Do we see reality as it is? | Donald Hoffman | TED

2,749,390 views ใƒป 2015-06-11

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ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚

็ฟป่จณ: Tomoyuki Suzuki ๆ กๆญฃ: Masako Kigami
00:12
I love a great mystery,
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็งใฏ็ฅž็ง˜็š„ใชใ“ใจใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใงใ™
00:14
and I'm fascinated by the greatest unsolved mystery in science,
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็ง‘ๅญฆใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹ๆœ€ๅคงใฎๆœช่งฃๆฑบใฎ่ฌŽใซ ้ญ…ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
00:19
perhaps because it's personal.
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ใใฎ็†็”ฑใฏ ใŠใใ‚‰ใๅ€‹ไบบ็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
00:21
It's about who we are,
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ใใฎ่ฌŽใจใฏ ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใจใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใง
00:23
and I can't help but be curious.
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็งใฏใ“ใฎใ“ใจใซ่ˆˆๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŠฑใ‹ใšใซใฏใ„ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
00:26
The mystery is this:
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ใ“ใฎ่ฌŽใจใฏ
00:28
What is the relationship between your brain
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่„ณใฎๅƒใใจ ๆ„่ญ˜ไฝ“้จ“ใฎ้–“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹
00:31
and your conscious experiences,
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้–ขไฟ‚ใฎใ“ใจใงใ™
00:33
such as your experience of the taste of chocolate
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ใ“ใ“ใงไฝ“้จ“ใจใฏ ใŸใจใˆใฐ ใƒใƒงใ‚ณใƒฌใƒผใƒˆใฎๅ‘ณใจใ‹
00:35
or the feeling of velvet?
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ใƒ“ใƒญใƒผใƒ‰ใฎ่‚Œ่งฆใ‚Šใจใ„ใฃใŸใ“ใจใงใ™
00:38
Now, this mystery is not new.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆ˜”ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใ‚‹่ฌŽใง
00:40
In 1868, Thomas Huxley wrote,
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1868ๅนดใซ ใƒˆใƒผใƒžใ‚นใƒปใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใƒฌใ‚คใฏ ใ“ใ†่จ˜ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
00:44
"How it is that anything so remarkable as a state of consciousness comes about
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ใ€Œ็ฅž็ตŒ็ต„็น”ใŒๅˆบๆฟ€ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ็ตๆžœใจใ—ใฆ
00:49
as the result of irritating nervous tissue
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ๆ„่ญ˜ใจใ„ใ†็Šถๆ…‹ใŒ็พใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ
00:53
is just as unaccountable
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ใ‚ขใƒฉใ‚ธใƒณใŒใƒฉใƒณใƒ—ใ‚’ใ“ใ™ใฃใŸใ‚‰
00:55
as the appearance of the genie when Aladdin rubbed his lamp."
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ใ‚ธใƒ‹ใƒผใŒ็พใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใจๅŒใ˜ไฝ ่ชฌๆ˜Žไธๅฏ่ƒฝใง ่ฆ‹ไบ‹ใชใ“ใจใ ใ€
01:01
Now, Huxley knew that brain activity
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ ใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใƒฌใ‚คใฏ ่„ณใฎๆดปๅ‹•ใจ
01:03
and conscious experiences are correlated,
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ๆ„่ญ˜ไฝ“้จ“ใŒ้–ขไฟ‚ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใŒ
01:06
but he didn't know why.
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ใใฎ็†็”ฑใซใคใ„ใฆใฏ็Ÿฅใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
01:08
To the science of his day, it was a mystery.
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ๅฝผใฎๆ™‚ไปฃใซใŠใ„ใฆใฏ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่ฌŽใงใ—ใŸ
01:12
In the years since Huxley,
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ๅฝผใฎๆ™‚ไปฃใฎๅพŒใซใชใ‚Š
01:14
science has learned a lot about brain activity,
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่„ณใฎๆดปๅ‹•ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏ ๅคšใใฎ็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใŒๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใŒ
01:17
but the relationship between brain activity
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่„ณใฎๆดปๅ‹•ใจ
01:19
and conscious experiences is still a mystery.
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ๆ„่ญ˜ไฝ“้จ“ใจใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏ ไปŠใงใ‚‚่งฃๆ˜Žใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
01:22
Why? Why have we made so little progress?
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ใชใœ๏ผŸ ใชใœ่งฃๆ˜ŽใŒ ้…ใ€…ใจใ—ใฆ้€ฒใพใชใ„ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:26
Well, some experts think that we can't solve this problem
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ใ“ใฎๅ•้กŒใฎ่งฃๆ˜Žใฏไธๅฏ่ƒฝใ  ใจใ„ใ†ๅฐ‚้–€ๅฎถใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™
01:31
because we lack the necessary concepts and intelligence.
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ไบบ้กžใซใฏๅฟ…่ฆใชๆฆ‚ๅฟตใจ็Ÿฅๆ€งใŒ ๆฌ ๅฆ‚ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ ใจใ„ใ„ใพใ™
01:35
We don't expect monkeys to solve problems in quantum mechanics,
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ใ‚ตใƒซใŒ้‡ๅญๅŠ›ๅญฆใฎๅ•้กŒใ‚’่งฃใใ“ใจใฏ ็„ก็†ใ ใจๆ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
01:39
and as it happens, we can't expect our species to solve this problem either.
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ไบบ้กžใŒใ“ใฎๅ•้กŒใ‚’่งฃใๆ˜Žใ‹ใ™ใ“ใจใฏ ใ‚ใ‚Šๅพ—ใชใ„ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
01:44
Well, I disagree. I'm more optimistic.
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ใงใ‚‚็งใฏใใ†ๆ€ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ‚‚ใฃใจๆฅฝ่ฆณ็š„ใซ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™
01:47
I think we've simply made a false assumption.
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใŒๅ˜ใซ่ชคใฃใŸไปฎๅฎšใ‚’ ็ฝฎใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
01:50
Once we fix it, we just might solve this problem.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ”นใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ ใ“ใฎ่ฌŽใ‚’ ่งฃใๆ˜Žใ‹ใ™ใ“ใจใŒๅ‡บๆฅใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
01:54
Today, I'd like tell you what that assumption is,
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ ใใฎ่ชคใฃใŸไปฎๅฎšใŒไฝ•ใชใฎใ‹ ใชใœ่ชคใ‚Šใชใฎใ‹
01:56
why it's false, and how to fix it.
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ใฉใ†ไฟฎๆญฃใ™ในใใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ ใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
01:59
Let's begin with a question:
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ใพใšใฏ ๅ•้กŒใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
02:01
Do we see reality as it is?
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏ็พๅฎŸใ‚’ใ‚ใ‚‹ใŒใพใพใซ ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
02:04
I open my eyes
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็œผใ‚’้–‹ใ„ใฆ
02:06
and I have an experience that I describe as a red tomato a meter away.
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๏ผ‘ใƒกใƒผใƒˆใƒซๅ…ˆใซ่ตคใ„ใƒˆใƒžใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ ่ช่ญ˜ใ—ใพใ™
02:12
As a result, I come to believe that in reality,
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ใใฎ็ตๆžœ ็งใฏ ็พๅฎŸใซ๏ผ‘ใƒกใƒผใƒˆใƒซๅ…ˆใซ่ตคใ„ใƒˆใƒžใƒˆใŒ
02:15
there's a red tomato a meter away.
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใ ใจไฟกใ˜ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
02:18
I then close my eyes, and my experience changes to a gray field,
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ๆฌกใซ ็›ฎใ‚’้–‰ใ˜ใ‚‹ใจ ็งใฎๆ„่ญ˜ใฏ ็ฐ่‰ฒใฎไธ–็•Œใธใจๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
02:24
but is it still the case that in reality, there's a red tomato a meter away?
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ใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚ ็พๅฎŸใซใฏ ๏ผ‘ใƒกใƒผใƒˆใƒซๅ…ˆใซ่ตคใ„ใƒˆใƒžใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
02:30
I think so, but could I be wrong?
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็งใฏใใ†ๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒ ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
02:33
Could I be misinterpreting the nature of my perceptions?
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ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใŸใ‚‰็Ÿฅ่ฆšใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ ่ชคใฃใฆ่งฃ้‡ˆใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
02:39
We have misinterpreted our perceptions before.
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ไบบ้กžใฏ ็Ÿฅ่ฆšใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ ็พๅฎŸใ‚’่ชคใฃใฆ่งฃ้‡ˆใ—ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
02:42
We used to think the Earth is flat, because it looks that way.
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ๅœฐ็ƒใฏๅนณใ‚‰ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ ใชใœใชใ‚‰ ใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰
02:46
Pythagorus discovered that we were wrong.
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ใƒ”ใ‚ฟใ‚ดใƒฉใ‚นใฏ ใใ‚ŒใŒ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ ็™บ่ฆ‹ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
02:49
Then we thought that the Earth is the unmoving center of the Universe,
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ๆฌกใซ ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏๅœฐ็ƒใฏไธๅ‹•ใง ๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ใฎไธญๅฟƒใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่€ƒใˆใพใ—ใŸ
02:53
again because it looks that way.
