Why does the universe exist? | Jim Holt | TED

8,037,456 views ใƒป 2014-09-02

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ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Mujtaba Al-Helu ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Muhammad Ramadan
00:12
Why does the universe exist?
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŸ
00:15
Why is there โ€” Okay. Okay. (Laughter)
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ โ€” ุญุณู†ู‹ุง ุญุณู†ู‹ุง. (ุถุญูƒ)
00:18
This is a cosmic mystery. Be solemn.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู„ุบุฒ ูƒูˆู†ูŠ. ูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุฌุงุฏู‘ูŠู†.
00:21
Why is there a world, why are we in it,
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ ูˆู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู†ุญู† ููŠู‡ุŒ
00:25
and why is there something rather than nothing at all?
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ูˆู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุดูŠุก ุจุฏู„ู‹ุง ู…ู† ู„ุง ุดูŠุกุŸ
00:27
I mean, this is the super ultimate "why" question?
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ุฃุนู†ูŠ ุฃู† "ู„ู…ุงุฐุง" ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชุณุงุคู„ ุงู„ุฃุฒู„ูŠ
00:31
So I'm going to talk about the mystery of existence,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุณูˆู ุฃุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† ุณุฑ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŒ
00:34
the puzzle of existence,
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ู„ุบุฒ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŒ
00:35
where we are now in addressing it,
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ุฃูŠู† ู†ุญู† ุงู„ุขู† ู…ู† ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุชู‡ุŒ
00:38
and why you should care,
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ูˆู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุงู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู…ุŒ
00:40
and I hope you do care.
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ูˆุฃุชู…ู†ู‰ ุฃู† ุชู‡ุชู…ูˆุง.
00:42
The philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer said that
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ู‚ุงู„ ุงู„ููŠู„ุณูˆู ุขุฑุซุฑ ุดูˆุจู†ู‡ุงูˆุฑ ุฐู„ูƒ
00:45
those who don't wonder about the contingency of their existence,
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ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ุง ูŠุชุณุงุฆู„ูˆู† ุนู† ุตุฏูุฉ ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ู…ุŒ
00:49
of the contingency of the world's existence,
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ุนู† ุตุฏูุฉ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ
00:52
are mentally deficient.
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ูŠุนุงู†ูˆู† ู…ู† ู†ู‚ุต ุนู‚ู„ูŠ.
00:53
That's a little harsh, but still. (Laughter)
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‚ุงุณ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ู‹ุงุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ุตุญูŠุญ. (ุถุญูƒ)
00:57
So this has been called the most sublime
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‚ุฏ ุนูุฑู ู‡ุฐุง ุจุฃุณู…ู‰ ุชุณุงุคู„
00:59
and awesome mystery,
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ูˆุฃุฑูˆุน ู„ุบุฒุŒ
01:01
the deepest and most far-reaching question
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ูˆุฃุนู…ู‚ ูˆุฃุตุนุจ ุชุณุงุคู„
01:04
man can pose.
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุชุฎูŠู‘ู„ู‡.
01:05
It's obsessed great thinkers.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุชุณุจุจ ููŠ ู‡ูˆุณ ู…ููƒุฑูŠู† ุนุธู…ุงุก.
01:07
Ludwig Wittgenstein, perhaps the greatest
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ุฑุจู…ุง ู„ูˆุฏููŠุฌ ูˆุชุฌู†ุดุชุงูŠู† ู‡ูˆ ุฃุนุธู…
01:08
philosopher of the 20th century,
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ููŠู„ุณูˆู ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู†
01:11
was astonished that there should be a world at all.
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ูƒุงู† ู…ู†ุฏู‡ุดู‹ุง ู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุฃุตู„ู‹ุง.
01:13
He wrote in his "Tractatus," Proposition 4.66,
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ุฐูƒุฑ ููŠ ูƒุชุงุจู‡ " ุฃุทุฑูˆุญุงุช" ุงู‚ุชุฑุงุญ ูค.ูฆูฆุŒ
01:17
"It is not how things are in the world
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"ู„ูŠุณ ุงู„ุชุณุงุคู„ ุญูˆู„ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
01:20
that is the mystical,
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ุฐู„ูƒ ุชุตูˆูุŒ
01:21
it's that the world exists."
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุชุณุงุคู„ ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุฃุตู„ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ."
01:24
And if you don't like taking your epigrams
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ู„ุง ุชุญุจ ุฃู† ุชุฃุฎุฐ ุณุฎุฑูŠุงุชูƒ
01:26
from a philosopher, try a scientist.
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ู…ู† ููŠู„ุณูˆูุŒ ุฌุฑุจ ุนุงู„ูู….
01:29
John Archibald Wheeler, one of the great physicists
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ุฌูˆู† ุฃุฑุชุดูŠุจุงู„ุฏ ูˆูŠู„ุฑุŒ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠู† ุงู„ุนุธู…ุงุก
01:31
of the 20th century,
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ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู†ุŒ
01:33
the teacher of Richard Feynman,
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃุณุชุงุฐ ุฑูŠุชุดุงุฑุฏ ูุงูŠู†ู…ุงู†ุŒ
01:34
the coiner of the term "black hole,"
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ู…ุฎุชุฑุน ู…ุตุทู„ุญ "ุงู„ุซู‚ุจ ุงู„ุฃุณูˆุฏุŒ"
01:37
he said, "I want to know
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ู‚ุงู„ุŒ "ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุนุฑู
01:40
how come the quantum,
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ูƒูŠู ูˆูุฌุฏ ุงู„ูƒู…ุŒ
01:41
how come the universe, how come existence?"
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ูˆูƒูŠู ูˆูุฌุฏ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุŒ ูˆูƒูŠู ูˆูุฌุฏ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŸ"
01:44
And my friend Martin Amis โ€”
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ูˆุตุฏูŠู‚ูŠ ู…ุงุฑุชู† ุฃู…ูŠุณ โ€”
01:46
sorry that I'll be doing a lot of name-dropping in this talk,
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ุฃุนุชุฐุฑุŒ ุณุฃุฎุจุฑูƒู… ุจุฃุณู…ุงุก ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซุŒ
01:49
so get used to it โ€”
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ู„ุฐุง ุงุนุชุงุฏูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ โ€”
01:50
my dear friend Martin Amis once said
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ู‚ุงู„ ุตุฏูŠู‚ูŠ ุงู„ุนุฒูŠุฒ ู…ุงุฑุชู† ุฃู…ูŠุณ ุฐุงุช ู…ุฑุฉ
01:55
that we're about five Einsteins away from answering
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ุจุฃู†ู†ุง ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุฃุดุฎุงุต ู…ุซู„ ุฃูŠู†ุดุชุงูŠู† ู„ู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ
01:59
the mystery of where the universe came from.
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ุนู„ู‰ ู„ุบุฒ ู…ู† ุฃูŠู† ุฌุงุก ุงู„ูƒูˆู†.
02:01
And I've no doubt there are five Einsteins
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ูˆุฃู†ุง ู„ุง ุฃุดูƒ ุจูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุฃุดุฎุงุต ู…ุซู„ ุฃูŠู†ุดุชุงูŠู†
02:03
in the audience tonight.
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ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุถูˆุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ุฉ.
02:05
Any Einsteins? Show of hands? No? No? No?
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ุฃูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุฃูŠู†ุดุชุงูŠู†ุŸ ุงุฑูุน ูŠุฏูƒุŸ ูƒู„ุงุŸ
02:06
No Einsteins? Okay.
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ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุฃูŠู†ุดุชุงูŠู†ุŸ ุญุณู†ู‹ุง.
