969
1880
ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื ื• ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื,
20:43
but that does not mean the same thing about our logic or mathematics.
366
1243849
4273
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืื• ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื ื•.
20:48
We haven't done these simulations, but my bet is that we'll find
367
1248122
3622
ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืชืขืจื‘ ืฉื ืžืฆื
20:51
that there are some selection pressures for our logic and our mathematics
368
1251744
3622
ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืœื—ืฆื™ ื‘ืจื™ืจื”-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื ื•
20:55
to be at least in the direction of truth.
369
1255366
2206
ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืช.
20:57
I mean, if you're like me, math and logic is not easy.
370
1257572
2647
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ืืชื ื›ืžื•ื ื™, ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืงืœื™ื.
21:00
We don't get it all right, but at least the selection pressures are not
371
1260219
3351
ืื ื• ืœื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื—ืฆื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื”-ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืื™ื ื
21:03
uniformly away from true math and logic.
372
1263570
2338
ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื ื•ืชืงื™ื ืžื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
21:05
So I think that we'll find that we have to look at each cognitive faculty
373
1265908
3320
ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ืžืฆื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื›ืจืชื™,
21:09
one at a time and see what evolution does to it.
374
1269228
2624
ืื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื, ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื•.
21:11
What's true about perception may not be true about math and logic.
375
1271852
3761
ืžื” ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
21:15
CA: I mean, really what you're proposing is a kind of modern-day Bishop Berkeley
376
1275613
3994
ื›.ื.: ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืžืฆื™ืข ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช
21:19
interpretation of the world:
377
1279607
2391
ืœ'ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืค ื‘ืจืงืœื™':
21:21
consciousness causes matter, not the other way around.
378
1281998
2949
ืฉื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ืคืš.
21:24
DH: Well, it's slightly different than Berkeley.
379
1284947
2392
ื“.ื”.: ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื‘ืจืงืœื™.
21:27
Berkeley thought that, he was a deist, and he thought that the ultimate
380
1287339
3362
ื‘ืจืงืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืืžื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื˜ื‘ืขื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™
21:30
nature of reality is God and so forth,
381
1290701
2039
ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
21:32
and I don't need to go where Berkeley's going,
382
1292740
3110
ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืงืœื™,
21:35
so it's quite a bit different from Berkeley.
383
1295850
2695
ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื‘ืจืงืœื™.
21:39
I call this conscious realism. It's actually a very different approach.
384
1299725
3510
ืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” ื–ืืช ืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ืžื•ื“ืข. ื–ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื”.
21:43
CA: Don, I could literally talk with you for hours, and I hope to do that.
385
1303235
3590
ื›.ื.: ื“ื•ืŸ, ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืžืžืฉ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชืš ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
21:46
Thanks so much for that. DH: Thank you. (Applause)
386
1306825
2473
ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื“ื” ืœืš. ืชื•ื“ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7