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ใ‚„ใฏใ‚Š ใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
02:56
Copernicus and Galileo discovered, again, that we were wrong.
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ใพใŸใ‚‚ใ‚„ ใ‚ณใƒšใƒซใƒ‹ใ‚ฏใ‚นใจใ‚ฌใƒชใƒฌใ‚ชใฏ ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฎ่€ƒใˆใŒ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’็™บ่ฆ‹ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
03:01
Galileo then wondered if we might be misinterpreting our experiences
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ใ‚ฌใƒชใƒฌใ‚ชใฏ ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใŒ่ช่ญ˜ใ—ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ ๆปใ˜ๆ›ฒใ’ใฆ่งฃ้‡ˆใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ใจ
03:05
in other ways.
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็–‘ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
03:06
He wrote: "I think that tastes, odors, colors, and so on
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ๅฝผใฏใ“ใ†ๆ›ธใๆฎ‹ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€Œๅ‘ณใ€่‡ญใ„ใ‚„่‰ฒใจใ„ใฃใŸใ‚‚ใฎใฏ
03:11
reside in consciousness.
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฎๆ„่ญ˜ใฎไธญใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใจๆ€ใ†
03:14
Hence if the living creature were removed, all these qualities would be annihilated."
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ ็”Ÿ็‰ฉใŒใ„ใชใใชใฃใŸใ‚‰ ใ“ใ†ใ„ใฃใŸๆ€ง่ณชใฏๅ…จใฆๆถˆๅคฑใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€
03:20
Now, that's a stunning claim.
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้ฉšใในใไธปๅผตใงใ™ใญ
03:23
Could Galileo be right?
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ใ‚ฌใƒชใƒฌใ‚ชใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:24
Could we really be misinterpreting our experiences that badly?
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏ็ตŒ้จ“ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ ใฒใฉใ่ชคใฃใฆ่งฃ้‡ˆใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:29
What does modern science have to say about this?
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็พไปฃใฎ็ง‘ๅญฆใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่ฆ‹่งฃใฏ๏ผŸ
03:32
Well, neuroscientists tell us that about a third of the brain's cortex
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็ฅž็ตŒ็ง‘ๅญฆ่€…ใฏ ๅคง่„ณ็šฎ่ณชใฎ๏ผ“ๅˆ†ใฎ๏ผ‘ใŒ
03:37
is engaged in vision.
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่ฆ–่ฆšใซ้–ขใ‚ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจไธปๅผตใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
03:39
When you simply open your eyes and look about this room,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็›ฎใ‚’้–‹ใ ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ๆธกใ™ๆ™‚
03:43
billions of neurons and trillions of synapses are engaged.
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ไฝ•ๅๅ„„ใจใ„ใ†ๆ•ฐใฎใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใƒญใƒณใจ ไฝ•ๅ…†ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚ทใƒŠใƒ—ใ‚นใŒ้–ขใ‚ใฃใฆใใพใ™
03:47
Now, this is a bit surprising,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸ้ฉšใใงใ™ใญ
03:49
because to the extent that we think about vision at all,
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ใชใœใชใ‚‰ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏ่ฆ–่ฆšใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใฏ
03:51
we think of it as like a camera.
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ใ‚ซใƒกใƒฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใซ้ŽใŽใชใ„ใจ ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
03:54
It just takes a picture of objective reality as it is.
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ๅฎข่ฆณ็š„ใช็พๅฎŸใ‚’ ใใฎใพใพๅ†™็œŸใจใ—ใฆๆ’ฎใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
03:58
Now, there is a part of vision that's like a camera:
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่ฆ–่ฆšใซใฏใ‚ซใƒกใƒฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช้ƒจๅˆ†ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
04:02
the eye has a lens that focuses an image on the back of the eye
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็œผ็ƒใซใฏใƒฌใƒณใ‚บใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ็œผ็ƒใฎๅพŒๆ–นใซๅƒใ‚’ๅ†™ใ—ใพใ™
04:06
where there are 130 million photoreceptors,
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ใใ“ใซใฏ๏ผ‘ๅ„„๏ผ“ๅƒไธ‡ๅ€‹ใฎ ๅ…‰ๅ—ๅฎนไฝ“ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใง
04:10
so the eye is like a 130-megapixel camera.
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็œผใฏ๏ผ‘ๅ„„๏ผ“ๅƒไธ‡ใƒ”ใ‚ฏใ‚ปใƒซใฎ ใ‚ซใƒกใƒฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
04:14
But that doesn't explain the billions of neurons
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ“ใ‚Œใงใฏ่ฆ–่ฆšใซ้–ขใ‚ใ‚‹ ไฝ•ๅๅ„„ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใƒญใƒณใจ
04:17
and trillions of synapses that are engaged in vision.
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ไฝ•ๅ…†ใซใ‚‚ใชใ‚‹ใ‚ทใƒŠใƒ—ใ‚นใซใคใ„ใฆ ่ชฌๆ˜Žใงใใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
04:21
What are these neurons up to?
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ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใƒญใƒณใฏไฝ•ใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ
04:23
Well, neuroscientists tell us that they are creating, in real time,
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็ฅž็ตŒ็ง‘ๅญฆ่€…ใฏ ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใŒ็›ฎใซใ™ใ‚‹
04:27
all the shapes, objects, colors, and motions that we see.
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ๅฝขใ€็‰ฉไฝ“ใ€่‰ฒใ‚„ๅ‹•ใใจใ„ใฃใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ ใƒชใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ ใซๅ‰ต้€ ใ—ใฆใ„ใใฎใ ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™
04:32
It feels like we're just taking a snapshot of this room the way it is,
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ใ“ใฎ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใฎๅ†™็œŸใ‚’ๆ’ฎใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ใ‚ใ‚Šใฎใพใพใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒ
04:35
but in fact, we're constructing everything that we see.
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ ่ฆ‹ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’้ ญใฎไธญใง ๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†่จณใงใ™
04:39
We don't construct the whole world at once.
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏๅŒๆ™‚ใซ ๅ…จใฆใ‚’ๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใชใ
04:42
We construct what we need in the moment.
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ใใฎๆ™‚ใซๅฟ…่ฆใชใ‚‚ใฎใ ใ‘ใ‚’ ๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ—ใพใ™
04:45
Now, there are many demonstrations that are quite compelling
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏ่ฆ‹ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ ๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ ใจใ„ใ†
04:48
that we construct what we see.
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็ด›ใ‚Œใ‚‚ใชใ„่จผๆ‹ ใŒๅคšใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
04:50
I'll just show you two.
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๏ผ’ใคใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
04:52
In this example, you see some red discs with bits cut out of them,
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ใ“ใฎไพ‹ใงใฏๅ††็›คใŒใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚ใฃใฆ ใใฎไธ€้ƒจใŒๅ–ใ‚Š้™คใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
04:58
but if I just rotate the disks a little bit,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ— ใ“ใฎๅ††็›คใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅ›ž่ปขใ™ใ‚‹ใจ
05:01
suddenly, you see a 3D cube pop out of the screen.
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็ช็„ถ ๏ผ“ๆฌกๅ…ƒใฎ็ซ‹ๆ–นไฝ“ใŒ ้ฃ›ใณๅ‡บใ—ใฆ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
05:06
Now, the screen of course is flat,
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ ใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒชใƒผใƒณใฏๅนณใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰
05:09
so the three-dimensional cube that you're experiencing
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใŒ็ตŒ้จ“ใ—ใŸ๏ผ“ๆฌกๅ…ƒใฎ็ซ‹ๆ–นไฝ“ใฏ
05:11
must be your construction.
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ๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‚ใฎใซ้•ใ„ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
05:15
In this next example,
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ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใงใฏ
05:17
you see glowing blue bars with pretty sharp edges
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ใจใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ทใƒฃใƒผใƒ—ใช็ธใ‚’ใ‚‚ใฃใŸ ๅ…‰ใ‚Š่ผใ้’ใ„ๅธฏใŒ
05:21
moving across a field of dots.
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ๅคšๆ•ฐใฎ็‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚‹้ขใ‚’ๅ‹•ใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
05:25
In fact, no dots move.
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใฎใจใ“ใ‚ ใฉใฎ็‚นใ‚‚ๅ‹•ใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
05:28
All I'm doing from frame to frame is changing the colors of dots
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ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใƒ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฌกใฎใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใƒ ใซ็งปใ‚‹ๆ™‚ใซ ็‚นใฎ่‰ฒใ‚’
05:33
from blue to black or black to blue.
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้’ใ‹ใ‚‰้ป’ใซ ใพใŸใฏ ้ป’ใ‹ใ‚‰้’ใซ ๅค‰ใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™
05:35
But when I do this quickly,
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ใงใ‚‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็ด ๆ—ฉใ่กŒใ†ใจ
05:37
your visual system creates the glowing blue bars
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใฎ่ฆ–่ฆšใŒ ใ‚ทใƒฃใƒผใƒ—ใช็ธใ‚’ใ‚‚ใฃใŸๅ…‰ใ‚Š่ผใ้’ใ„ๅธฏใŒ
05:41
with the sharp edges and the motion.