02:08
So this question, why is there something rather than nothing,
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ุฅุฐู‹ุง ู‡ุฐุงุงู„ุณุคุงู„ุŒ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูŠุก ุจุฏู„ ู…ู† ู„ุง ุดูŠุกุŒ
02:12
this sublime question, was posed rather late
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ุทูุฑุญ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุฌูˆู‡ุฑูŠ ููŠ ูˆู‚ุช ู…ุชุฃุฎุฑ
02:14
in intellectual history.
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ู†ูˆุงุนู‹ุง ู…ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ููƒุฑูŠ.
02:16
It was towards the end of the 17th century,
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ูƒุงู† ู‚ุจุงู„ุฉ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุณุงุจุน ุนุดุฑุŒ
02:19
the philosopher Leibniz who asked it,
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ุงู„ููŠู„ุณูˆู ู„ุงูŠุจู†ุชุฒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณุฃู„ู‡ุŒ
02:21
a very smart guy, Leibniz,
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ุดุฎุต ุฒูƒูŠ ุฌุฏู‹ุงุŒ ู„ุงูŠุจู†ุชุฒุŒ
02:23
who invented the calculus
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุงุฎุชุฑุน ุญุณุงุจ ุงู„ุชูุงุถู„ ูˆุงู„ุชูƒุงู…ู„
02:25
independently of Isaac Newton, at about the same time,
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ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุณุชู‚ู„ ุนู† ุฅุณุญุงู‚ ู†ูŠูˆุชู† ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูุชุฑุฉุŒ
02:28
but for Leibniz, who asked why is there something rather than nothing,
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ู„ูƒู† ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุงูŠุจู†ุชุฒุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณุฃู„ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุงู„ุนุฏู…ุŒ
02:31
this was not a great mystery.
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ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ุณุฑ ุนุธูŠู….
02:33
He either was or pretended to be
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ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ุฃูˆ ุชุธุงู‡ุฑ ุจุฃู†ู‡
02:35
an Orthodox Christian in his metaphysical outlook,
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ู…ุณูŠุญูŠ ู…ุชุฏูŠู† ุจู…ุธู‡ุฑู‡ ุงู„ู…ูŠุชุงููŠุฒูŠู‚ูŠ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุŒ
02:38
and he said it's obvious why the world exists:
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ุญูŠุซ ู‚ุงู„ ุฅู†ู‡ ูˆุงุถุญ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ:
02:41
because God created it.
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุฎู„ู‚ู‡.
02:44
And God created, indeed, out of nothing at all.
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ูˆ ุฎู„ู‚ ุงู„ู„ู‡ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ู…ู† ู„ุง ุดูŠุก ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚.
02:47
That's how powerful God is.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุฏู‰ ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡.
02:48
He doesn't need any preexisting materials to fashion a world out of.
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ู„ุง ูŠุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุฃูˆู„ูŠุฉ ู…ุณุจู‚ู‹ุง ู„ุฎู„ู‚ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
02:52
He can make it out of sheer nothingness,
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ูŠุณุชุทูŠุน ุฃู† ูŠุฎู„ู‚ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุฏู… ุงู„ู…ุทู„ู‚.
02:54
creation ex nihilo.
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ุฎู„ู‚ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุฏู….
02:56
And by the way, this is what
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ูˆุจุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง
02:57
most Americans today believe.
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ูŠุคู…ู† ุจู‡ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุงู† ุงู„ูŠูˆู….
03:00
There is no mystery of existence for them.
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ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุฃูŠ ุบู…ูˆุถ ู„ู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู‡ู….
03:01
God made it.
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ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุฎู„ู‚ู‡.
03:03
So let's put this in an equation.
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ุฅุฐู‹ุง ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุถุน ู‡ุฐุง ููŠ ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ.
03:05
I don't have any slides so I'm going to mime my visuals,
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ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠ ุฃูŠ ุดุฑุงุฆุญ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู†ุง ุจุตุฏุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจุชู…ุซูŠู„ ู…ุฑุฆูŠุงุชูŠุŒ
03:08
so use your imaginations.
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ู„ุฐุง ุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆุง ู…ุฎูŠู„ุชูƒู….
03:09
So it's God + nothing = the world.
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ุฅุฐู‹ุง ุงู„ู„ู‡ + ู„ุง ุดูŠุก = ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
03:15
Okay? Now that's the equation.
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ู…ุถุจูˆุทุŸ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ.
03:19
And so maybe you don't believe in God.
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ู‚ุฏ ู„ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุคู…ู† ุจุงู„ู„ู‡.
03:20
Maybe you're a scientific atheist
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ู‚ุฏ ุชูƒูˆู† ุนุงู„ู… ู…ู„ุญุฏ
03:22
or an unscientific atheist, and you don't believe in God,
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ุฃูˆ ู…ู„ุญุฏ ุบูŠุฑ ุนู„ู…ูŠุŒ ูˆ ู„ุง ุชุคู…ู† ุจุงู„ู„ู‡ุŒ
03:26
and you're not happy with it.
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ูˆู„ุณุช ุณุนูŠุฏู‹ุง ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ.
03:27
By the way, even if we have this equation,
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ุจุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉุŒ ุญุชู‰ ู„ูˆ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉุŒ
03:30
God + nothing = the world,
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ุงู„ู„ู‡ + ุงู„ุนุฏู… = ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ
03:32
there's already a problem:
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุจุงู„ูุนู„:
03:33
Why does God exist?
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุงู„ู„ู‡ุŸุŸ
03:36
God doesn't exist by logic alone
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ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุจุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ ูˆุญุฏู‡
03:38
unless you believe the ontological argument,
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ุฅู„ุง ุฅู† ูƒู†ุช ุชุคู…ู† ุจุงู„ุฌุฏู„ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏูŠุŒ
03:40
and I hope you don't, because it's not a good argument.
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ูˆุขู…ู„ ุฃู„ุง ุชูƒูˆู†ูˆุงุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุฌุฏู„ ุบูŠุฑ ุฌูŠุฏ.
03:43
So it's conceivable, if God were to exist,
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ุฅุฐู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุฎูŠู„ู‡ุŒ ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŒ
03:46
he might wonder, I'm eternal, I'm all-powerful,
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ู‚ุฏ ูŠุชุณุงุกู„ุŒ ุฃู†ุง ุฃุจุฏูŠุŒ ูˆุฃู†ุง ู‚ุฏูŠุฑุŒ
03:49
but where did I come from?
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ู† ุฃูŠู† ุฃุชูŠุชุŸ
03:51
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
03:54
Whence then am I?
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ู…ู† ุฃูŠู† ุฅุฐู‹ุง ุฃูƒูˆู† ุฃู†ุงุŸ
03:55
God speaks in a more formal English.
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ูŠุชูƒู„ู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุจุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฑุณู…ูŠุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ.
03:58
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
04:00
And so one theory is that God was so bored with
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ุชูˆุฌุฏ ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ู…ูุงุฏู‡ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูƒุงู† ุถุฌุฑู‹ุง
04:03
pondering the puzzle of His own existence
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ููŠ ู„ุบุฒ ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡
04:05
that He created the world just to distract himself.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฎู„ู‚ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ูู‚ุท ู„ูŠุดุบู„ ู†ูุณู‡.
04:08
But anyway, let's forget about God.
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ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุญุงู„ุŒ ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ู†ุณู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡.