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ๅ‹•ใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚คใƒกใƒผใ‚ธใ‚’ๅ‰ต้€ ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
05:44
There are many more examples, but these are just two
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ใพใ ๅคšใใฎไพ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ
05:46
that you construct what you see.
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่ฆ‹ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ™ไพ‹ใ‚’ ๏ผ’ใคใ ใ‘ใ”็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
05:49
But neuroscientists go further.
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็ฅž็ตŒ็ง‘ๅญฆ่€…ใฏๆ›ดใซๅ…ˆใ‚’่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใฆ
05:53
They say that we reconstruct reality.
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏ ็พๅฎŸใ™ใ‚‰ใ‚‚ๅ†ๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ ไธปๅผตใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
05:58
So, when I have an experience that I describe as a red tomato,
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ใ€Œ่ตคใ„ใƒˆใƒžใƒˆใ€ใชใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฎไฝ“้จ“ใซใŠใ„ใฆ
06:02
that experience is actually an accurate reconstruction
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ใŸใจใˆ็พๅฎŸใฎ่ตคใ„ใƒˆใƒžใƒˆใ‚’
06:06
of the properties of a real red tomato
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใชใใจใ‚‚
06:08
that would exist even if I weren't looking.
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ๆญฃ็ขบใซๅ†ๆง‹็ฏ‰ใงใใ‚‹ไฝ“้จ“ใชใฎใงใ™
06:13
Now, why would neuroscientists say that we don't just construct,
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ใ•ใฆ ็ฅž็ตŒ็ง‘ๅญฆ่€…ใฏ ใ€Œๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใ‚ใš
06:16
we reconstruct?
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ใ€Œๅ†ๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†?
06:18
Well, the standard argument given
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ๆจ™ๆบ–็š„ใช็†่ซ–ใงใฏ
06:21
is usually an evolutionary one.
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้€ฒๅŒ–่ซ–ใซๅŸบใฅใ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
06:24
Those of our ancestors who saw more accurately
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆญฃ็ขบใซ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅ‡บๆฅใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใฃใŸ ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฎ็ฅ–ๅ…ˆใฏ
06:27
had a competitive advantage compared to those who saw less accurately,
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šไธๆญฃ็ขบใซใ—ใ‹่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅ‡บๆฅใชใ„ ๅ€‹ไฝ“ใซๅฏพใ—็”Ÿๅญ˜็ซถไบ‰ใงใฎๅ„ชไฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
06:32
and therefore they were more likely to pass on their genes.
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใ้บไผๅญใ‚’ ๅพŒไธ–ใซๆฎ‹ใ—ใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใŸ
06:34
We are the offspring of those who saw more accurately,
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏ ใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆญฃ็ขบใช ่ฆ–่ฆšใ‚’ใ‚‚ใฃใŸ่€…ใŸใกใฎๅญๅญซใชใฎใงใ™
06:38
and so we can be confident that, in the normal case,
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ ้€šๅธธใซใŠใ„ใฆ ็Ÿฅ่ฆšใŒๆญฃ็ขบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ
06:41
our perceptions are accurate.
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่‡ชไฟกใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
06:43
You see this in the standard textbooks.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆจ™ๆบ–็š„ใชๆ•™็ง‘ๆ›ธใซๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
06:47
One textbook says, for example,
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ ไพ‹ใˆใฐ
06:49
"Evolutionarily speaking,
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ใ€Œ้€ฒๅŒ–่ซ–็š„ใซ่ฆ‹ใฆ
06:51
vision is useful precisely because it is so accurate."
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็Ÿฅ่ฆšใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ๆญฃ็ขบใงใ‚ใ‚Š ใจใฆใ‚‚ๆœ‰็”จใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€
06:55
So the idea is that accurate perceptions are fitter perceptions.
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ใ“ใฎๆฆ‚ๅฟตใฎ่ƒŒๅพŒใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ๆญฃ็ขบใช็Ÿฅ่ฆšใฏ ้ฉๅฟœใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š้€ฒๅŒ–ใ—ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Š
07:00
They give you a survival advantage.
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็”Ÿๅญ˜็ซถไบ‰ใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹ ๅ„ชไฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™
07:02
Now, is this correct?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
07:04
Is this the right interpretation of evolutionary theory?
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้€ฒๅŒ–่ซ–ใฎๆญฃใ—ใ„่งฃ้‡ˆใจใ„ใˆใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
07:06
Well, let's first look at a couple of examples in nature.
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ใพใšใฏ่‡ช็„ถใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹ ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
07:10
The Australian jewel beetle
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ใ‚ชใƒผใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒชใ‚ข็Ž‰่™ซใฏ
07:13
is dimpled, glossy and brown.
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ใใผใฟใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ่‰ถใ€…ใจใ—ใŸ่ค่‰ฒใฎ่™ซใงใ™
07:16
The female is flightless.
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ใƒกใ‚นใฏ้ฃ›ใถใ“ใจใŒๅ‡บๆฅใพใ›ใ‚“
07:18
The male flies, looking, of course, for a hot female.
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ใ‚ชใ‚นใฏ้ฃ›ใถใ“ใจใŒๅ‡บๆฅใฆ ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ ้ญ…ๅŠ›็š„ใชใƒกใ‚นใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ๆฑ‚ใ‚ใพใ™
07:22
When he finds one, he alights and mates.
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ๆŽขใ—ๅฝ“ใฆใ‚‹ใจ ้™ใ‚Š็ซ‹ใฃใฆไบคๅฐพใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™
07:26
There's another species in the outback,
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ๅ…จใ้•ใ†็จฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
07:29
Homo sapiens.
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ใƒ›ใƒขใƒปใ‚ตใƒ”ใ‚จใƒณใ‚นใงใ™
07:30
The male of this species has a massive brain
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ใ“ใฎ็จฎใฎใ‚ชใ‚นใฏๅทจๅคงใช่„ณใ‚’
07:33
that he uses to hunt for cold beer.
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ๅ†ทใˆใŸใƒ“ใƒผใƒซใ‚’ๆŽขใ™ใฎใซๅˆฉ็”จใ—ใพใ™
07:37
(Laughter)
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(็ฌ‘)
07:39
And when he finds one, he drains it,
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ใƒ“ใƒผใƒซใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใจ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’้ฃฒใฟใปใ—
07:41
and sometimes throws the bottle into the outback.
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ๆ™‚ใซใฏ็“ถใ‚’ ใฉใ“ใ‹ใซๆŠ•ใ’ๆจใฆใพใ™
07:44
Now, as it happens, these bottles are dimpled, glossy,
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ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ ใƒ“ใƒผใƒซ็“ถใฏ ็ชชใฟใŒใ‚ใ‚Š่‰ถใ€…ใจใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Š
07:49
and just the right shade of brown to tickle the fancy of these beetles.
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็จ‹ใ‚ˆใ„่ค่‰ฒใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใง ็Ž‰่™ซใฎ่ˆˆๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆƒนใใพใ™
07:54
The males swarm all over the bottles trying to mate.
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ใ‚ชใ‚นใฏไบคๅฐพใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจ็“ถใซ็พคใŒใ‚Š
07:59
They lose all interest in the real females.
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ๆœฌ็‰ฉใฎใƒกใ‚นใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹่ˆˆๅ‘ณใ‚’ ๅ…จใๅคฑใฃใฆใ—ใพใ†ใฎใงใ™
08:02
Classic case of the male leaving the female for the bottle.
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้…’็“ถใซๅคขไธญใซใชใฃใฆๅฅณๆ€งใ‚’ๆ”พใฃใฆใŠใ ็”ทๆ€งใฎๅ…ธๅž‹็š„ใชไพ‹ใงใ™ใญ
08:06
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(็ฌ‘)(ๆ‹ๆ‰‹)
08:11
The species almost went extinct.
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ใ“ใฎ็จฎใฏ็ตถๆป…ใ—ใใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
08:14
Australia had to change its bottles to save its beetles.
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ใ‚ชใƒผใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒชใ‚ขใฏใ“ใฎ็Ž‰่™ซใ‚’ๆ•‘ใ†ใŸใ‚ใซ ็“ถใฎใƒ‡ใ‚ถใ‚คใƒณใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
08:18
(Laughter)
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(็ฌ‘)
08:21
Now, the males had successfully found females for thousands,
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ใ‚ชใ‚นใฏไฝ•ๅƒๅนดใ‚‚ใฎ้–“ ใ„ใ‚„ ใŠใใ‚‰ใไฝ•็™พไธ‡ๅนดใ‚‚ใฎ้–“
08:25
perhaps millions of years.
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ใƒกใ‚นๆŽขใ—ใซๆˆๅŠŸใ—ใฆใใพใ—ใŸ
08:28
It looked like they saw reality as it is, but apparently not.
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็พๅฎŸใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใง ใใ†ใงใฏใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™
08:32
Evolution had given them a hack.
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้€ฒๅŒ–ใฎไป•็ต„ใฟใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š ใƒใƒƒใ‚ญใƒณใ‚ฐใŒ่ตทใใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
08:35
A female is anything dimpled, glossy and brown,
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ใƒกใ‚นใซใฏ็ชชใฟใŒใ‚ใ‚Š่‰ถใ€…ใจใ—ใŸ่ค่‰ฒใง
08:40
the bigger the better.
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ๅคงใใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ ๅคงใใ„ใปใฉ่‰ฏใ„ใจ๏ผ
08:42
(Laughter)
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(็ฌ‘)
08:44
Even when crawling all over the bottle, the male couldn't discover his mistake.
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็“ถใฎไธŠใง้€™ใ„ๅ›žใฃใฆใ„ใฆใ‚‚ ใ‚ชใ‚นใฏ้–“้•ใ„ใซๆฐ—ใฅใใ“ใจใŒๅ‡บๆฅใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
08:49
Now, you might say, beetles, sure, they're very simple creatures,
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ใ“ใ†่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ็Ž‰่™ซใชใ‚“ใฆๅ˜็ด”ใช็”Ÿใ็‰ฉใ 
08:53
but surely not mammals.
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ๅ“บไนณๅ‹•็‰ฉใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใญ ใจ
08:55
Mammals don't rely on tricks.
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ๅ“บไนณๅ‹•็‰ฉใชใ‚‰ใ“ใ‚“ใชใƒˆใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใซใฏ ๅผ•ใฃใ‹ใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚Šใ—ใชใ„ใจ
08:58
Well, I won't dwell on this, but you get the idea. (Laughter)
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉณใ—ใใฏ่ฟฐในใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ ใ“ใฎๅ†™็œŸใงๆƒณๅƒใŒใคใใพใ™ใญ(็ฌ‘)
09:04
So this raises an important technical question:
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ใ“ใ“ใง้‡่ฆใชๆŠ€่ก“็š„ใชๅ•้กŒใŒๆ่ตทใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™
09:07
Does natural selection really favor seeing reality as it is?
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็พๅฎŸใ‚’ใใฎใพใพ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ๆ€ง่ณชใฏ ่‡ช็„ถ้ธๆŠžใซใŠใ„ใฆๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅ„ชไฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹๏ผŸ
09:13
Fortunately, we don't have to wave our hands and guess;
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ๅนธใ„ใซใ‚‚ ๆ‰‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใฆ ็ญ”ใˆใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
09:17
evolution is a mathematically precise theory.
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้€ฒๅŒ–ใฏๆ•ฐๅญฆ็š„ใซ็ฒพๅฏ†ใช็†่ซ–ใงใ‚ใ‚Š
09:20
We can use the equations of evolution to check this out.
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้€ฒๅŒ–ใฎๆ–น็จ‹ๅผใซๅฝ“ใฆใฏใ‚ใฆ ใ“ใฎ็‚นใ‚’ๆคœ่จผใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
09:24
We can have various organisms in artificial worlds compete
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏๆง˜ใ€…ใช็”Ÿ็‰ฉใŒ็ซถไบ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ ไบบๅทฅ็š„ไธ–็•Œใ‚’ไฝœใ‚ŠไธŠใ’
09:28
and see which survive and which thrive,
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ไฝ•ใŒ็”Ÿใๆฎ‹ใ‚Š็นๆ „ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹
09:30
which sensory systems are more fit.
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ใฉใฎๆ„Ÿ่ฆš็ณปใŒใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ฉๅˆใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒ ่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
09:33
A key notion in those equations is fitness.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–น็จ‹ๅผใง้ตใจใชใ‚‹ๆฆ‚ๅฟตใฏ ้ฉๅฟœๅบฆใงใ™
09:37
Consider this steak:
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ใ“ใฎใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใ‚ญใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
09:41
What does this steak do for the fitness of an animal?
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅ‹•็‰ฉใฎ้ฉๅฟœๅบฆใจ ใฉใ†้–ขไฟ‚ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
09:45
Well, for a hungry lion looking to eat, it enhances fitness.
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่…นใ‚’ใ™ใ‹ใ›ใฆ้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ชใƒณใซใจใฃใฆใฏ ้ฉๅฟœๅบฆใŒ้ซ˜ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ
09:52
For a well-fed lion looking to mate, it doesn't enhance fitness.
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ๆบ€่…นใฎใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ชใƒณใŒไบคๅฐพใฎ็›ธๆ‰‹ใ‚’ ๆŽขใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใชใ‚‰ใฐ้ฉๅฟœๅบฆใฏ้ซ˜ใพใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
09:58
And for a rabbit in any state, it doesn't enhance fitness,
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ใ‚ฆใ‚ตใ‚ฎใฎๅ ดๅˆ ใฉใ‚“ใช็Šถๆ…‹ใซใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ ใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใ‚ญใฎ้ฉๅฟœๅบฆใฏ้ซ˜ใพใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
10:01
so fitness does depend on reality as it is, yes,
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้ฉๅฟœๅบฆใฏใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ ็พๅฎŸใซไพๅญ˜ใ—ใพใ™ใŒ
10:06
but also on the organism, its state and its action.
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็”Ÿ็‰ฉ๏ฝค็Šถๆ…‹ใจ่กŒๅ‹•ใซใ‚‚ไพๅญ˜ใ—ใพใ™
10:10
Fitness is not the same thing as reality as it is,
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้ฉๅฟœๅบฆใฏ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใŒใพใพใฎ็พๅฎŸใจใฏ็ตใณใคใใพใ›ใ‚“
10:13
and it's fitness, and not reality as it is,
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้€ฒๅŒ–ใฎๆ–น็จ‹ๅผใงไธญๅฟƒใจใชใ‚‹ๅƒใใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ
10:17
that figures centrally in the equations of evolution.
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใŒใพใพใฎ็พๅฎŸใงใฏใชใ้ฉๅฟœๅบฆใงใ™
10:21
So, in my lab,
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ใใ“ใง็งใฎ็ ”็ฉถๅฎคใงใฏ
10:24
we have run hundreds of thousands of evolutionary game simulations
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ไฝ•ๅไธ‡ๅ›žใจใ„ใ†้€ฒๅŒ–ใฎ ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใƒปใ‚ทใƒŸใƒฅใƒฌใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่กŒใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
10:28
with lots of different randomly chosen worlds
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ใใ“ใงใฏๅคšๆ•ฐใฎ็•ฐใชใฃใŸไธ–็•ŒใŒ ใƒฉใƒณใƒ€ใƒ ใซ้ธใฐใ‚Œ
10:31
and organisms that compete for resources in those worlds.
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็”Ÿ็‰ฉใŒ็”Ÿใใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎ่ณ‡ๆบใ‚’ ๆฑ‚ใ‚ใฆ็ซถไบ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
10:35
Some of the organisms see all of the reality,
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ใ‚ใ‚‹็จฎใฎ็”Ÿ็‰ฉใฏ ็พๅฎŸใ‚’ๅ…จใฆ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅ‡บๆฅใฆ
10:39
others see just part of the reality,
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ใพใŸใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฏ ็พๅฎŸใฎไธ€้ƒจใ ใ‘ใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆ
10:41
and some see none of the reality,
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ๅˆฅใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฏ็พๅฎŸใŒๅ…จใ่ฆ‹ใˆใš
10:43
only fitness.
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้ฉๅฟœใ ใ‘ใŒๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ™
10:46
Who wins?
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่ชฐใŒๅ‹ๅˆฉใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
10:48
Well, I hate to break it to you, but perception of reality goes extinct.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ‚’่ฝ่ƒ†ใ•ใ›ใŸใใฏใชใ„ใฎใงใ™ใŒ ็พๅฎŸใ‚’่ช่ญ˜ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใŒๆป…ใณใพใ™
10:54
In almost every simulation,
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ๆฎ†ใฉๅ…จใฆใฎใ‚ทใƒŸใƒฅใƒฌใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใง
10:56
organisms that see none of reality
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็พๅฎŸใ‚’ๅ…จใ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใชใ
10:58
but are just tuned to fitness
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ใŸใ ้ฉๅฟœใ—ใฆใ„ใใ‚‚ใฎใ ใ‘ใŒ
11:00
drive to extinction all the organisms that perceive reality as it is.
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็พๅฎŸใ‚’ใ‚ใ‚‹ใŒใพใพใซ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹็”Ÿ็‰ฉใ‚’ ็ตถๆป…ใซ่ฟฝใ„ใ‚„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
11:05
So the bottom line is, evolution does not favor veridical,
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ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚้€ฒๅŒ–ใฎๅ‘ใ‹ใ†ๆ–นๅ‘ใฏ ไบ‹ๅฎŸใจ่ช่ญ˜ใฎไธ€่‡ดใ‚„
11:10
or accurate perceptions.
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ๆญฃ็ขบใช็Ÿฅ่ฆšใฎ็ฒๅพ—ใซใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
11:11
Those perceptions of reality go extinct.
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็พๅฎŸใ‚’็Ÿฅ่ฆšใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ็ตถๆป…ใธใจๅฐŽใใพใ™
11:15
Now, this is a bit stunning.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸ้ฉšใใงใ™
11:17
How can it be that not seeing the world accurately
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ไธ–็•Œใ‚’ๆญฃ็ขบใซ่ฆ‹ใชใ„ใ“ใจใŒ ็”Ÿๅญ˜ใ™ใ‚‹ไธŠใง
11:21
gives us a survival advantage?