04:10
Take God out of the equation: We have
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ู„ู†ูุฎุฑุฌ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ:
04:11
________ + nothing = the world.
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู€ู€ู€ู€ + ุงู„ุนุฏู… = ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
04:14
Now, if you're a Buddhist,
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู„ูˆ ูƒู†ุช ุจูˆุฐูŠู‹ุงุŒ
04:16
you might want to stop right there,
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ู‚ุฏ ุชุฑุบุจ ุฃู† ุชุชูˆู‚ู ู‡ู†ุง ุญู‚ู‹ุงุŒ
04:18
because essentially what you've got is
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ู„ุฃู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ ู…ุง ุญุตู„ุช ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู‡ูˆ
04:20
nothing = the world,
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ุงู„ุนุฏู… = ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ
04:22
and by symmetry of identity, that means
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ูˆ ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุชุทุงุจู‚ ุงู„ู‡ูˆูŠุฉ, ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ
04:23
the world = nothing. Okay?
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ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… = ุงู„ุนุฏู…. ู…ุถุจูˆุทุŸ
04:25
And to a Buddhist, the world is just a whole lot of nothing.
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ูˆุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุจูˆุฐูŠุŒ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ู‡ูˆ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ุง ุดูŠุก.
04:28
It's just a big cosmic vacuity.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ูุฑุงุบ ูƒูˆู†ูŠ ูƒุจูŠุฑ.
04:31
And we think there's a lot of something out there
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ูˆ ู†ุญู† ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดูŠุก
04:33
but that's because we're enslaved by our desires.
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ู„ูƒู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุฃู† ุฑุบุจุงุชู†ุง ุชุณุชุนุจุฏู†ุง.
04:36
If we let our desires melt away,
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ู„ูˆ ุชุฑูƒู†ุง ุฑุบุจุงุชู†ุง ุชุฐูˆุจ ุจุนูŠุฏู‹ุงุŒ
04:39
we'll see the world for what it truly is,
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ุณูˆู ู†ุฑู‰ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ู„ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุญู‚ู‹ุงุŒ
04:42
a vacuity, nothingness,
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ุงู„ูุฑุงุบุŒ ูˆุงู„ุนุฏู…ุŒ
04:44
and we'll slip into this happy state of nirvana
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ูˆุณูˆู ู†ู†ุฒู„ู‚ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุณุนุงุฏุฉ ู‚ุตูˆู‰
04:46
which has been defined as having
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู… ุชุนุฑูŠูู‡ุง ูƒุงู…ุชู„ุงูƒูƒ ูู‚ุท
04:48
just enough life to enjoy being dead. (Laughter)
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ุญูŠุงุฉ ูƒุงููŠุฉ ู„ุชุณุชู…ุชุน ุจูƒูˆู†ูƒ ู…ูŠุช. (ุถุญูƒ)
04:51
So that's the Buddhist thinking.
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ุฅุฐู‹ุง, ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ููƒุฑ ุงู„ุจูˆุฐูŠ.
04:53
But I'm a Westerner, and I'm still concerned
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ู„ูƒู†ูŠ ุบุฑุจูŠุŒ ูˆู„ุงุฒู„ุช ู…ู‡ุชู…
04:56
with the puzzle of existence, so I've got
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ุจู„ุบุฒ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ, ู„ุฐุง ู„ุฏูŠ
04:58
________ + โ€”
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ู€ู€ู€ + ู€ู€ู€
05:00
this is going to get serious in a minute, so โ€”
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ุณูŠุตุจุญ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุฌุงุฏู‹ุง ุจุนุฏ ู‚ู„ูŠู„, ุฅุฐู‹ุง ู€ู€ู€
05:02
________ + nothing = the world.
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ู€ู€ู€ู€ + ุงู„ุนุฏู… = ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
05:05
What are we going to put in that blank?
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ู…ุงุฐุง ุณู†ุถุน ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูุฑุงุบุŸ
05:06
Well, how about science?
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ุญุณู†ู‹ุงุŒ ู…ุงุฐุง ุนู† ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุŸ
05:08
Science is our best guide to the nature of reality,
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ุงู„ุนู„ู… ู‡ูˆ ู…ุฑุดุฏู†ุง ุงู„ุฃูุถู„ ู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ
05:12
and the most fundamental science is physics.
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ูˆุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ู‡ูŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุนู„ู… ุฃุณุงุณูŠ.
05:15
That tells us what naked reality really is,
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ุญูŠุซ ุชุฎุจุฑู†ุง ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ูุนู„ู‹ุงุŒ
05:18
that reveals what I call TAUFOTU,
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ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠูƒุดู ู…ุง ุฃุทู„ู‚ ุนู„ูŠู‡ (ุฃ ู… ุญ ูƒ)
05:20
the True And Ultimate Furniture Of The Universe.
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ุงู„ุฃุฏุงุฉ ุงู„ู…ุทู„ู‚ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ูƒูˆู†.
05:23
So maybe physics can fill this blank,
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ุฅุฐู‹ุง ู‚ุฏ ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ู…ู„ุฆ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูุฑุงุบุŒ
05:26
and indeed, since about the late 1960s or around 1970,
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ูˆูุนู„ู‹ุงุŒ ู…ู†ุฐ ุฃูˆุงุฎุฑ ุงู„ุณุชูŠู†ูŠุงุช ุฃูˆ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุณุจุนูŠู†ูŠุงุชุŒ
05:31
physicists have purported to give
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ู‚ุฏ ุฒุนู… ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุฃู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู…
05:35
a purely scientific explanation of how
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ุดุฑุญ ุนู„ู…ูŠ ุจุญุช ู„ูƒูŠู
05:38
a universe like ours could have popped into existence
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ุฃู† ูƒูˆู† ู…ุซู„ ูƒูˆู†ู†ุง ู‚ุฏ ุจุฑุฒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ
05:41
out of sheer nothingness,
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุฏู… ุงู„ู…ุทู„ู‚ุŒ
05:43
a quantum fluctuation out of the void.
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ุชู‚ู„ุจ ุงู„ูƒู… ู…ู† ุงู„ูุฑุงุบ.
05:46
Stephen Hawking is one of these physicists,
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ุฃุญุฏ ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ู‡ูˆ ุณุชูŠูู† ู‡ูˆูƒูŠู†ุฌุŒ
05:48
more recently Alex Vilenkin,
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ูˆู…ุคุฎุฑู‹ุง ุฃู„ูƒุณ ููŠู„ู†ูƒู†ุŒ
05:50
and the whole thing has been popularized
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ูˆุชู… ุชุนู…ูŠู… ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุจุฑู…ุชู‡
05:52
by another very fine physicist and friend of mine,
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ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ูˆุงู„ุตุฏูŠู‚ ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠ ู„ูŠุŒ
05:54
Lawrence Krauss, who wrote a book called
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ู„ูˆุฑู†ุณ ูƒุฑุงูˆุณุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุชุจ ูƒุชุงุจ ูŠุฏุนู‰
05:57
"A Universe from Nothing,"
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"ูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุนุฏู…"
05:59
and Lawrence thinks that he's given โ€”
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ูŠุนุชู‚ุฏ ู„ูˆุฑู†ุณ ุฃู† ู€ู€ู€
06:01
he's a militant atheist, by the way,
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ู‡ูˆ ู…ู„ุญุฏ ู…ุชุดุฏุฏุŒ ุจุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉุŒ
06:03
so he's gotten God out of the picture.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃุฒุงู„ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู€ู€ู€
06:05
The laws of quantum field theory,
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ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญู‚ู„ ุงู„ูƒู…ูˆูŽู…ูŠุŒ
06:07
the state-of-the-art physics, can show how
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ุฃุฑู‚ู‰ ู†ุธุฑูŠุงุช ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุกุŒ ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุฃู† ุชุจูŠู† ูƒูŠู
06:09
out of sheer nothingness,
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ู„ู„ุนุฏู… ุงู„ู…ุญุถุŒ
06:10
no space, no time, no matter, nothing,
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ุญูŠุซ ู„ุง ู…ุณุงุญุฉุŒ ูˆู„ุง ูˆู‚ุชุŒ ูˆู„ุงุดูŠุกุŒ
06:12
a little nugget of false vacuum
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ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ูƒุชู„ุฉ ูุฑุงุบ ุตู„ุจุฉ ูƒุงุฐุจุฉ
06:16
can fluctuate into existence,
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠู†ู‚ู„ุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ูƒูŠุงู†ุŒ
06:18
and then, by the miracle of inflation,
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ุซู…ุŒ ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ู…ุนุฌุฒุฉ ุงู„ุชุถุฎู…ุŒ
06:20
blow up into this huge and variegated cosmos
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ูŠู†ูุฌุฑ ู„ูŠู†ุดุฆ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู‡ุงุฆู„ ุงู„ู…ุชู†ูˆุน
06:23
we see around us.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุฑุงู‡ ู…ู† ุญูˆู„ู†ุง.