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ๅ„ชไฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ใชใœใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
11:23
That is a bit counterintuitive.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็›ดๆ„Ÿใซๅใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
11:25
But remember the jewel beetle.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—็Ž‰่™ซใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
11:27
The jewel beetle survived for thousands, perhaps millions of years,
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็Ž‰่™ซใฏๅ˜็ด”ใช่ฆ–่ฆšใฎใƒˆใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ ใ‘ใง
11:30
using simple tricks and hacks.
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ไฝ•ๅƒๅนด ใ‚‚ใ—ใใฏ ไฝ•็™พไธ‡ๅนดใจ ็”Ÿใๅปถใณใฆใใพใ—ใŸ
11:33
What the equations of evolution are telling us
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้€ฒๅŒ–ใฎๆ–น็จ‹ๅผใฏ
11:36
is that all organisms, including us, are in the same boat as the jewel beetle.
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ไบบ้กžใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใŸๅ…จใฆใฎ็”Ÿ็‰ฉใฏ็Ž‰่™ซใจ ๅŒใ˜ใƒซใƒผใƒซใซๅพ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
11:42
We do not see reality as it is.
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏ็พๅฎŸใ‚’ใ‚ใ‚‹ใŒใพใพใซใฏ่ฆ‹ใพใ›ใ‚“
11:44
We're shaped with tricks and hacks that keep us alive.
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏ็”Ÿๅญ˜ใ‚’ๅฏ่ƒฝใซใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ็พๅฎŸใ‚’ ็•ฐใชใ‚‹่กจ็พใง็Ÿฅ่ฆšใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
11:48
Still,
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ใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚ใชใŠ
11:50
we need some help with our intuitions.
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏ็›ดๆ„Ÿใซ้ ผใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™
11:52
How can not perceiving reality as it is be useful?
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็พๅฎŸใ‚’ใ‚ใ‚‹ใŒใพใพใซ็Ÿฅ่ฆšใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ ใชใœๆœ‰็›Šใงใฏใชใ„ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
11:57
Well, fortunately, we have a very helpful metaphor:
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ๅนธใ„ใซใ‚‚ ใจใฆใ‚‚ๅ‚่€ƒใซใชใ‚‹ ใŸใจใˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
12:01
the desktop interface on your computer.
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ใƒ‘ใ‚ฝใ‚ณใƒณใฎใƒ‡ใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒˆใƒƒใƒ—ใฎ ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใƒ•ใ‚งใ‚คใ‚นใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
12:03
Consider that blue icon for a TED Talk that you're writing.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅŽŸ็จฟใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹TEDใƒˆใƒผใ‚ฏใ‚’ ไฟๅญ˜ใ™ใ‚‹้’ใ„ใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚ณใƒณใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
12:08
Now, the icon is blue and rectangular
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ใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚ณใƒณใฏ้’ใ„่‰ฒใ‚’ใ—ใŸ้•ทๆ–นๅฝขใง
12:12
and in the lower right corner of the desktop.
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ใƒ‡ใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒˆใƒƒใƒ—ใฎๅณไธ‹ใฎ่ง’ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
12:15
Does that mean that the text file itself in the computer is blue,
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ใ“ใฎใ“ใจใฏ ใƒ‘ใ‚ฝใ‚ณใƒณใซไฟๅญ˜ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใƒปใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚คใƒซใŒ้’ใ ้•ทๆ–นๅฝขใงใ‚ใ‚Š
12:20
rectangular, and in the lower right-hand corner of the computer?
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ใƒ‘ใ‚ฝใ‚ณใƒณใฎๅณไธ‹ใฎ่ง’ใซ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
12:23
Of course not.
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ ้•ใ„ใพใ™
12:25
Anyone who thought that misinterprets the purpose of the interface.
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ใใ‚“ใช้ขจใซ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ไบบใฏ ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใƒ•ใ‚งใƒผใ‚นใฎๅฝนๅ‰ฒใ‚’่ชค่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
12:29
It's not there to show you the reality of the computer.
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ใƒ‘ใ‚ฝใ‚ณใƒณใฎๅฎŸ้š›ใฎใƒ‡ใƒผใ‚ฟใฏ ใใ“ใซใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
12:32
In fact, it's there to hide that reality.
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ๅฎŸใฎใจใ“ใ‚ ็พๅฎŸใฏ้š ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
12:35
You don't want to know about the diodes
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ใƒ€ใ‚คใ‚ชใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚„ๆŠตๆŠ—ๅ™จ ใใ‚Œใซ
12:37
and resistors and all the megabytes of software.
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ใ‚ฝใƒ•ใƒˆใฎๅ…จใƒ‡ใƒผใ‚ฟใซใคใ„ใฆ ็Ÿฅใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
12:39
If you had to deal with that, you could never write your text file
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ใใ‚“ใชใ“ใจใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ‚‰ ใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ‚Š ๅ†™็œŸใ‚’็ทจ้›†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ
12:42
or edit your photo.
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ๆฑบใ—ใฆใงใใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
12:44
So the idea is that evolution has given us an interface
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ใ“ใ†่€ƒใˆใพใ™ ้€ฒๅŒ–ใฏๆˆ‘ใ€…ใซใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใƒ•ใ‚งใƒผใ‚นใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ—
12:49
that hides reality and guides adaptive behavior.
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็พๅฎŸใ‚’้š ใ—ใฆ ้ฉๅฟœใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใช่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ๅฐŽใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™
12:53
Space and time, as you perceive them right now,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒไปŠ ็Ÿฅ่ฆšใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ็ฉบ้–“ใจๆ™‚้–“ใฏ
12:56
are your desktop.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใซใจใฃใฆใฎใƒ‡ใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒˆใƒƒใƒ—ใงใ‚ใ‚Š
12:58
Physical objects are simply icons in that desktop.
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็‰ฉ็†็š„ใซๅญ˜ๅœจใ™ใ‚‹็‰ฉไฝ“ใฏ ใƒ‡ใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒˆใƒƒใƒ—ไธŠใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚ณใƒณใซ้ŽใŽใพใ›ใ‚“
13:04
There's an obvious objection.
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ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใชๅๅฏพๆ„่ฆ‹ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
13:06
Hoffman, if you think that train coming down the track at 200 MPH
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ใ€Œใƒ›ใƒ•ใƒžใƒณ ใ‚ใฎ้›ป่ปŠใŒๆ™‚้€Ÿ็ด„320ใ‚ญใƒญใง ่ฟ‘ใฅใ„ใฆใใฆใ‚‚
13:10
is just an icon of your desktop,
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ใใ‚ŒใŒใƒ‡ใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒˆใƒƒใƒ—ไธŠใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚ณใƒณใซ ้ŽใŽใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใชใ‚‰
13:12
why don't you step in front of it?
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ๆญฃ้ขใ‹ใ‚‰้ฃ›ใณ่พผใ‚“ใงใฟใŸใ‚‰๏ผŸใ€
13:14
And after you're gone, and your theory with you,
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็†่ซ–ใ‚’้“้€ฃใ‚Œใซๆญปใฌใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
13:17
we'll know that there's more to that train than just an icon.
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ใงใ‚‚้›ป่ปŠใฏๅ˜ใชใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚ณใƒณไปฅไธŠใฎใ‚‚ใฎใง ใ‚ใ‚‹ใซ้•ใ„ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
13:20
Well, I wouldn't step in front of that train
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็งใฏ้›ป่ปŠใซ้ฃ›ใณใ“ใ‚“ใ ใ‚Šใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‚ˆ
13:22
for the same reason
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚ณใƒณใ‚’ไธๆณจๆ„ใซ
13:24
that I wouldn't carelessly drag that icon to the trash can:
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ใ‚ดใƒŸ็ฎฑใซใƒ‰ใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ฐใ—ใชใ„ใฎใจ ๅŒใ˜็†็”ฑใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ‚ใ‚Š
13:28
not because I take the icon literally --
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ใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚ณใƒณใŒๆ–‡ๅญ—้€šใ‚Šใฎๅ˜ใชใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚ณใƒณใจใฏ ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
13:31
the file is not literally blue or rectangular --
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ใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚คใƒซใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซ้’่‰ฒใงใ‚‚ ้•ทๆ–นๅฝขใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ
13:34
but I do take it seriously.
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ๆณจๆ„ๆทฑใๆ‰ฑใ†ใฎใฏ
13:37
I could lose weeks of work.
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ๆ•ฐ้€ฑ้–“ๅˆ†ใฎไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ๅคฑใ„ใŸใใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
13:39
Similarly, evolution has shaped us
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ๅŒๆง˜ใซ ้€ฒๅŒ–ใฏ ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใ‚’ๆŒ็ถš็š„ใซ็”Ÿๅญ˜ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ
13:41
with perceptual symbols that are designed to keep us alive.
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็Ÿฅ่ฆš็š„ใชใ‚ทใƒณใƒœใƒซใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ ๅฝขไฝœใฃใฆใใŸใฎใงใ™
13:46
We'd better take them seriously.
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ใ“ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’็œŸ้ข็›ฎใซ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ในใใงใ™
13:49
If you see a snake, don't pick it up.