06:25
Okay, this is a really ingenious scenario.
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ุญุณู†ุง, ู‡ุฐุง ุญู‚ู‹ุง ุณูŠู†ุงุฑูŠูˆ ู…ุจุชูƒุฑ.
06:28
It's very speculative. It's fascinating.
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ุชุฃู…ู„ูŠ ูˆุฌุฐุงุจ ุฌุฏู‹ุง.
06:31
But I've got a big problem with it,
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ุฃูˆุฌุฏ ู„ูŠ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉุŒ
06:33
and the problem is this:
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ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ู‡ูŠ:
06:35
It's a pseudo-religious point of view.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ุดุจู‡ ุฏูŠู†ูŠุฉ.
06:37
Now, Lawrence thinks he's an atheist,
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ูŠุธู† ู„ูˆุฑู†ุณ ู†ูุณู‡ ู…ู„ุญุฏุŒ
06:39
but he's still in thrall to a religious worldview.
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ู„ุง ุฒุงู„ ููŠ ุนุจูˆุฏูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฏูŠู†ูŠุฉ.
06:41
He sees physical laws as being like divine commands.
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ูŠุฑู‰ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ูƒุฃูˆุงู…ุฑ ุฅู„ู‡ูŠุฉ.
06:46
The laws of quantum field theory for him
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ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญู‚ู„ ุงู„ูƒู…ูˆูŽู…ูŠ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู‡
06:48
are like fiat lux, "Let there be light."
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ุฃู…ุฑ ุบูŠุฑ ู‚ุงุจู„ ู„ู„ู†ู‚ุงุด ูƒุขูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌูŠู„.
06:51
The laws have some sort of ontological power or clout
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ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ู„ู‡ุง ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ููˆุฐ ูˆุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏูŠุฉ
06:55
that they can form the abyss,
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุชุดูƒูŠู„ ุงู„ู„ุงุชูƒูˆู† ููŠ ู…ุง ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ
06:57
that it's pregnant with being.
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุญุจู„ู‰ ุจุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ.
06:59
They can call a world into existence out of nothing.
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ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ุฎู„ู‚ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุฏู….
07:02
But that's a very primitive view of what
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ู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุจุฏุงุฆูŠุฉ ุฌุฏู‹ุง ู„ุชูุณูŠุฑ
07:04
a physical law is, right?
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ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠุŒ ุตุญูŠุญุŸ
07:06
We know that physical laws are actually
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ู†ุนู„ู… ุฃู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน
07:09
generalized descriptions of patterns and regularities
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ุดุฑูˆุญุงุช ุนุงู…ุฉ ู„ุฃู†ู…ุงุท ูˆ ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ
07:12
in the world.
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ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
07:13
They don't exist outside the world.
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ู„ุง ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู„ู‡ุง ุฎุงุฑุฌ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
07:15
They don't have any ontic cloud of their own.
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ู„ูŠุณ ู„ู‡ุง ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู‚ุงุฆู… ู…ู† ุชู„ู‚ุงุก ู†ูุณู‡.
07:17
They can't call a world into existence
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ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู†
07:19
out of nothingness.
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ุฃู† ุชุฎู„ู‚ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุฏู….
07:21
That's a very primitive view
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุจุฏุงุฆูŠุฉ ุฌุฏู‹ุง
07:22
of what a scientific law is.
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ู„ุชูุณูŠุฑ ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุนู„ู…ูŠ.
07:24
And if you don't believe me on this,
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ูˆุฅู† ู„ู… ุชุตุฏู‚ูˆู†ูŠ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุงุŒ
07:26
listen to Stephen Hawking,
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ุงุณุชู…ุนูˆุง ู„ู€ุณุชูŠูู† ู‡ูˆูƒูŠู†ุฌุŒ
07:28
who himself put forward a model of the cosmos
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูˆุถุน ุจู†ูุณู‡ ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌู‹ุง ู„ูƒูˆู†
07:32
that was self-contained,
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ู…ุณุชู‚ู„ ุจู†ูุณู‡ุŒ
07:33
didn't require any outside cause, any creator,
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ู„ูŠุณ ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ุณุจุจ ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุŒ ุฃูˆ ุฎุงู„ู‚ุŒ
07:37
and after proposing this,
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ูˆุจุนุฏ ุงูุชุฑุงุถ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
07:39
Hawking admitted that he was still puzzled.
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ุงุนุชุฑู ู‡ูˆูƒูŠู†ุฌ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุง ุฒุงู„ ููŠ ุญูŠุฑุฉ.
07:41
He said, this model is just equations.
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ู‚ุงู„ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุงุช.
07:44
What breathes fire into the equations
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ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู†ูุฎ ุงู„ุฑูˆุญ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุงุช
07:47
and creates a world for them to describe?
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ูˆูŠุฎู„ู‚ ุนุงู„ู… ู„ู‡ู… ู„ูŠูˆุตูุŸ
07:50
He was puzzled by this,
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ุฃุตุงุจู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ุจุงู„ุญูŠุฑุฉุŒ
07:51
so equations themselves can't do the magic,
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ุฅุฐู‹ุง ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุงุช ู†ูุณู‡ุง ู„ุง ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ูุนู„ ุงู„ุณุญุฑุŒ
07:55
can't resolve the puzzle of existence.
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ู„ุง ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุญู„ ู„ุบุฒ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ.
07:57
And besides, even if the laws could do that,
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ูˆุฅู„ู‰ ุฌุงู†ุจ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุญุชู‰ ู„ูˆ ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
08:00
why this set of laws?
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู†ุŸ
08:02
Why quantum field theory that describes
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญู‚ู„ ุงู„ูƒู…ูˆูŽู…ูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุตู
08:05
a universe with a certain number of forces
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ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุจุนุฏุฏ ู…ุญุฏุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆู‰
08:06
and particles and so forth?
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ูˆุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ูˆู…ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒุŸ
08:07
Why not a completely different set of laws?
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู†ุŸ
08:10
There are many, many mathematically consistent sets of laws.
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ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ูˆุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุงุจุทุฉ.
08:13
Why not no laws at all? Why not sheer nothingness?