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ใƒ˜ใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ‚‰ ใคใ‹ใ‚“ใงใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“
13:52
If you see a cliff, don't jump off.
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ๅด–ใซ็ซ‹ใฃใŸใ‚‰ ้ฃ›ใณ้™ใ‚Šใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“
13:55
They're designed to keep us safe, and we should take them seriously.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฎๅฎ‰ๅ…จใ‚’ไฟใคใŸใ‚่จญ่จˆใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ ไป•็ต„ใฟใงใ‚ใ‚Š ่ปฝ่ฆ–ใ—ใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“
13:58
That does not mean that we should take them literally.
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ใจใฏใ„ใˆ ๆ–‡ๅญ—้€šใ‚Šใซใจใ‚‰ใˆใฆใ‚‚ ใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใฎใงใ™
14:01
That's a logical error.
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ใใ“ใซ่ซ–็†็š„ใช้ŽใกใŒๆฝœใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™
14:03
Another objection: There's nothing really new here.
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ๅˆฅใฎๅ่ซ–ใงใ™ ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่€ƒใˆใงใฏใชใ„ใญ ใจ
14:06
Physicists have told us for a long time that the metal of that train looks solid
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็‰ฉ็†ๅญฆใซใ‚ˆใ‚Œใฐ ๅผทๅ›บใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ ้‡‘ๅฑž่ฃฝใฎ้›ป่ปŠใ‚‚ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏๅพฎๅฐใช็ฒ’ๅญใŒ
14:10
but really it's mostly empty space with microscopic particles zipping around.
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ใปใจใ‚“ใฉ็ฉบใฃใฝใฎ็ฉบ้–“ใ‚’้ฃ›ใณๅ›žใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใ ใจ ใšใ„ใถใ‚“ๅ‰ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใŸ
14:15
There's nothing new here.
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ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่€ƒใˆใงใฏใชใ„ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹
14:16
Well, not exactly.
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ใงใ‚‚ ๅŽณๅฏ†ใซใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
14:18
It's like saying, I know that that blue icon on the desktop
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ใ“ใ†ใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ ใƒ‡ใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒˆใƒƒใƒ—ไธŠใฎ้’ใ„ใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚ณใƒณใฏ
14:22
is not the reality of the computer,
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็พๅฎŸใฎใƒ‘ใ‚ฝใ‚ณใƒณใใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ
14:25
but if I pull out my trusty magnifying glass and look really closely,
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ใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใจใ—ใŸ่™ซ็œผ้กใง่ฟ‘ใฅใ„ใฆ่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใ‚‹ใจ
14:28
I see little pixels,
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ๅฐใ•ใชใƒ”ใ‚ฏใ‚ปใƒซใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ใŒ
14:30
and that's the reality of the computer.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ“ใใŒใƒ‘ใ‚ฝใ‚ณใƒณใฎ็พๅฎŸใชใฎใงใ™
14:32
Well, not really -- you're still on the desktop, and that's the point.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆ ๏ผ ใพใ ใƒ‡ใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒˆใƒƒใƒ—ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใง ใ“ใ“ใซใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
14:36
Those microscopic particles are still in space and time:
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ใ“ใฎๅพฎ่ฆ–็š„ใช็ฒ’ๅญใฏ ใชใŠใ‚‚ๆ™‚็ฉบใซๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใฆใพใ™
14:39
they're still in the user interface.
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ใพใ ใƒฆใƒผใ‚ถใƒผใƒปใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒ•ใ‚งใƒผใ‚นไธŠใฎ ไธ–็•Œใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
14:42
So I'm saying something far more radical than those physicists.
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ใ‹ใฎ็‰ฉ็†ๅญฆ่€…ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ ้Žๆฟ€ใชใ“ใจใ‚’ไธปๅผตใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™
14:46
Finally, you might object,
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซ ใ“ใ†ใ„ใ†ๅ่ซ–ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
14:48
look, we all see the train,
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ใ”่ฆงใใ ใ•ใ„ ่ชฐใซใงใ‚‚้›ป่ปŠใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™
14:50
therefore none of us constructs the train.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰่ชฐใ‚‚้›ป่ปŠใ‚’ ใ€Œๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ€ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใชใ„ใฎใ ใจ
14:53
But remember this example.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ— ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
14:55
In this example, we all see a cube,
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ใ“ใฎไพ‹ใงใฏ่ชฐใซใงใ‚‚็ซ‹ๆ–นไฝ“ใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ใŒ
14:59
but the screen is flat,
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ใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒชใƒผใƒณใฏๅนณใ‚‰ใงใ™
15:01
so the cube that you see is the cube that you construct.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ”่ฆงใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹็ซ‹ๆ–นไฝ“ใฏ ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใŒๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ—ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใชใฎใงใ™
15:05
We all see a cube
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่ชฐใซใงใ‚‚็ซ‹ๆ–นไฝ“ใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใฏ
15:07
because we all, each one of us, constructs the cube that we see.
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ใใ‚Œใžใ‚ŒใฎไบบใŒ่ฆ‹ใŸ็ซ‹ๆ–นไฝ“ใ‚’ ๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
15:12
The same is true of the train.
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้›ป่ปŠใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใ“ใจใŒใ„ใˆใพใ™
15:14
We all see a train because we each see the train that we construct,
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่ชฐใซใงใ‚‚้›ป่ปŠใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ๅ„ไบบใŒๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ—ใŸ้›ป่ปŠใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
15:19
and the same is true of all physical objects.
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ๅ…จใฆใฎ็‰ฉ็†็š„ใซๅญ˜ๅœจใ™ใ‚‹็‰ฉไฝ“ใซใคใ„ใฆ ๅŒใ˜ใ“ใจใŒ่จ€ใˆใพใ™
15:24
We're inclined to think that perception is like a window on reality as it is.
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏ ็Ÿฅ่ฆšใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใฏ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใŒใพใพใฎ ็พๅฎŸใ‚’่ฆ—ใ็ช“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ ใจ่€ƒใˆใŒใกใงใ™
15:29
The theory of evolution is telling us that this is an incorrect interpretation
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้€ฒๅŒ–่ซ–ใฏๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฎ็Ÿฅ่ฆšใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ ใ“ใฎ่€ƒใˆใŒ
15:34
of our perceptions.
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ๆญฃใ—ใใชใ„ใจไธปๅผตใ—ใพใ™
15:37
Instead, reality is more like a 3D desktop
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็พๅฎŸใฏ๏ผ“ๆฌกๅ…ƒใฎใƒ‡ใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒˆใƒƒใƒ—ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใง
15:40
that's designed to hide the complexity of the real world
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็พๅฎŸใฎไธ–็•Œใฎ่ค‡้›‘ใ•ใ‚’้š ใบใ„ใ— ้ฉๅฟœ็š„ใช่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ใจใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
15:43
and guide adaptive behavior.
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่จญ่จˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
15:46
Space as you perceive it is your desktop.
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็Ÿฅ่ฆšใ™ใ‚‹็ฉบ้–“ใŒใƒ‡ใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒˆใƒƒใƒ—ใงใ‚ใฃใฆ
15:49
Physical objects are just the icons in that desktop.
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็‰ฉ็†็š„ใซๅญ˜ๅœจใ™ใ‚‹็‰ฉไฝ“ใฏ ใƒ‡ใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒˆใƒƒใƒ—ไธŠใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚ณใƒณใซ้ŽใŽใพใ›ใ‚“
15:53
We used to think that the Earth is flat because it looks that way.
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏๅœฐ็ƒใŒๅนณใ‚‰ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใใพใ—ใŸ ใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
15:57
Then we thought that the Earth is the unmoving center of reality
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ๆฌกใซๅœฐ็ƒใฏๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹ไธๅ‹•ใฎไธญๅฟƒใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ ่€ƒใˆใพใ—ใŸ
16:00
because it looks that way.
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ใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
16:02
We were wrong.
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ใงใ‚‚ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
16:03
We had misinterpreted our perceptions.
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็Ÿฅ่ฆšใฏ่ชค่งฃใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
16:06
Now we believe that spacetime and objects
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ๆ™‚็ฉบใจ็‰ฉไฝ“ใฏ
16:10
are the nature of reality as it is.
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใŒใพใพใฎ็พๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใพใ™
16:13
The theory of evolution is telling us that once again, we're wrong.
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้€ฒๅŒ–่ซ–ใฏ ใพใŸใ‚‚ใ‚„ ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใŒ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ ใจไธปๅผตใ—ใพใ™
16:17
We're misinterpreting the content of our perceptual experiences.
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏ็Ÿฅ่ฆšใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ไฝ“้จ“ใ‚’ ่ชคใฃใฆ่งฃ้‡ˆใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
16:22
There's something that exists when you don't look,
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใŒ็›ฎใง่ฆ‹ใชใใฆใ‚‚ ๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ
16:24
but it's not spacetime and physical objects.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆ™‚็ฉบใงใ‚‚ ็‰ฉ็†็š„ใช็‰ฉไฝ“ใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
16:28
It's as hard for us to let go of spacetime and objects
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ไฝ“้จ“ใ™ใ‚‹ๆ™‚็ฉบใ‚„็‰ฉไฝ“ใ‚’ๅฆๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ
16:31
as it is for the jewel beetle to let go of its bottle.
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็Ž‰่™ซใŒใƒœใƒˆใƒซใ‹ใ‚‰้›ขใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใจๅŒๆง˜ใซ ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™
16:34
Why? Because we're blind to our own blindnesses.
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ใชใœใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใฎใจใ“ใ‚ใŒ ่ฆ‹ใˆใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใซๅฏพใ—็›ฒ็›ฎใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
16:40
But we have an advantage over the jewel beetle:
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ใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚ ็Ž‰่™ซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใฏๅ„ชใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
16:42
our science and technology.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็ง‘ๅญฆใจๆŠ€่ก“ใงใ™
16:44
By peering through the lens of a telescope
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ๆœ›้ ็”จใฎใƒฌใƒณใ‚บใ‚’้€šใ—ใฆ ็œบใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š
16:46
we discovered that the Earth is not the unmoving center of reality,
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ๅœฐ็ƒใฏ็พๅฎŸใฎไธ–็•ŒใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹ไธๅ‹•ใฎไธญๅฟƒใงใฏ ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’็™บ่ฆ‹ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
16:51
and by peering through the lens of the theory of evolution
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ใพใŸ้€ฒๅŒ–่ซ–ใ‚’ๆณจๆ„ๆทฑใ่€ƒๅฏŸใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใง
16:54
we discovered that spacetime and objects
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่ช่ญ˜ใ™ใ‚‹ๆ™‚็ฉบใจ็‰ฉไฝ“ใŒ
16:56
are not the nature of reality.
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็พๅฎŸใฎ็œŸใฎๅงฟใงใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚‚ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
16:59
When I have a perceptual experience that I describe as a red tomato,
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็งใŒ่ตคใ„ใƒˆใƒžใƒˆใจ่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’็Ÿฅ่ฆšใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆไฝ“้จ“ใ™ใ‚‹ๆ™‚
17:03
I am interacting with reality,
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็พๅฎŸใจใฎไฝœ็”จใŒ่ตทใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ
17:06
but that reality is not a red tomato and is nothing like a red tomato.
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็พๅฎŸใฏ่ตคใ„ใƒˆใƒžใƒˆใจใฏๅ…จใ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใชใฎใงใ™
17:11
Similarly, when I have an experience that I describe as a lion or a steak,
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ๅŒๆง˜ใซใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ชใƒณใ‚„ใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใ‚ญใชใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’็Ÿฅ่ฆšใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šไฝ“้จ“ใ™ใ‚‹ๆ™‚
17:16
I'm interacting with reality,
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็พๅฎŸใจใฎไฝœ็”จใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ
17:18
but that reality is not a lion or a steak.
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็พๅฎŸใฏ(่ฆ‹ใŸใพใพใฎ)ใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ชใƒณใ‚„ใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใ‚ญใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
17:21
And here's the kicker:
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ใ“ใ“ใซๅ•้กŒใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใจใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
17:23
When I have a perceptual experience that I describe as a brain, or neurons,
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่„ณใชใ„ใ—ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใƒญใƒณใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ็Ÿฅ่ฆš็š„ใชไฝ“้จ“ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ
17:28
I am interacting with reality,
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็พๅฎŸใจใฎไฝœ็”จใŒๅƒใใพใ™ใŒ
17:30
but that reality is not a brain or neurons
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็พๅฎŸใฏ่„ณใ‚„ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใƒญใƒณใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ
17:34
and is nothing like a brain or neurons.
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่„ณใ‚„ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใƒญใƒณใฎๆง‹็ฏ‰็‰ฉใจใฏๅ…จใ็•ฐใชใฃใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
17:37
And that reality, whatever it is,
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็พๅฎŸใฏ ใใ‚ŒใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚Œ
17:42
is the real source of cause and effect
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ไธ–ใฎไธญใฎๅŽŸๅ› ใจ็ตๆžœใฎ ๅ…ƒใจใชใ‚‹็œŸใฎๅญ˜ๅœจใงใ‚ใ‚Š
17:46
in the world -- not brains, not neurons.
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่„ณใ‚„ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใƒญใƒณใฎๆง‹็ฏ‰็‰ฉใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
17:50
Brains and neurons have no causal powers.
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่„ณใจใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใƒญใƒณใซใฏๅŽŸๅ› ใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ™ๅŠ›ใฏ็„กใ
17:52
They cause none of our perceptual experiences,
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฎ็Ÿฅ่ฆš็š„ใชไฝ“้จ“ใ‚„่กŒๅ‹•ใใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’
17:55
and none of our behavior.
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ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“
17:57
Brains and neurons are a species-specific set of symbols, a hack.
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่„ณใ‚„ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใƒญใƒณใŒๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚คใƒกใƒผใ‚ธใ‚„ ใใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใฏ็จฎใซไพๅญ˜ใ—ใพใ™
18:02
What does this mean for the mystery of consciousness?
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ใ“ใฎใ“ใจใฏๆ„่ญ˜ใฎ่ฌŽใฎ่งฃๆ˜Žใซ ใฉใฎๆง˜ใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ™ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
18:05
Well, it opens up new possibilities.
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ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใฎ้“ใ‚’้–‹ใใ“ใจใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
18:09
For instance,
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ไพ‹ใˆใฐ
18:11
perhaps reality is some vast machine that causes our conscious experiences.
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็พๅฎŸใฏๆˆ‘ใ€…ใซ็Ÿฅ่ฆš็š„ใชไฝ“้จ“ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ™ ่ค‡้›‘ใชๆฉŸๆขฐใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช็‰ฉใชใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
18:18
I doubt this, but it's worth exploring.
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ๅ€‹ไบบ็š„ใซใฏๅฆๅฎš็š„ใงใ™ใŒ ๆŽข็ฉถใ™ใ‚‹ไพกๅ€คใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
18:22
Perhaps reality is some vast, interacting network of conscious agents,
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็พๅฎŸใฏๆ„่ญ˜ใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ™ๅ…ƒใจใชใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใŒไฝœ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ ๅทจๅคงใชใƒใƒƒใƒˆใƒฏใƒผใ‚ฏใชใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
18:27
simple and complex, that cause each other's conscious experiences.
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ๅ˜็ด”ใชๆง˜ใงใ‚‚่ค‡้›‘ใงใ‚ใ‚Š ๅ€‹ใ€…ใซ่ช่ญ˜็š„ใชไฝ“้จ“ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ—ใพใ™
18:33
Actually, this isn't as crazy an idea as it seems,
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใฎใจใ“ใ‚ ่žใใปใฉใซใฏ ๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
18:36
and I'm currently exploring it.
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็งใŒ็ ”็ฉถใ‚’้€ฒใ‚ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅˆ†้‡Žใงใ™
18:38
But here's the point:
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ“ใ“ใซ้‡่ฆใช็‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
18:40
Once we let go of our massively intuitive
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ใฒใจใŸใณ ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใŒใจใฆใ‚‚็›ดๆ„Ÿ็š„ใช๏ผ
18:43
but massively false assumption about the nature of reality,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใชใŒใ‚‰่ชคใฃใŸ ็พๅฎŸใฎๆœฌ่ณชใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ไปฎๅฎšใ‚’ๆจใฆๅŽปใ‚Œใฐ
18:47
it opens up new ways to think about life's greatest mystery.
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็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใฎๆœ€ๅคงใฎ่ฌŽใ‚’ๆŽขๆฑ‚ใ™ใ‚‹ ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๆ‰‹ๆณ•ใŒๅˆ‡ใ‚Š้–‹ใ‹ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
18:53
I bet that reality will end up turning out to be more fascinating
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็พๅฎŸใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใฏ ใ‚‚ใฃใจ้ญ…ๅŠ›็š„ใง
18:57
and unexpected than we've ever imagined.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใพใงใซๆƒณๅƒใ—ๅพ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใช ไบˆๆƒณๅค–ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ ใจๅˆ†ใ‚‹ใจไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใพใ™
19:01
The theory of evolution presents us with the ultimate dare:
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้€ฒๅŒ–่ซ–ใฏ้žๅธธใซๅคง่ƒ†ใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ ๆ็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
19:06
Dare to recognize that perception is not about seeing truth,
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็Ÿฅ่ฆšใจใฏ็œŸๅฎŸใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใฏใชใ„ใจ ่ชใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
19:11
it's about having kids.
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ๅญไพ›ใ‚’ๆŒใคใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
19:15
And by the way, even this TED is just in your head.
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ใจใ“ใ‚ใง ใ“ใฎTEDใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒณใงใ™ใ‚‰ ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใฎ้ ญใฎไธญใงๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ‚ˆ
19:20
Thank you very much.
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ใฉใ†ใ‚‚ๆœ‰้›ฃใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
19:22
(Applause)
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(ๆ‹ๆ‰‹)
19:32
Chris Anderson: If that's really you there, thank you.