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณุŸ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุงู„ุนุฏู… ุงู„ู…ุทู„ู‚ุŸ
08:16
So this is a problem, believe it or not,
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ุฅุฐู‹ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉุŒ ุตุฏู‚ ุฃูˆ ู„ุง ุชุตุฏู‚ุŒ
08:18
that reflective physicists really think a lot about,
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ุชุนูƒุณ ุฃู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠูŠู† ูŠููƒุฑูˆู† ูƒุซูŠุฑู‹ุง ุญู‚ู‹ุง ุญูˆู„ู‡ุงุŒ
08:21
and at this point they tend to go metaphysical,
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ูˆุนู†ุฏ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ูŠู…ูŠู„ูˆู† ู„ู„ู…ูŠุชุงููŠุฒูŠู‚ูŠุงุŒ
08:24
say, well, maybe the set of laws
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ู‚ุงุฆู„ูˆู†ุŒ ุญุณู†ู‹ุงุŒ ุฑุจู…ุง ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู†
08:26
that describes our universe,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุตู ูƒูˆู†ู†ุงุŒ
08:28
it's just one set of laws
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ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู†
08:29
and it describes one part of reality,
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ุชุดุฑุญ ุฌุงู†ุจ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ
08:31
but maybe every consistent set of laws
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ู„ูƒู† ุฑุจู…ุง ูƒู„ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ู…ุชุฑุงุจุทุฉ
08:34
describes another part of reality,
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ุชุตู ุฌุฒุกู‹ ุขุฎุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ
08:36
and in fact all possible physical worlds
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ูƒู„ ุงู„ุนูˆุงู„ู… ุงู„ู…ุงุฏูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู†ุฉ
08:40
really exist, they're all out there.
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ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุญู‚ู‹ุงุŒ ุฌู…ูŠุนู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
08:42
We just see a little tiny part of reality
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุฑู‰ ูู‚ุท ุฌุฒุกู‹ ุตุบูŠุฑู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน
08:45
that's described by the laws of quantum field theory,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูุณุฑุชู‡ ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญู‚ู„ ุงู„ูƒู…ูˆูŽู…ูŠุŒ
08:47
but there are many, many other worlds,
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ู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนูˆุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ
08:49
parts of reality that are described
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ูˆุฃุฌุฒุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ูˆุตูุชู‡ุง
08:51
by vastly different theories
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ู†ุธุฑูŠุงุช ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ูƒุจูŠุฑ
08:53
that are different from ours in ways we can't imagine,
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุนู† ู†ุธุฑูŠุงุชู†ุง ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุชุฎูŠู„ู‡ุงุŒ
08:56
that are inconceivably exotic.
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ุฐู„ูƒ ุบุฑูŠุจ ู„ุง ูŠุตุฏู‚.
08:59
Steven Weinberg, the father
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ุณุชูŠูู† ูˆุงูŠู†ุจุฑุฌุŒ ุฃุจูˆ
09:01
of the standard model of particle physics,
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ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณูŠ ู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุชุŒ
09:04
has actually flirted with this idea himself,
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ู‚ุฏ ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู†ูุณู‡ ูุนู„ูŠู‹ุง ู…ุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉุŒ
09:07
that all possible realities actually exist.
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ุฃู† ูƒู„ ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู†ุฉ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ูุนู„ูŠู‹ุง.
09:11
Also, a younger physicist, Max Tegmark,
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ุฃูŠุถู‹ุงุŒ ู…ุงูƒุณ ุชูŠุฌู…ุงุฑูƒุŒ ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฃุตุบุฑุŒ
09:14
who believes that all mathematical structures exist,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุจู†ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุฉ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉุŒ
09:18
and mathematical existence is the same thing
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ูˆุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดูŠุก
09:20
as physical existence,
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ูƒุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠุŒ
09:22
so we have this vastly rich multiverse
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ู„ุฐุง ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุชุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุบู†ูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ูƒุจูŠุฑ
09:24
that encompasses every logical possibility.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุดู…ู„ ูƒู„ ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ู…ู†ุทู‚ูŠุฉ.
09:28
Now, in taking this metaphysical way out,
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุจุงุชุฎุงุฐู†ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ูŠุชุงููŠุฒูŠู‚ูŠุฉุŒ
09:31
these physicists and also philosophers are actually
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ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠูˆู† ูˆุงู„ูู„ุงุณูุฉ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ูŠุนูˆุฏูˆู†
09:34
reaching back to a very old idea
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ู„ู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ ุฌุฏู‹ุง ูุนู„ูŠู‹ุง
09:36
that goes back to Plato.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู†ุณุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃูู„ุงุทูˆู†.
09:38
It's the principle of plenitude or fecundity,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ูˆูุฑุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฎุตูˆุจุฉุŒ
09:41
or the great chain of being,
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ุฃูˆ ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุนุธูŠู…ุฉุŒ
09:43
that reality is actually as full as possible.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ูุนู„ูŠู‹ุง ูƒุงู…ู„ ู‚ุฏุฑ ุงู„ุฅู…ูƒุงู†.
09:47
It's as far removed from nothingness
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ู…ู†ุฒูˆุน ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุฏู…
09:48
as it could possibly be.
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ู‚ุฏ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู†.
09:51
So we have these two extremes now.
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ุฅุฐู‹ุง ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุขู† ู‡ุฐูŠู† ุงู„ู†ู‚ูŠุถูŠู†.
09:54
We have sheer nothingness on one side,
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุนุฏู… ุงู„ู…ุทู„ู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุฌู‡ุฉุŒ
09:57
and we have this vision of a reality
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ูˆู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑุฉ ู„ู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ
09:59
that encompasses every conceivable world
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุดู…ู„ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุตูˆุฑู‡
10:03
at the other extreme: the fullest possible reality,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ: ุฃู‚ุตู‰ ูˆุงู‚ุน ู…ู…ูƒู†ุŒ
10:05
nothingness, the simplest possible reality.
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ุงู„ุนุฏู…ุŒ ุฃุฏู†ู‰ ูˆุงู‚ุน ู…ู…ูƒู†.
10:08
Now what's in between these two extremes?
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ุงู„ุขู† ู…ุงุฐุง ุจูŠู† ู‡ุฐูŠู† ุงู„ู†ู‚ูŠุถูŠู†ุŸ
10:11
There are all kinds of intermediate realities
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูƒู„ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ูˆุณูŠุทุฉ
10:13
that include some things and leave out others.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชุถู…ู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ูˆูŠุชุฑูƒ ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
10:16
So one of these intermediate realities
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ุฅุฐู‹ุง ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ูˆุณุทูŠุฉ
10:18
is, say, the most mathematically elegant reality,
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ู‡ูŠุŒ ู…ุซู„ุงุŒ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฑู‚ูŠ ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุŒ
10:23
that leaves out the inelegant bits,
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ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุชุฑูƒ ุงู„ุฌุฒุฆูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ุฑู‚ูŠู‹ุงุŒ
10:25
the ugly asymmetries and so forth.
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ูˆุนุฏู… ุงู„ุชู†ุงุณู‚ ุงู„ู‚ุจูŠุญ ูˆู…ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ.
10:28
Now, there are some physicists who will tell you
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุนุถ ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุณูˆู ูŠุฎุจุฑูˆู†ูƒู…
10:30
that we're actually living in the most elegant reality.
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ุฃู†ู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู†ุนูŠุด ููŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฑู‚ูŠู‹ุง.
10:34
I think that Brian Greene is in the audience,
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ุฃุธู† ุจุฑุงูŠู† ุฌุฑูŠู† ุญุงุถุฑ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑุŒ
10:37
and he has written a book called "The Elegant Universe."
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุฃู„ู‘ู ูƒุชุงุจู‹ุง ุจุนู†ูˆุงู† "ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฑุงู‚ูŠ."
10:40
He claims that the universe we live in mathematically
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ูŠุฏุนูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุนูŠุด ููŠู‡
10:43
is very elegant.
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ุฑุงู‚ูŠ ุฑูŠุงุถูŠู‹ุง ุฌุฏู‹ุง.
10:44
Don't believe him. (Laughter)
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ู„ุง ุชุตุฏู‚ูˆู‡. (ุถุญูƒ)
10:46
It's a pious hope, I wish it were true,
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ุฅู†ู‡ ุฃู…ู„ ุชู‚ูŠุŒ ุฃุชู…ู†ู‰ ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ
10:49
but I think the other day he admitted to me
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ู„ูƒู†ูŠ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุงุนุชุฑู ู„ูŠ
10:51
it's really an ugly universe.