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ใ‚ฏใƒชใ‚น๏ผš ใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใŒ็พๅฎŸใฎใ‚ใชใŸใชใ‚‰ ใฉใ†ใ‚‚ๆœ‰้›ฃใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
19:36
So there's so much from this.
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ๅคšใใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆ้ ‚ใใพใ—ใŸ
19:39
I mean, first of all, some people may just be profoundly depressed
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ใพใš ๆฐ—ใซใชใฃใŸใฎใฏ ้€ฒๅŒ–ใฏ็พๅฎŸใ‚’้‡่ฆ–ใ—ใชใ„
19:42
at the thought that, if evolution does not favor reality,
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ใจ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใจใฆใ‚‚ใŒใฃใ‹ใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
19:47
I mean, doesn't that to some extent undermine all our endeavors here,
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ใคใพใ‚Š ไบบใ€…ใฎๅ…จใฆใฎๅŠชๅŠ›ใŒ ๅฐ‘ใ€…ๆใชใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Š
19:51
all our ability to think that we can think the truth,
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใŒๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹่ƒฝๅŠ›ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ ็œŸๅฎŸใ‚’่ฆ‹ๅ‡บใ›ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†
19:53
possibly even including your own theory, if you go there?
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ็†่ซ–ใ‚‚ๅซใ‚“ใ ่€ƒใˆๆ–นใฎ ๅฆจใ’ใซใชใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏ๏ผŸ
19:57
Donald Hoffman: Well, this does not stop us from a successful science.
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ใƒ‰ใƒŠใƒซใƒ‰๏ผš ็งใฎ็†่ซ–ใŒ็ง‘ๅญฆใฎ้€ฒๆญฉใ‚’ ๅœๆญขใ•ใ›ใฆใ—ใพใ†ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
20:01
What we have is one theory that turned out to be false,
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็งใŒไธปๅผตใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ็Ÿฅ่ฆšใ—ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใŒ็พๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚Š
20:04
that perception is like reality and reality is like our perceptions.
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็พๅฎŸใฏ็Ÿฅ่ฆšใ—ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใจใปใผ็ญ‰ใ—ใ„ใจใ„ใ† 1ใคใฎ็†่ซ–ใŒ้Žใกใจๅˆคๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
20:09
That theory turns out to be false.
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ใใฎ็†่ซ–ใฏ้–“้•ใ„ใงใ—ใŸ
20:10
Okay, throw that theory away.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใช็†่ซ–ใฏๆจใฆๅŽปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
20:12
That doesn't stop us from now postulating all sorts of other theories
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆ็พๅฎŸใจใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใจใ„ใ† ไป–ใฎ็†่ซ–ใฎๆ็คบใ‚’
20:15
about the nature of reality,
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ๅฆจใ’ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
20:16
so it's actually progress to recognize that one of our theories was false.
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็†่ซ–ใฎไธ€ใคใŒๅฆๅฎšใ•ใ‚ŒใŸไบ‹ใฏ้€ฒๆญฉใงใ™
20:20
So science continues as normal. There's no problem here.
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็ง‘ๅญฆใฏไปŠใพใงใจใŠใ‚Š้€ฒๆญฉใ—ใพใ™ ไฝ•ใฎๅ•้กŒใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
20:23
CA: So you think it's possible -- (Laughter) --
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ใ‚ฏใƒชใ‚น๏ผš ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ ใ“ใฎๆง˜ใช็†่ซ–ใฏ ็™บๅฑ•ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใญ(็ฌ‘)
20:25
This is cool, but what you're saying I think is it's possible that evolution
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็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ ้€ฒๅŒ–ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ็†่ซ–็š„ใชๆ€่€ƒๅŠ›ใŒ
20:29
can still get you to reason.
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้ซ˜ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใจใŠ่€ƒใˆใงใ™ใญ๏ผŸ
20:32
DH: Yes. Now that's a very, very good point.
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ใƒ‰ใƒŠใƒซใƒ‰๏ผš ใใ‚Œใฏๅคงๅค‰้‡่ฆใชใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใงใ™
20:34
The evolutionary game simulations that I showed were specifically about perception,
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็งใŒ็ดนไป‹ใ—ใŸ ็‰นใซ็Ÿฅ่ฆšใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ ใ‚ทใƒŸใƒฅใƒฌใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใจ
20:39
and they do show that our perceptions have been shaped
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็Ÿฅ่ฆšใฏ็พๅฎŸใ‚’้š ่”ฝใ™ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
20:41
not to show us reality as it is,
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ใƒ‡ใ‚ถใ‚คใƒณใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
20:43
but that does not mean the same thing about our logic or mathematics.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—่ซ–็†ๅญฆใ‚„ๆ•ฐๅญฆใซใคใ„ใฆใฏ ใใฎ้™ใ‚Šใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
20:48
We haven't done these simulations, but my bet is that we'll find
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’็ขบใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ทใƒŸใƒฅใƒฌใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ ่กŒใฃใฆใฏใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ
20:51
that there are some selection pressures for our logic and our mathematics
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ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚็œŸๅฎŸใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ ่ซ–็†็š„ใƒปๆ•ฐๅญฆ็š„ใชๆ€่€ƒใธใฎ้€ฒๅŒ–่ซ–็š„้ธๆŠžๅœงใŒ
20:55
to be at least in the direction of truth.
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ๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใจไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใพใ™
20:57
I mean, if you're like me, math and logic is not easy.
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็งใ ใ‘ใงใชใๆˆ‘ใ€…ไบบ้กžใซใจใฃใฆ ๆ•ฐๅญฆใ‚„่ซ–็†ๅญฆใฎ็†่งฃใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ
21:00
We don't get it all right, but at least the selection pressures are not
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ๅๅˆ†ใช็†่งฃๅŠ›ใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ ้€ฒๅŒ–่ซ–็š„ใช้ธๆŠžใฏ ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚
21:03
uniformly away from true math and logic.
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็œŸใฎๆ•ฐๅญฆใ‚„่ซ–็†ๅญฆใ‹ใ‚‰ ้€€ๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๅ‘ใซใฏๅ‘ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
21:05
So I think that we'll find that we have to look at each cognitive faculty
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏ่„ณใฎๅ„่ช่ญ˜่ƒฝๅŠ›ใ‚’ ไธ€ใคไธ€ใค่ชฟใน
21:09
one at a time and see what evolution does to it.
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ใใ‚Œใžใ‚ŒใŒใฉใ†้€ฒๅŒ–ใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚’ ่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใ‚‹ในใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
21:11
What's true about perception may not be true about math and logic.
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็Ÿฅ่ฆšใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ—ใใฟใฏ ๆ•ฐๅญฆใ‚„็†่ซ–ๅญฆใซใฏๅฝ“ใฆใฏใพใ‚‰ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
21:15
CA: I mean, really what you're proposing is a kind of modern-day Bishop Berkeley
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ใ‚ฏใƒชใ‚น๏ผš ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ่จ€ใฏใพใ‚‹ใง็พไปฃ็‰ˆใฎ ใƒใƒผใ‚ฏใƒชใƒผๅธๆ•™ใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹
21:19
interpretation of the world:
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ไธ–็•Œใฎ่งฃ้‡ˆใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™
21:21
consciousness causes matter, not the other way around.
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ๆ„่ญ˜ใŒ็‰ฉใ‚’็”Ÿใ˜ใ•ใ› ใใฎ้€†ใงใฏใชใ„ใจ
21:24
DH: Well, it's slightly different than Berkeley.
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ใƒ‰ใƒŠใƒซใƒ‰๏ผš ใƒใƒผใ‚ฏใƒชใƒผใจใฏๅฐ‘ใ—็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™
21:27
Berkeley thought that, he was a deist, and he thought that the ultimate
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ๅฝผใฏ็†็ฅž่ซ–่€…ใงใ—ใŸ ใคใพใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚
21:30
nature of reality is God and so forth,
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็พๅฎŸใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใฏ ็ฅžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใฃใŸใ“ใจใงใ™
21:32
and I don't need to go where Berkeley's going,
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็งใฏใƒใƒผใ‚ฏใƒชใƒผใฎ่€ƒใˆใซใฏ ไธŽใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“
21:35
so it's quite a bit different from Berkeley.
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ใ‹ใชใ‚Š่€ƒใˆใŒ็•ฐใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
21:39
I call this conscious realism. It's actually a very different approach.
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่ช่ญ˜็พๅฎŸ่ซ–ใจ็งฐใ™ใ‚‹ ็งใฎใ‚ขใƒ—ใƒญใƒผใƒใฏใจใฆใ‚‚็•ฐใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
21:43
CA: Don, I could literally talk with you for hours, and I hope to do that.
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ใ‚ฏใƒชใ‚น๏ผš ใ„ใšใ‚Œ ไฝ•ๆ™‚้–“ใ‹ใ‹ใ‘ใฆ ใ“ใฎ่ฉฑใ‚’ไผบใ„ใŸใ„ใจใ“ใ‚ใงใ™
21:46
Thanks so much for that. DH: Thank you. (Applause)
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ใฉใ†ใ‚‚ๆœ‰้›ฃใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ ใƒ‰ใƒŠใƒซใƒ‰๏ผš ๆœ‰้›ฃใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ(ๆ‹ๆ‰‹๏ผ‰
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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