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ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุญู‚ู‹ุง ู‚ุจูŠุญ.
10:54
It's stupidly constructed,
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ุชู… ุชุดูŠูŠุฏู‡ ุจุบุจุงุกุŒ
10:55
it's got way too many arbitrary coupling constants
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ุญุตู„ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุซูˆุงุจุช ุงู‚ุชุฑุงู† ุชุนุณููŠุฉ
10:59
and mass ratios
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ูˆู†ุณุจ ุฌู…ุงุนูŠุฉ
11:00
and superfluous families of elementary particles,
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ูˆุฃุณุฑ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุฃูˆู„ูŠุฉุŒ
11:03
and what the hell is dark energy?
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ูˆู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉุŸ
11:05
It's a stick and bubble gum contraption.
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ุงู†ู‡ ุนุตุง ูˆุนู„ูƒุฉ ุบุฑูŠุจุฉ ุงู„ุดูƒู„.
11:09
It's not an elegant universe. (Laughter)
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ุงู†ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ูƒูˆู† ุฑุงู‚ูŠ. (ุถุญูƒ)
11:13
And then there's the best of all possible worlds
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ุซู… ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูุถู„ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุนูˆุงู„ู… ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู†ุฉ
11:15
in an ethical sense.
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ุจุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠ.
11:17
You should get solemn now,
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ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุฌุงุฏูŠู† ุงู„ุขู†
11:18
because a world in which sentient beings
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ู„ุฃู† ุนุงู„ู… ุจู‡ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุฉ
11:21
don't suffer needlessly,
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ู„ุง ุชุนุงู†ูŠ ุจู„ุง ุฏุงุนูŠุŒ
11:23
in which there aren't things like
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ู„ุง ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุจู‡ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ุซู„
11:25
childhood cancer or the Holocaust.
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ุณุฑุทุงู† ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ูˆุงู„ุฅุจุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ุฌู…ุงุนูŠุฉ.
11:27
This is an ethical conception.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠ.
11:28
Anyway, so between nothingness
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ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ุญุงู„ุŒ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุนุฏู…
11:30
and the fullest possible reality,
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ูˆุฃู‚ุตู‰ ูˆุงู‚ุน ู…ู…ูƒู†ุŒ
11:32
various special realities.
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ุนูˆุงู„ู… ุงุณุชุซู†ุงุฆูŠุฉ ู…ุชู†ูˆุนุฉ.
11:34
Nothingness is special. It's the simplest.
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ุงู„ุนุฏู… ุงุณุชุซู†ุงุฆูŠ. ุฅู†ู‡ ุงู„ุฃุจุณุท.
11:36
Then there's the most elegant possible reality.
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ุซู… ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฑู‚ูŠู‹ุง.
11:39
That's special.
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ุฐู„ูƒ ุงุณุชุซู†ุงุฆูŠ.
11:41
The fullest possible reality, that's special.
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ุฃู‚ุตู‰ ูˆุงู‚ุน ู…ู…ูƒู†ุŒ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงุณุชุซู†ุงุฆูŠ.
11:43
But what are we leaving out here?
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ุงุฐุง ู†ุชุฑูƒ ู‡ู†ุงุŸ
11:45
There's also just the crummy,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ูู‚ุท ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚
11:48
generic realities
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ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชุงูู‡ุฉ.
11:49
that aren't special in any way,
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ุชู„ูƒ ู„ูŠุณุช ุงุณุชุซู†ุงุฆูŠุฉ ุจุฃูŠ ุญุงู„ุŒ
11:52
that are sort of random.
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ุชู„ูƒ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠุฉ.
11:54
They're infinitely removed from nothingness,
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู…ู†ุฒูˆุนุฉ ุจู„ุง ุญุฏูˆุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุฏู…ุŒ
11:56
but they fall infinitely short of complete fullness.
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุชุฑู‚ู‰ ุจู„ุง ุญุฏูˆุฏ ู„ู„ูƒู…ุงู„ ุงู„ู…ูƒุชู…ู„.
12:00
They're a mixture of chaos and order,
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุฎู„ูŠุท ู…ู† ุงู„ููˆุถู‰ ูˆุงู„ู†ุธุงู…ุŒ
12:03
of mathematical elegance and ugliness.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑู‚ูŠ ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠ ูˆุงู„ู‚ุจุญ.
12:07
So I would describe these realities
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ุฅุฐู‹ุง ุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุตู ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚
12:09
as an infinite, mediocre, incomplete mess,
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ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุญุตุฑ ู„ู‡ุงุŒ ูˆู…ุชูˆุณุทุฉุŒ ูˆููˆุถู‰ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูƒุชู…ู„ุฉุŒ
12:13
a generic reality, a kind of cosmic junk shot.
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ูˆูˆุงู‚ุน ุนุงู…ุŒ ูˆู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ู‚ุทุงุช ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุฑุบูˆุจ ููŠู‡ุง.
12:16
And these realities,
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ุŒ
12:18
is there a deity in any of these realities?
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ู‡ู„ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฅู„ู‡ ููŠ ุฃูŠ ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ุŸ
12:21
Maybe, but the deity isn't perfect
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ุฑุจู…ุงุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅู„ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ู…ุซุงู„ูŠู‹ุง
12:23
like the Judeo-Christian deity.
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ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฅู„ู‡ ุงู„ูŠู‡ูˆุฏูŠ ุงู„ู…ุณูŠุญูŠ.
12:25
The deity isn't all-good and all-powerful.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅู„ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุญุณู†.
12:29
It might be instead 100 percent malevolent
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ุจู„ ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† 100 ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฆุฉ ุญุงู‚ุฏ
12:32
but only 80 percent effective,
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ุคุซุฑ 80 ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฆุฉ ูู‚ุทุŒ
12:34
which pretty much describes the world we see around us, I think. (Laughter)
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุตู ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุฑุงู‡ ุญูˆู„ู†ุงุŒ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ. (ุถุญูƒ).
12:40
So I would like to propose that the resolution
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ุฅุฐู‹ุง ุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุงู‚ุชุฑุญ ุฃู† ุงู„ุญู„
12:43
to the mystery of existence
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ู„ู„ุบุฒ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ
12:45
is that the reality we exist in
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ุฃู† ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ูˆุฌุฏ ุจู‡
12:49
is one of these generic realities.
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ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉ.
12:51
Reality has to turn out some way.
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ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฃู† ูŠุชุญูˆู„ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุง.
12:54
It can either turn out to be nothing
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ู‚ุฏ ูŠุชุญูˆู„ ุณูˆุงุก ู„ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุง ุดูŠุก
12:56
or everything or something in between.
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ุฃูˆ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ุฃูˆ ุดูŠุฆ ู…ุง ุจูŠู†ู‡ู….
12:59
So if it has some special feature,
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ุฅุฐู‹ุง ู„ูˆ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุณู…ุฉ ุงุณุชุซู†ุงุฆูŠุฉุŒ
13:03
like being really elegant or really full
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ู…ุซู„ ูƒูˆู†ู‡ ุฑุงู‚ูŠ ุญู‚ู‹ุง ุฃูˆ ูƒุงู…ู„ ุญู‚ู‹ุง
13:05
or really simple, like nothingness,
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ุฃูˆ ุจุณูŠุท ุญู‚ู‹ุงุŒ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุนุฏู…ุŒ
13:07
that would require an explanation.
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ู‚ุฏ ูŠุชุทู„ุจ ุฐู„ูƒ ุชูุณูŠุฑ.
13:09
But if it's just one of these random, generic realities,
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ู„ูƒู† ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉ ุงู„ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠุฉุŒ
13:12
there's no further explanation for it.
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ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุชูุณูŠุฑ ุขุฎุฑ ู„ู‡.
13:14
And indeed, I would say
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ูˆุจุงู„ูุนู„ุŒ ุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู„
13:15
that's the reality we live in.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุนูŠุด ููŠู‡.
13:17
That's what science is telling us.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูŠุฎุจุฑู†ุง ุจู‡ ุงู„ุนู„ู….
13:20
At the beginning of the week,
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ููŠ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณุจูˆุนุŒ
13:21
we got the exciting information that
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ุญุตู„ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ
13:24
the theory of inflation, which predicts a big,
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ุฃู† ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุถุฎู…ุŒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชูˆู‚ุน
13:27
infinite, messy, arbitrary, pointless reality,
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ูˆุงู‚ุน ูƒุจูŠุฑุŒ ู„ุง ุญุตุฑ ู„ู‡ ูˆููˆุถูˆูŠุŒ ูˆุงุนุชุจุงุทูŠุŒ ูˆุนุจุซูŠุŒ
13:31
it's like a big frothing champagne
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ูŠุดุจู‡ ุฑุบูˆุฉ ุดุงู…ุจุงู†ูŠุง ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ
13:35
coming out of a bottle endlessly,
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ุชุฎุฑุฌ ู…ู† ุฒุฌุงุฌุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ู„ุง ู…ุชู†ุงู‡ูŠุŒ
13:38
a vast universe, mostly a wasteland
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ูƒูˆู† ุดุงุณุนุŒ ู…ุนุธู…ู‡ ู‚ูุงุฑ
13:40
with little pockets of charm and order and peace,
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ู…ุน ุฌูŠูˆุจ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณุญุฑ ูˆุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ูˆุงู„ุณู„ุงู…ุŒ
13:44
this has been confirmed,
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ูˆุชู… ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ู‡ุฐุงุŒ
13:46
this inflationary scenario, by the observations
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ุงู„ุณูŠู†ุงุฑูŠูˆ ุงู„ุชุถุฎู…ูŠ ู‡ุฐุงุŒ ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุญุธุงุช
13:49
made by radio telescopes in Antarctica
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ุชู…ุช ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุชู„ุณูƒูˆุจุงุช ู„ุงุณู„ูƒูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุทุจ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจูŠ
13:51
that looked at the signature of the gravitational waves
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ุฑุตุฏุช ุชูˆู‚ูŠุน ู…ูˆุฌุงุช ุงู„ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉ
13:54
from just before the Big Bang.
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ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุงู†ูุฌุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ.
13:56
I'm sure you all know about this.
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ุฃู†ุง ู…ุชุฃูƒุฏ ุฃู†ูƒู… ุฌู…ูŠุนู‹ุง ุชุนุฑููˆู† ู‡ุฐุง.
13:58
So anyway, I think there's some evidence
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ุฅุฐู‹ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ุญุงู„ุŒ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุฏู„ุฉ
14:01
that this really is the reality that we're stuck with.
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ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูˆู‚ุน ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุญู† ู…ู„ุตู‚ูˆู† ุจู‡ ุญู‚ู‹ุง.
14:04
Now, why should you care?
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ
14:07
Well โ€” (Laughter) โ€”
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ุญุณู†ุง ู€ู€ู€ (ุถุญูƒ) ู€ู€ู€
14:09
the question, "Why does the world exist?"
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ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ุŒ "ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŸ"
14:12
that's the cosmic question, it sort of rhymes
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ุฐู„ูƒ ุณุคุงู„ ูƒูˆู†ูŠุŒ ูˆุงู†ู‡ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงููŠ
14:14
with a more intimate question:
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ู…ุน ุณุคุงู„ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุญู…ูŠู…ูŠุฉ:
14:15
Why do I exist? Why do you exist?
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุฃู†ุง ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŸ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุฃู†ุช ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŸ
14:18
you know, our existence would seem to be amazingly improbable,
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ุชุนุฑููˆู†ุŒ ูˆุฌูˆุฏู†ุง ู‚ุฏ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูุชูˆู‚ุน ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ู…ุฐู‡ู„ุฉ
14:22
because there's an enormous number of genetically possible humans,
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ู„ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุนุฏุฏ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูˆุฑุงุซูŠู‹ุงุŒ
14:26
if you can compute it by looking at
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุญุณุงุจู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ
14:28
the number of the genes and the number of alleles and so forth,
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ู„ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุช ูˆุงู„ุจุฏุงุฆู„ ูˆู…ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
14:30
and a back-of-the-envelope calculation will tell you
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ูˆุณูˆู ูŠุฎุจุฑู†ุง ุงู„ุญุณุงุจ ุณุฑูŠุน
14:32
there are about 10 to the 10,000th
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ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญูˆุงู„ 10 ู„ 10000
14:34
possible humans, genetically.
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ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ ุจุดุฑ ูˆุฑุงุซูŠุฉ.
14:36
That's between a googol and a googolplex.
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ุฐู„ูƒ ุจูŠู† 10x100 ูˆ 10x10100.
14:40
And the number of the actual humans that have existed
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ูˆุงู„ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ูุนู„ูŠ ู„ู„ุจุดุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูˆุฌุฏูˆุง
14:41
is 100 billion, maybe 50 billion,
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100 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑุŒ ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† 50 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑุŒ
14:44
an infinitesimal fraction, so all of us,
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ุฌุฒุก ู…ุชู†ุงู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุตุบุฑุŒ ุฅุฐู‹ุง ูƒู„ู†ุงุŒ
14:46
we've won this amazing cosmic lottery.
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ู‚ุฏ ุฑุจุญู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูŠุงู†ุตูŠุจ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฐู‡ู„.
14:48
We're here. Okay.
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ู†ุญู† ู‡ู†ุง. ุญุณู†ู‹ุง.
14:50
So what kind of reality do we want to live in?
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ุฅุฐู‹ุง ู…ุง ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ูˆุฏ ุฃู† ู†ุนูŠุด ููŠู‡ุŸ
14:53
Do we want to live in a special reality?
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ู‡ู„ ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ู†ุญูŠุง ููŠ ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงุณุชุซู†ุงุฆูŠุŸ
14:55
What if we were living in the most elegant possible reality?
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ู…ุงุฐุง ู„ูˆ ูƒู†ุง ู†ุนูŠุด ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฑู‚ูŠู‹ุงุŸ
14:59
Imagine the existential pressure on us
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ุชุฎูŠู„ูˆุง ุงู„ุถุบุท ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏูŠ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง
15:02
to live up to that, to be elegant,
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ู„ู†ุฑุชู‚ูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุงุŒ ู„ู†ูƒูˆู† ุฑุงู‚ูŠูŠู†ุŒ
15:03
not to pull down the tone of it.
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ูˆู„ูŠุณ ู„ู‡ุฏู… ุชู†ุงุบู…ุฉ.
15:05
Or, what if we were living in the fullest possible reality?
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ุฃูˆุŒ ู…ุงุฐุง ู„ูˆ ูƒู†ุง ู†ุนูŠุด ููŠ ุฃู‚ุตู‰ ูˆุงู‚ุน ู…ู…ูƒู†ุŸ
15:08
Well then our existence would be guaranteed,
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ุฅุฐู‹ุง ูƒุงู† ูˆุฌูˆุฏู†ุง ู…ุถู…ูˆู†ุŒ
15:10
because every possible thing
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ู„ุฃู† ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ู…ู…ูƒู†
15:12
exists in that reality,
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ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ
15:14
but our choices would be meaningless.
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ู„ูƒู† ุฎูŠุงุฑุงุชู†ุง ู„ู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ู‡ุง ู…ุนู†ู‰.
15:16
If I really struggle morally and agonize
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ู„ูˆ ู†ุงุถู„ุช ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠู‹ุง ุญู‚ู‹ุง ูˆูƒุงูุญุช
15:19
and I decide to do the right thing,
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ูˆ ู‚ุฑุฑุช ูุนู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญุŒ
15:21
what difference does it make,
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ู…ุง ุงู„ูุงุฑู‚ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุตู†ุนู‡ุŒ
15:22
because there are an infinite number
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ู„ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุนุฏุฏ ู„ุง ุญุตุฑ ู„ู‡
15:24
of versions of me
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ูุณุฎ ู…ู†ูŠ
15:25
also doing the right thing
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ูˆุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ูŠูุนู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุตูˆุงุจ
15:26
and an infinite number doing the wrong thing.
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ูˆุนุฏุฏ ู„ุง ุญุตุฑ ู„ู‡ ูŠูุนู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุฎุทุฃ.
15:28
So my choices are meaningless.
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ู„ุฐุง ุฃูุนุงู„ูŠ ู„ุง ู…ุนู†ู‰ ู„ู‡ุง.
15:30
So we don't want to live in that special reality.
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ุงุฐู‹ุง ู„ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุงู† ู†ุนูŠุด ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุงุณุชุซู†ุงุฆูŠ.
15:32
And as for the special reality of nothingness,
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ูˆุฃู…ุง ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงุณุชุซู†ุงุฆูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุฏู…ุŒ
15:35
we wouldn't be having this conversation.
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ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ู‚ูŠู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ.
15:37
So I think living in a generic reality that's mediocre,
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ุฅุฐู‹ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู„ุนูŠุด ููŠ ุนุงู„ู… ุนุงู… ู‡ุฐุง ูˆุณุทูŠุŒ
15:44
there are nasty bits and nice bits
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุฌู…ูŠู„ุฉ ูˆุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู‚ุจูŠุญุฉ
15:46
and we could make the nice bits bigger
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ูˆุจุงุณุชุทุงุนุชู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุถุงุนู ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠู„
15:47
and the nasty bits smaller
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ูˆู†ู‚ู„ู„ ุงู„ู‚ุจูŠุญ
15:50
and that gives us a kind of purpose in life.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนุทูŠู†ุง ู‡ุฏูู‹ุง ู„ู„ุญูŠุงุฉ.
15:53
The universe is absurd,
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ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุณุฎูŠูุŒ
15:54
but we can still construct a purpose,
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ู„ูƒู†ุง ู„ุง ุฒู„ู†ุง ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุจู†ุงุก ู‡ุฏูุŒ
15:56
and that's a pretty good one,
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ููƒุฑุฉ ุฌูŠุฏุฉ ุฌุฏู‹ุง
15:57
and the overall mediocrity of reality
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ูˆุงู„ุงุนุชุฏุงู„ ุงู„ุดุงู…ู„ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน
15:59
kind of resonates nicely with the mediocrity
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ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุฏู‰ ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠู„ ู„ู„ุงุนุชุฏุงู„
16:02
we all feel in the core of our being.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุดุนุฑู‡ ููŠ ุฌูˆู‡ุฑ ูˆุฌูˆุฏู†ุง.
16:04
And I know you feel it.
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ูˆุฃุนู„ู… ุฃู†ูƒู… ุชุดุนุฑูˆู† ุจู‡.
16:06
I know you're all special,
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ุฃุนู„ู… ุฃู†ูƒู… ูƒู„ูƒู… ู…ุชู…ูŠุฒูˆู†ุŒ
16:07
but you're still kind of secretly mediocre,
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ู„ูƒู† ู„ุง ุชุฒุงู„ูˆู† ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุณุทูŠุฉ ุณุฑู‹ุงุŒ
16:09
don't you think?
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ุฃู„ุง ุชุนุชู‚ุฏูˆู† ุฐู„ูƒุŸ
16:11
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(ุถุญูƒ) (ุชุตููŠู‚)
16:13
So anyway, you may say, this puzzle, the mystery of existence,
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ุงุฐู‹ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ุญุงู„ุŒ ู‚ุฏ ุชู‚ูˆู„ูˆู†ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ุบุฒุŒ ุณุฑ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŒ
16:17
it's just silly mystery-mongering.
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ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ู„ุบุฒ ุณุฎูŠู ู„ู„ุชุฑูˆูŠุฌ.
16:18
You're not astonished at the existence of the universe
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ุฃู†ุชู… ู„ู… ุชู†ุฏู‡ุดูˆุง ุจูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†
16:22
and you're in good company.
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ูˆุฃู†ุชู… ููŠ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุฌูŠุฏุฉ.
16:24
Bertrand Russell said,
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ู‚ุงู„ ุจูŠุฑุชุฑุงู†ุฏ ุฑุงุณู„ุŒ
16:26
"I should say the universe is just there, and that's all."
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"ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก."
16:30
Just a brute fact.
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ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุบุงุดู…ุฉ.
16:31
And my professor at Columbia, Sidney Morgenbesser,
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ูˆุฃุณุชุงุฐูŠ ููŠ ูƒูˆู„ูˆู…ุจูŠุงุŒ ุณูŠุฏู†ูŠ ู…ูˆุฑุฌูŠู†ุจุณุฑุŒ
16:34
a great philosophical wag,
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ู…ู‡ุฑุฌ ูู„ุณููŠ ูƒุจูŠุฑุŒ
16:35
when I said to him, "Professor Morgenbesser,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู‚ู„ุช ู„ู‡ุŒ "ุฃุณุชุงุฐ ู…ูˆุฑุฌูŠู†ุจุณุฑุŒ
16:37
why is there something rather than nothing?"
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูŠุก ุจุฏู„ ู…ู† ู„ุง ุดูŠุกุŸ"
16:40
And he said, "Oh, even if there was nothing,
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ู‚ุงู„ุŒ "ุญุณู†ุงุŒ ุญุชู‰ ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู„ุง ุดูŠุกุŒ
16:42
you still wouldn't be satisfied."
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ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ู„ุชุฑุถู‰."
16:44
So โ€” (Laughter) โ€” okay.
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ุฅุฐู‹ุง ู€ู€ู€ (ุถุญูƒ) ู€ู€ู€ ุญุณู†ู‹ุง.
16:47
So you're not astonished. I don't care.
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ุฅุฐู‹ุง ุฃู†ุชู… ู„ู… ุชู†ุฏู‡ุดูˆุง. ู„ุง ุฃูƒุชุฑุซ.
16:50
But I will tell you something to conclude
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ู„ูƒู†ูŠ ุณุฃุฎุชู… ูƒู„ุงู…ูŠ ุจู‚ูˆู„
16:53
that I guarantee you will astonish you,
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ุฃุถู…ู† ู„ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุฏู‡ุดูƒู…ุŒ
16:55
because it's astonished all of the brilliant,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฃุฏู‡ุดุช ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฃุฐูƒูŠุงุก
16:58
wonderful people I've met at this TED conference,
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ุงู„ุฑุงุฆุนูˆู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู‚ุฏ ู‚ุงุจู„ุชู‡ู… ููŠ ู…ุคุชู…ุฑุงุช (ุชูŠุฏ)ุŒ
17:00
when I've told them, and it's this:
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ุญูŠู† ู‚ุฏ ุฃุฎุจุฑุชู‡ู…ุŒ
17:02
Never in my life have I had a cell phone.
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ุฃู†ูŠ ู„ู… ุฃู…ุชู„ูƒ ู‚ุท ู‡ุงุชูู‹ุง ุฎู„ูˆูŠู‹ุง ููŠ ุญูŠุงุชูŠ.
17:07
Thank you.
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ุดูƒุฑู‹ุง ู„ูƒู….
17:09
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(ุถุญูƒ) (ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7